Paternalistic Society Research Articles

The Need to Bridge the Gap between Research on Children’s Rights and Parenting Styles: Authoritative/Democratic Style as an Acultural Model for the Child’s Well-Being

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child contains specific provisions on parent–child relations and parenting, but these provisions can be described as elusive. Furthermore, the Convention does not explicitly specify a children’s rights-friendly parenting style. On the other hand, there is a disconnect between research on children’s rights and parenting styles. Based on the insights of the meta-theoretical critical realist approach, this paper argues that universal human flourishing is inconceivable without the development of a children’s rights-friendly parenting style. It is argued that the Convention’s provisions on parent–child relations can be adapted to the perceptions of average parents, especially living in paternalistic societies, by adapting the conceptualizations of parenting styles developed by Baumrind and Lakoff. Overall, research on children’s rights, supported by literature on children’s rights-friendly parenting, can show that children’s rights do not alienate parental rights and responsibilities. Instead, children’s rights give appropriate direction to parental authority and responsibility to realize the child’s well-being.

Reproductive Psychiatry: Beyond Perinatal Health

Gender and sexual minority women represent a traditionally underserved but growing segment of the older adult population, and advances in equity and inclusivity will further enhance both visibility and medical-psychological competence on the part of the healthcare team caring for these individuals. In support of this, principles of intersectionality can be used to explore how the overlapping systemic stressors these patients experience affect medical, psychological, and social outcomes.Tools for vascular risk stratification, more apt dietary recommendations, better explanations for sex differences, and unique treatment options deserve more attention in the female population. A concept called normal-weight obesity has been explored in literature and suggests that there is a need for an updated measure of adiposity, other than BMI, to better gauge the risks of stroke and other vascular risk factors. For prevention of dementia, the MIND diet has been the most promising of many interventions but fails to address the rampant progression of sarcopenia; and therefore, recommendations for protein intake require more specificity. Current literature suggests that sex differences in dementia incidence are related to estrogen withdrawal, decreased cognitive reserve, longer life expectancy; however, it is also important to note that, women tend to be disproportionately more affected by the diagnoses of obesity, diabetes, and HTN. For prevention, estrogen therapy in research has suggested a “critical window hypothesis” indicating that it must be delivered within the immediate perimenopausal period, age 50 to 63, as after this it may increase risk of dementia; but, most of these meta-analyses do not reflect this.There is a wealth of data describing long-term care needs across all groups of older adults, however among gender and sexual minority women the evidence is more limited; by analyzing the disparities which exist for these individuals, formalized guidance may be developed which offers an opportunity to tailor care planning across every stage of the caregiving continuum. Perhaps nowhere is this more relevant than in the unique needs of aging transgender women, particularly as it relates to the medical endocrine management and psychologic support important to accomplishing successful aging in this group.Psychologically, current cohorts of older women have lived most of their lives in paternalistic societies, with less access to education and economic means which contribute to the development of social status, economic independence, and societal influence across their life-span. Additionally, sexism contributes to discrimination against women and to their marginalization throughout the life span. As a result, women who have a limited education and or less opportunity for career advancement may resort to informal work, work for lower wages, or be financially dependent upon a male partner, which can lead to insufficient economic security in late life.Reproductive health in the aging population is frequently overlooked when it comes to risk stratification, diagnosis, and prevention of dementia especially as it relates to our female and LGBT communities. These factors must be addressed to address these disparities in patient outcomes.

The Suspension of the Portuguese Inquisition, 1674 to 1681: The Female Perspective

Abstract Using trials and wills of women arrested in the Portuguese inquisitorial purges of New Christian families between 1672 and 1674, which gave rise to negotiations for a General Pardon and unprecedented suspension of the Inquisition, this article argues that there was a concerted strategy of female education amongst New Christian families, teaching literacy and business savvy to girls. This was not as a tool of empowerment or self-determination against a paternalistic society, but a necessity for the family to function under the scrutiny of neighbors and threat of inquisitorial persecution. Literacy was both a political strategy, a tool that could be used to undermine and evade the inquisition’s codes of secrecy, and a way to ensure the family and its vitally important business networks survived in the diaspora. Exploring the idea that reading and writing can be political acts, I will examine here what literacy meant for the practicality of lives lived in the shadow of the inquisition and diaspora.

Delving into the dichotomous trajectory of Indian women flexpatriates: using the lens of JD-R theory

PurposeDrawing from the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) theory, this paper aims to identify unique job demands, job resources and personal resources in the context of Indian women flexpatriates (IWFs) and understand how they manage to perform in their short-term international assignments (SIAs).Design/methodology/approachThis study takes a qualitative approach by conducting in-depth interviews of 15 IWFs.FindingsThematic analysis reveals dual-role workload, emotional demands and diluted importance of the assignments as job demands; opportunity for professional growth, social support and combination of work and leisure as job resources, and building up of self-esteem and self-efficacy as personal resources. Also, the unique Indian family structure, Indian women's desire to have “me-time” and zeal to strengthen their identity emerge as differentiating factors for IWFs that enhance their performance.Practical implicationsIWFs are enthusiastic to take up SIAs as it gives them opportunity to enhance their career and strengthen their identity. In addition to their willingness to travel, advance planning of SIAs and profiling of women based on marital status, family type and children can be done for selection.Social implicationsDespite hailing from paternalistic and male-dominating society and facing familial challenges, IWFs find SIAs liberating, which gives them an opportunity to spend some “me-time,” strengthen their identity and enhance their professional growth.Originality/valueThis is the first qualitative study contextualizing flexpatriation with gender and region by studying Indian women professionals.

PERAN DAN KEDUDUKAN PEREMPUAN MANGKUNEGARAN DALAM SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN KEBUDAYAAN JAWA MASA MANGKUNEGARA I-VIII

This research focuses on the role of Mangkunegaran women in the Mangkunegaran Kadipaten, so this study focuses on women's activities in the history of the Mangkunegaran Kadipaten until Indonesia's independence. The role of women (wives) in Javanese culture cannot be separated from the perspective of the paternalistic society as konco wingking. The understanding that man (Prophet Adam) was the first human and woman was created from his left rib. Left connotes something unimportant. Although this paternalistic perspective is inherent, no research has found a relationship between the policies of the Mangkunegaran kings and women as konco wingking. After understanding this position, so this research aims to reveal and understand this meaning in the policies of the Mangkunegaran kings. Based on the interaction analysis method of a qualitative approach with historical studies, this study collected informant insights and reference data through interviews, observation and document analysis. The results showed that the term konco wingking for Mangkunegaran kings was more appropriate with the term “garwo or sigaraning nyowo”, because the struggles and policies of the kings of Mangkunegaran involved women as a form of adaptive cultural system implementation, both in the domestic sphere and in formal education and even as a form cultural diplomacy.
 Keywords: Duchy of Mangkunegaran, king's policy, the role of women, cultural system

How does shared leadership affect creativity in teams? A multilevel motivational investigation in the Chinese context

Research on leadership and creativity has primarily focused on hierarchical leadership. Based on social cognitive theory, this research sheds light on whether and how shared leadership influences creativity at different levels through a multilevel motivational mechanism. We propose that shared leadership not only motivates team potency and thus inspires team creativity at the team level, but also facilitates individual creativity through individual competence across levels. In addition, team potency promotes individual competence and fuels individual creativity across levels. Thus, team potency and individual competence play a chain-mediating role in linking shared leadership to individual creativity. The proposed model has been tested using two independent samples (Study 1 with 73 employees and Study 2 with 501 employees from 84 teams) in the Chinese context. Results from Study 1 provide preliminary support for the influence of perceived shared leadership on creativity at the individual level, whereas results from Study 2 support the proposed multilevel motivational mechanism between shared leadership and creativity at both team and individual levels. Findings offer theoretical implications for shared leadership and creativity research and provide managerial implications, especially for paternalistic societies like China, in which respect for social hierarchy remains a prevalent cultural norm.

Narmada`s Poems in Gynocentric Criticism

Feminist ideologies began to emerge in the creative sphere as the feminist political conception was transformed into a literary approach. It was then that a number of artistic literature emerged that the woman was very weak, as a consumer, and acted as a supporter of the paternalistic society. In this way, many women who have full faith in feminist theory began to exhibit in their works the feminine world which the paternalistic society could not accept. Those who approached them with feminist orientation began to take the data for the next move based on the results. Some systematic approaches were used for that. One of them is the Woman Center Review.

Young Iranian women as agents of social change: A qualitative study

ObjectivesLimited studies have investigated detailed insights into the experiences of women in transitioning countries such as Iran as active agents in their lives and their societies. This study explores how young Iranian women build and use their social capital to make a social change and improve their status. MethodsThis study is the qualitative component of a larger mixed-method study exploring social capital and wellbeing in young Iranian women. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 17 young Iranian women aged 18–35. This data was supplemented with the open-ended responses provided by 87 of 391 participants in the quantitative phase of the study. Thematic analysis based on the Giorgi method was used for data analysis. ResultsTwo major themes that emerged from the data included “multiple identities” and “young women as agents of social change”, with more emphasis on the latter. Four main strategies were used by young Iranian women to enact social change and improve their position. These included building digital freedom, generating a new style of dressing, creating leisure opportunities, and changing social and sexual relationships. ConclusionsThis study provides new insights into the necessity of moving away from simply looking at women as powerless victims within paternalistic societies to exploring their potential as agents of social change. Understanding the ways young Iranian women perceive themselves, their roles in society and their experience of enacting social change and building new social identities yields deeper insights into their expectations for transformational change.

Tribal Women, Property and Border: An Auto-Ethnographic Critique of the Riwaj (Tradition) on the Pakistan–Afghanistan Borderland

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the cultural status of tribal women living in the Pakistan–Afghanistan borderland. Pakhtun tribes, a patriarchal and paternalistic society, practising tribal customs (Riwaj/Dastoor), inhabit this borderland. Owing to these tribal customs, the tribal Pakhtun society treats women much like property of their men. This essay focuses on how a tribal woman is socially discriminated by denying her certain fundamental rights. I discuss six tribal customs, by giving examples based on my field work, through which tribal women are treated as personal property by her male kin—father, brother, uncle or husband. These customs include shamilaat (denial of the right to inheritance in shared family’s and tribe’s property), miratah (declaring a woman as issueless in the absence of a male kin and thereby denying her property), rasnama/valver/khawara (bride-money), ghairat/nang (honour and pride), badala/swara (barter, as in getting father or brother a bride or as in exchange for settlement of dispute) and ghag (pronouncing the desire to marry a specific woman or in some cases to spite a family).

Breaking bad news from the doctors' perspective in a paternalistic society: the case of Sudan.

Breaking bad news is a global challenge for all types of health providers. Our study assessed the attitude and practice from the doctors' perspective in a patriarchal society. A descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted, involving doctors from both medical and surgical departments. Almost half of the respondents believed that Sudanese patients do not like to know their diagnosis, and a slightly higher proportion had no previous training on how to break bad news. Some 20% indicated that they would conceal the diagnosis from a patient if his or her relatives so requested. Less than one-quarter of respondents followed a standard protocol. Although most of the doctors subscribed to the notion that patients have the right to know everything about their illnesses, not all of them held this attitude towards their local patient population.

Tera Ulang Peran Profetik Tuan Guru dalam Konteks Kebebasan Beragama di Pulau Lombok

Ulama (Islamic scholars) play important role in culturally paternalistic societies. Their prophetic role is theologically idealized as successors of prophets’ risâlah, mission. However, historically speaking, history yet often features reality that differs from their normative role. This paper aims to reevaluate the prophetic role of ulama in Lombok, called tuan guru, in the context of religious freedom praxsis. It is found that what is held by tuan guru in the realm of socio-politico-cultural tend to differ from his own existential theological spirit as one of socio-religious institutions. In the context of the praxis of religious freedom, tuan guru in general tend to play a role as a breeder and booster of anti pluralism discourses. Considering the theological claims of Islam itself as a spreader of mercy for all as well as political-cultural claims that Lombok is religious island, the island of thousand mosques, the realm seems ironic.

Gentō

Japanese gentō (originally a translation of the English term “magic lantern”) is a still-image projection system that enlarges images on a transparent slide or film and projects them onto a large screen. Most studies argue that the magic lantern, stereopticon, or gentō thrived from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries and that their use declined in the early twentieth century with the arrival of the motion picture. This article examines the revival and redevelopment of gentō in mid-twentieth-century Japan, focusing on its use in 1950s social movements (including labor, social welfare, and political protest movements) and exploring how independent gentō works represented the landscapes, histories, and everyday lives threatened by the presence of U.S. military forces in Japan. It also examines the representation of female gender and sexuality in these gentō works, looking at the ways they depict women as both symbols of a victimized and humiliated homeland and as threats to the order of paternalistic family and society in Japan.

Emotional dimensions of intra-family transmission: Moroccan Shipping, a team adrift

Subject area Intergenerational transmission is a paramount managerial and patrimonial issue. Although planning and governance tools are being developed and spread in business, the handling of emotions often remains the key to a successful process. It is within the framework of the paternalistic Moroccan society that we are led to question the psychology and emotions of the stakeholders in the transmission of this small services business. Study level/applicability Masters students in Family Business, Management Science, Entrepreneurship, Small Business Management. Case overview After 19 years of existence, Moroccan Shipping is confronted at the beginning of 2010 to the issue of the sustainability of the family business. The founder directs his affair with an iron fist, and his sons, who were educated abroad, are determined not to get fooled. The father claims he wishes to be relieved from daily operations and handover part of his responsibilities to his second son. At the same time, the youngest doesn't feel like he fits in the present firm's configuration and is ready to quit. Expected learning outcomes This case study will lead users to work on several managerial dimensions of small family businesses in emerging economies. At first, the entrepreneur's traits might be highlighted, as they deeply affect the way the succession process may be handled. However, as the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) specificity, the Moroccan family system will be taken into consideration to better analyse both the incumbent and the successor behaviours. Management tools may then be discussed to help with the transfer of both power and ownership in family businesses. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Gender innovation through the lens of effectuation

Today, the strength of firms is embodied in their capability to survive within an increasingly competitive environment, or face failure. Innovation is studied by scholars at different levels of analysis in firms, including gender. Some consider ‘innovation’ to be a revolution in the world of new ideas and concepts, where others focus on innovation adoption. In this effort to pursue the missing variables, it might be useful to adhere closely to Sarasvathy’s (2001) concept by examining the role of effectuation between males and females through an in-depth quantitative study in a Lebanese media small and medium enterprises. In a paternalistic society, supported long-rooted habits and norms, this study seeks to examine gender innovation through the lens of effectuation, and whether this relationship leads to positive outcomes in the firm’s performance and its innovative capability. The results clearly stand out with respect to effectuation and innovation in this media service enterprise.

Ethical problems in geriatrics: Views of Turkish primary healthcare professionals

Primary healthcare professionals frequently encounter ethical issues in the care of older adults. These issues might particularly appear in the context of "age discrimination", "respect for autonomy", "respect for privacy" and "decision-making competency". The aims of this study were to determine the frequency rates of various geriatric ethical problems and to evaluate the importance given to these problems in primary healthcare. In order to evaluate the opinions, a questionnaire tool was formulated. The participants were asked to review the list of geriatric ethical issues, to state the frequency of encountering them and to identify the importance ratings for each issue. The sample consisted of 86 primary healthcare professionals (50 physicians and 36 nurses) aged between 24 and 50 years. Based on the results, the most frequently encountered ethical issues were on "decision-making competency" and these issues respectively were "decision-making with relatives instead of elder patients", "not informing elders due to the lack of tolerance" and "not informing elders due to the lack of comprehending". The most important geriatric ethical issues were "ignoring respect for privacy", "ignoring patient's complaints" and "rejecting detailed examination or treatment because of age". Overall, the results show that the nurses and physicians in primary healthcare frequently encounter geriatric ethical problems related to the decision-making process, which is a common issue for Turkey as a paternalistic society. The findings show that primary healthcare professionals are sensitive to geriatric ethical issues; however, this sensitivity does not prevent the emergence of these issues.

Paternalistic Consumer Co-operatives in Rural England, 1870–1930

AbstractThe British co-operative movement is associated mainly with industrial areas. Where consumer co-operatives existed in the countryside they were located in market towns and formed by rural trade unions, especially railwaymen, occasionally quarrymen or farmworkers. Yet the Co-operative Union membership encompassed a significant number of small single village societies founded by paternalistic gentry.This paper draws on examples in Shropshire, East Yorkshire, Berkshire and Oxfordshire, to offer an account and explanation of the never before studied, paternalistic co-operatives. Recruiting estate workers and farm labourers, individual country squires showed themselves capable of using a co-operative ideology and framework, usually associated with the labour movement, to achieve very different and paternalistic goals. The relationship between these paternalistic village societies and the wider co-operative movement, both locally and nationally, is discussed, including the company paternalism of the Co-operative Wholesale Society's own farming operations. A comparison with the ‘Blue co-ops’ of the Lancashire Conservative dominated cotton spinners’ union is also made. The paper concludes that the failure of paternalistic co-operatives was part of the post Great War revival of rural cultural conservatism, linked to the effects of agricultural depression.

Filipino Gay Stereotypes in Mainstream and Independent Films

This study shed light on gay stereotypes as depicted from mainstream films and independent films by determining (1) the gay stereotypes portrayed in the films, (2) the deviations from the gay stereotypes, and the (3) implications of the gay portrayals on the present concept of Filipino gays. Employing the descriptive content analysis, the researchers selected and examined carefully four (4) films entitled Manay Po and Markova: Comfort Gay and two independent films, Masahista (The Masseur) and Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros (The Blossoming of Maximo Oliveros). The gay stereotypes depicted in the selected movies are the effeminate gays and discrete gays. The effeminate gays are portrayed in the films as cross dressers, parlorista, with flamboyant lifestyle and feminine mannerisms. On the other hand, discrete gays are shown as bisexual males, with masculine and female self-image. However, there is a deviation from these gay stereotypes that is the “same sex marriage” among gays as portrayed in the scenes from the movie Manay Po. Of the films reviewed, it was only Manay Po that captured both types of gay males at the same time. Majority of the stereotypes depicted in the films leaned towards the “bakla” who is the very subject of ridicule and discrimination in a macho and paternalistic society like the Philippines. However, unlike the effeminate “bakla,” the discreet is well accepted. Those who have revealed their sexual orientation, but remained discreet in theirappearances, earned the respect and admiration of their colleagues. Keywords - gay, stereotypes, bisexual, independent films, effeminate.

Women Empowerment and Good Urban Governance in Iran

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of women in urban management and possibility of a more inclusionary approach to their active participation. Here, first the underlying concepts and principles of good urban governance and special needs of women in urban settings are discussed; next capabilities of Iranian women for active participation in good urban governance are examined. The study shows that women are in utter need to be empowered and to take more active role in their urban lives. Also it shows that Iranian women have used the means available to them to improve their capabilities. It also shows that there are needs for further research to better understand the socio-cultural obstacles to higher participation rate of women in governance. The paper is an original investigation of Iranian women's attempt to improve their lives through the available means to them within a paternalistic society. It shows their success and failures and draws future directions of their latent movement.Keywords: Urban governance, Empowerment, Women, Iran

Discovering 'The Secrets of Long and Healthy Life': John Dudgeon on Chinese Hygiene

John Dudgeon, a Scottish physician practising medicine in China in the second half of the nineteenth century, wrote extensively on the diet, dress, housing and social customs of the Chinese and their implications for health. While Dudgeon's contemporaries were highly critical of Chinese sanitary conditions and personal hygiene, he argued that China's lifestyle and urban conditions were superior to those in Europe. Dudgeon's observations in China, combined with his views on deteriorating economic conditions and heightened social tensions in Scotland, resulted in his critical reflections on British metropolitan culture and lifestyle. His admiration of Chinese hygiene and his conception of the diseases of civilisation were closely connected to his nostalgic vision of a paternalistic society. It is the contention of this paper that Dudgeon's eccentric medical ideas manifested the interplay between metropolitan medical theories and the overseas experiences of a British physician in China.

How Women Can Save the Planet

The article discusses how empowering women through education can help reduce overpopulation and prevent extremism in their children. The author argues that high fertility rates in areas of the world that can least cope with the environmental pressure of overpopulation, such as sanitation and available freshwater, are more likely to pollute their environment trying to produce the resources needed. Topics include the social impacts of paternalistic societies and the need for women's education.