Paternal Role Research Articles

Assessment of the validity and reliability of edinburgh postpartum depression scale in Turkish men.

Perinatal depression (PD) affects individuals during pregnancy and early parenthood, resembling major depression. Recent research highlights paternal perinatal depression (PPD) in fathers. PPD has adverse effects on fathers and their children. This study assesses the Turkish version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for Turkish fathers, aiming to provide a tool for PPD identification. This methodological study validates the EPDS for Turkish fathers and explores associations with demographic and psychosocial factors. The study involved 295 fathers withinfants aged 2weeks to 12months. The EPDS, originally designed for perinatal depression and validated in Turkish women, was used. Fathers completed a participant information questionnaire, the EPDS, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) during clinic visits. Data on sociodemographic factors, paternal roles, and pregnancy and postpartum support were collected. Mothers also completed the EPDS. Descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and correlation tests were used. The study included fathers with an average age of 30.5 years, mostly with a high school education or higher. The EPDS had a mean total score of 3.1. Factor analysis suggested a three-factor structure for the EPDS in Turkish fathers, including anhedonia, anxiety, and depression. Confirmatory factor analysis validated the three-factor structure, with acceptable model fit indices. Positive correlations were found between fathers' EPDS scores, maternal EPDS scores, and paternal BDI scores. The EPDS effectively discriminated between different levels of depression severity. Various factors, such as education level and lack of support during pregnancy and after childbirth, were associated with higher EPDS scores. These findings emphasize the significance of assessing and addressing PPD in fathers, supporting the use of the EPDS as a valid tool in the Turkish context. The three-factor structure aligns with international research, highlighting the importance of a multi-dimensional approach to PPD assessment. Early intervention can mitigate PPD's impact on fathers, mothers, and children, benefiting mental health and well-being.

Longitudinal Changes in Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiovascular Health During the Transition to Fatherhood: The Dad Bod Study Rationale and Design.

Despite the importance of the transition to fatherhood as a critical life stage among young adult men, much remains unknown about the factors predictive of ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) and how CVH is impacted as young men face new roles and responsibilities associated with fatherhood. To address this gap, the Dad Bod Study is a prospective, longitudinal and observational study designed to examine how fatherhood affects young men's CVH. A total of 125, first-time prospective fathers (men, 19-39 years) will be enrolled and followed over 1.5 years. Metrics of the American Heart Association's "Life's Essential 8" as well as demographic, social, and psychosocial factors will be collected at four time points ((baseline (during the pregnant partner's 2nd trimester) 1-month postpartum, 6-months postpartum, and 1-year postpartum). The primary aims are to measure predictors of CVH among first-time fathers and describe longitudinal changes in CVH. A secondary aim is to identify best practices for recruitment, retention, and remote data collection in this population. The Dad Bod Study offers a novel examination of CVH among first-time fathers, exploring how new paternal roles and responsibilities impact cardiovascular health. Findings may provide key insights into critical CVH behaviors and risk factors to monitor, preserve, and improve as young men transition to fatherhood.

A qualitative study exploring the perinatal experiences of social stress among first- and second-generation immigrant parents in Quebec, Canada

BackgroundPerinatal psychological distress adversely impacts the well-being and social adjustment of parents and their children. Expectant parents who have migrated may be at higher risk for perinatal psychological distress due to various migration-specific stressors and healthcare service barriers. Limited studies have examined the perceived determinants of perinatal distress in immigrant parents, particularly men. This study explored first and second-generation immigrant parents’ lived experiences of social stressors and facilitators of perinatal psychological well-being.MethodsParticipants were recruited by convenience and purposive sampling as part of a larger study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted virtually with first and second-generation immigrant women and men in Quebec, Canada. An inductive thematic analysis was performed.ResultsSixteen women (age = 34.8 ± 3.7 years) and ten men (age = 35.1 ± 4.9 years) from various ethnic backgrounds participated in the study at 7.4 ± 0.73 and 7.5 ± 0.72 months postpartum, respectively. Three themes were identified: (1) cultural pressures (cultural differences in parenting, gender-related cultural pressures, health and baby-related practices), (2) health and social service access (social benefits and resources, and systemic barriers in health care), and (3) discrimination (physical appearance or parental-related discrimination, gender-related discrimination, ethnic-related discrimination). First-generation immigrant parents reported greater acculturative stress (i.e. mental health stigma, health care access) and ethnic discrimination concerns related to their distress. Among men, barriers include feeling as though the paternal role was devalued by society and not receiving consideration by health care.ConclusionsOur results highlight different social factors of perinatal well-being perceived by men and women from various ethnic and immigration backgrounds during the perinatal period. Perceived factors include macro-level factors, such as a country’s social climate, health and social policies and services, and social aspects of acculturative stress. Our findings suggest the need for continued efforts to challenge and eliminate discriminatory practices. Interventions and resources directed at first-generation immigrant parents should be bolstered. Understanding what parents perceive to facilitate or hinder their psychological well-being can help inform the development of tailored evidence-based programs and policies to better meet the mental health needs of Canadians and reduce gender disparities in the treatment of perinatal distress.

Sperm-origin paternal effects on root stem cell niche differentiation.

Fertilization introduces parental genetic information into the zygote to guide embryogenesis. Parental contributions to postfertilization development have been discussed for decades, and the data available show that both parents contribute to the zygotic transcriptome, suggesting a paternal role in early embryogenesis1-6. However, because the specific paternal effects on postfertilization development and the molecular pathways underpinning these effects remain poorly understood, paternal contribution to early embryogenesis and plant development has not yet been adequately demonstrated7. Here our research shows that TREE1 and its homologue DAZ3 are expressed exclusively in Arabidopsis sperm. Despite presenting no evident defects in sperm development and fertilization, tree1 daz3 unexpectedly led to aberrant differentiation of the embryo root stem cell niche. This defect persisted in seedlings and disrupted root tip regeneration, comparable tocongenital defects in animals. TREE1 and DAZ3 function by suppression of maternal RKD2 transcription, thus mitigating the detrimental maternal effects from RKD2 on root stem cell niche. Therefore, our findings illuminate how genetic deficiencies in sperm can exert enduring paternal effects on specific plant organ differentiation and how parental-of-origin genes interact to ensure normal embryogenesis. This work also provides a new concept of how gamete quality or genetic deficiency can affect specific plant organ formation.

Fathering dynamics: Linking depressive symptomology, parenting stress, and paternal warmth with beliefs in paternal role.

Research has established the impact of paternal depression on fathering behaviors and child outcomes. Despite this, less is known about the mechanisms linking paternal depressive symptomology to paternal warmth, particularly regarding the role of parenting stress and beliefs in the centrality of the paternal role. The aim of this study was to examine factors potentially associated with paternal warmth. Specifically, we explored the association between paternal depressive symptomology and paternal warmth, examining the mediating role of paternal parenting stress in this association. Moreover, we tested the moderated role of beliefs in the centrality of the paternal role in the association between paternal parenting stress and paternal warmth. We utilized a subsample of fathers (n = 756; Mage = 34.3) with young children from the Survey of Contemporary Fatherhood study. Moderated mediation analysis was performed to test the association between paternal depressive symptomology, parenting stress, paternal warmth, and beliefs in the centrality of the paternal role among fathers. Results indicate a significant association between higher paternal depressive symptomology and increased parenting stress, which, in turn, was associated with reduced paternal warmth. Furthermore, positive beliefs in the centrality of the paternal role buffered the association between parenting stress and paternal warmth. These findings underscore the importance of considering parenting stress and fathering beliefs in psychosocial intervention programs aimed at improving fathering behaviors. Targeting fathers with mental health problems and negative parenting beliefs in intervention approaches may yield the most significant benefits. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Ethics of Motherhood in Chinese Traditions

Abstract In this essay, I aim to highlight the neglected fundamental notion of Motherhood as an ethical principle within Chinese philosophy, particularly in Taoism. Traditionally, it has been relegated to the realm of the Yin-Principle or the Feminine, serving as a complementary as well as opposite pole to the Yang- or Masculine-Principle. However, this interpretation would lead to the narrowing of the primordial essence and potentially misinterpret the fundamental ethos of Taoism. This exploration has implications that reach beyond its very theme. Through the discussions within contemporary Confucianism surrounding concepts like Tian-Xia (天下, All under Heaven), Qinqin (亲亲, Family), or role ethics, it becomes evident that a patriarchal emphasis often prevails, overshadowing the maternal character of Chinese Philosophy and Culture. In contrast to monotheistic traditions where an almighty God creates ex-nihilo (out of nothing), Chinese mythology, as seen in the stories of Pangu and Nüwa, depicts an archaic development of the cosmos, distinct from the creation myths found in Western religions. Notably, the goddess Nüwa is credited with the creation of human beings. In the following, I will explore the ethical dimensions of motherhood within Chinese philosophical traditions, notably within the intertwined contexts of Confucianism, Sinicized Buddhism, and particularly Taoism. Through this examination, my objective is to scrutinize the ethical and cultural underpinnings of Confucianism by juxtaposing the interplay between Confucian tenets like Ren (仁, benevolence, humanity) and self-cultivation with maternal ethical principles. This will underscore the differences between maternal and paternal roles within familial relationships and unveil the implicit authoritarianism inherent in Confucian paternalism.

Adolescent offenders' experiences of father involvement in a South African context

AbstractObjectiveThe study's aim was to explore and describe adolescent offenders' experiences of their fathers' involvement before and during their own incarceration in a South African context.BackgroundResearch on father involvement is focused predominantly on adult offenders' experiences of father involvement without emphasis on adolescents' experiences regarding father involvement, including in a South African context.MethodsA qualitative explorative‐descriptive research design was employed. A nonprobability, purposive sampling technique was used, and the sample size was determined through data saturation. The sample included nine male adolescents between the ages of 17 and 19 years from a correctional center in Pretoria, South Africa. Semistructured individual interviews and drawings made by participants were used as the data collection methods and data were analyzed thematically.ResultsTwo main themes with subthemes were identified: Experiences of father absence before and/or during incarceration and desires for and suggestions to improve father involvement.ConclusionThe findings are primarily indicative of the general lack of father involvement and fatherly support experienced by participants.ImplicationsThe findings highlight the need for adolescent offenders to have access to counseling or therapy and intervention programs suitable for juvenile correctional centers focusing specifically on providing young, incarcerated, male adolescents with paternal role models that can help foster a sense of ethical and moral guidance and provision of different forms of support. Father intervention programs including men's talks, motivational speaking, and psychoeducational programs to advise fathers on how to be more involved in their children's lives are recommended.

Postpartum Excessive Social Support Scale: A Scale Development and Psychometric Testing Study.

In Turkey and other collectivist cultures, child-rearing is a communal effort provided by multiple family members, especially female relatives such as mothers-in-law, aunts, and sisters. Environments with excessively controlling social factors can adversely affect their maternal roles. This study was conducted to develop a measurement tool for determining postpartum excessive social support. This is a scale development and psychometric evaluation study. In the study, a draft of the Postpartum Excessive Social Support Scale (PESSS) was created, subsequently submitted to expert opinion, and administered to mothers in the postpartum period of 1 to 6 weeks online between March and December 2023 (n = 440). A factor analysis (including explanatory factor analysis [EFA] and confirmatory factor analysis) was conducted to determine the construct validity of the scale, while Cronbach's alpha was examined to establish its reliability. Response bias (Hotelling T2) and additivity (Tukey's test of additivity) of the scale were also determined in the study. For the content validity of the scale, 10 experts from the field of midwifery were consulted (content validity index [CVI] = 0.80). As a result of the EFA, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was found as 0.916. Through factor analysis using the direct oblimin rotation technique, a four-factor structure was identified for the scale, explaining 64.197% of the total variance (social pressure, effect of environmental factors on paternal role, effect of environmental factors on maternal role, and barriers in mother-infant interaction). The internal reliability coefficient of the scale was highly reliable (Cronbach's alpha = 0.936). There was no response bias in the scale (Hotelling's T2 = 433.558, p < .001) and it was additive (Tukey's Non-additivity = 0.000, p < .001). The PESSS is a 20-item scale measuring excessive social support between 1 and 6 weeks postpartum. The PESSS serves as a guiding tool for health care professionals to identify excessive environmental pressure hindering mothers' maternal role and to provide care accordingly. In this context, health care professionals can readily utilize the PESSS in routine postpartum assessments for mothers.

Perceptions of fatherhood among people displaced by war in the southern Philippines

ABSTRACT This study interrogates the experiences of people in conflict-induced internal displacement, specifically, among the internally displaced persons (IDPs) from the southern Philippines. The interest is to describe and examine how IDPs, particularly male parents, navigate their families through the hardships of being uprooted from their traditional communities because of war. The study was participated by 13 Maranao Muslim IDP fathers through semi-structured, face-to-face interviews. Findings revealed three major themes; the paternal miseries in displacement, perceptions of paternal roles, and the consequences of displacement-induced poverty on self-perceptions of fatherhood. The findings show that being continually confronted by unfulfilled roles together with an underlying social expectation attached to gender, fathering not only becomes a difficult task to accomplish but is also creating a negative self-image of fatherhood.

Paternal Role Adaptation in Premature Infants in NICU: A Descriptive Qualitative Study

Aims and objectives: This study aimed to explore the adaptation experiences of first-time fathers of preterm infants after experiencing the trauma of preterm birth. Background: Becoming a father is a significant life event that can bring about profound changes in a man's identity and lifestyle. However, there is currently a lack of research on the adaptation experiences of fathers of preterm infants.Design: A descriptive qualitative study was conducted. Methods: Thirteen fathers of preterm infants were recruited from June 2022 to April 2023 at Chongqing Children's Hospital in China. Participants were all first-time parents, and their infants had received treatment in neonatal intensive care units. Deep semi-structured interviews, guided by a questionnaire, were conducted to collect data. Inductive content analysis was used to analyze the data. Reporting followed COREQ guidelines. Results: The data analysis generated 28 themes, including 9 subordinate themes and 3 superordinate themes. The superordinate themes were "Role preparation", "Post-traumatic adjustment", and "Growth adaptation". Conclusion:Fathers of premature infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) face unique challenges during their child's hospitalization and in the initial three months following discharge. The father's ability to navigate these challenges and embrace the complex aspects of fatherhood signifies his adaptation to the role. Relevance to clinical practice: Healthcare providers should assess the role adaptability of fathers of preterm infants and provide timely and effective interventions to support parental emotional well-being and parenting behavior.

Artistic transformations of the image of father in the Ukrainian cinema during the Stalinist era

The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of artistic interpretations of the image of father in Ukrainian cinema during the Stalinist era, with special attention to the socio-cultural and political factors of the period, which fundamentally influenced the trends in the interpretations of the screen image of father.&#x0D; The methodology. On the example of the films “Ivan” (1932), “Wonderful Garden” (1935), “Aerograd” (1935), “Guerillas in the steps of Ukraine” (1942), “Third strike” (1948) historical factors were analyzed that fundamentally determined the peculiarities of the screen character of father during the years of Soviet repressions. In the article, a definition of the concept of paternalism in the context of the theory of law and statecraft is provided. Also in the article Ukrainian films of the Stalinist era were studied, in which the paternal concept “The state is father of its citizens” was fully manifested. Socio-cultural analysis of films, in which the figure of the genetic father was relegated to the background by Soviet ideology, and the role of the main educator of children was taken over by representatives of the Russian imperial authorities, was carried out. The paternal figure is considered in the broadest symbolic context — when the paternal role for a citizens can be played by an entire social institution or the apparatus of state power.&#x0D; The results. The period of Joseph Stalin turned out to be one of the most difficult in Ukrainian history. In those years, the Ukrainian nation faced numerous political cataclysms: industrialization, the Holodomor, deportation to remote regions of the USSR, repressions and World War II. However, the cinematography presented a completely transformed picture of reality, according to which the Bolshevik government was a kind and caring father for Ukrainians, but not a cruel tyrant. Nevertheless, even in such a tragic historical period, national directors were able to reflect in propagandistic films the longing of Ukrainian society for the traditional family system, and by biological parents in particular.&#x0D; The scientific novelty. The main attention is focused on the essential characteristics of the archetypal image of father and it makes it possible to analyze many Ukrainian classic films in a new scientific context.&#x0D; The practical significance. The article can contribute to further research in the field of several humanitarian disciplines: film studies, cultural studies, art studies, sociology and History of Ukraine.

Factors that Influence Stunting in the Maratua District of Berau, Indonesia

Highlights:1. This study investigated the factors contributing to stunting in a remote area, which has not received sufficient attention from key stakeholders.2. The findings of this study can serve as a reference for the government in addressing stunting through intervention strategies that incorporate paternal roles to improve children's nutritional status. AbstractStunting is a community health problem with significant impacts. The estimated prevalence rate of stunting was 24.4% in Indonesia and 25.7% in the Berau Regency. Stunting is a growth disorder caused by chronic malnutrition during the first 1,000 days of life. It is characterized by a height-for-age Z-score below -2 standard deviations from the child growth standards median of the World Health Organization, an insufficient growth rate, and a reduced potential final height. The contributing factors to stunting include maternal variables, as mothers are the primary caregivers. The objective of this study was to determine the factors for stunting and specifically investigate if there is a relationship between maternal employment and stunting in the Maratua District of Berau, Indonesia. This study used a cross-sectional research design. The sample size was determined using the Sample Size Calculator from the World Health Organization for a two-sided test (α = 0.05; β = 0.2; p1 = 0.63; p2 = 0.25; 95% CI). The data were collected from the nutrition report and anthropometric measurements at Maratua Primary Healthcare Center. The research was carried out at the Integrated Health Posts (Pos Layanan Terpadu/ Posyandu) in the Maratua District. The toddlers (n = 56) were examined with their parental consent. Toddlers with overnutrition, obesity, and acute infectious diseases were excluded from this study. The data were processed using Chi-square and Fisher tests (p &lt; 0.05). In the analysis, no significant relationship was found between stunting and maternal employment. However, the results revealed that fathers who were not fishermen had a 6.3 times greater risk of having stunted toddlers compared to fathers who worked as fishermen. Fathers with a junior high school degree showed a 6.1 times higher risk of having stunted toddlers than fathers with different educational levels. In conclusion, stunting in the Maratua District is associated with the fathers' educational attainment and employment.

The "Bad Father": Paternal Role in Biology of Pregnancy and in Birth Outcome.

Pregnancy is generally studied as a biological interaction between a mother and a fetus; however, the father, with his characteristics, lifestyle, genetics, and living environment, is by no means unrelated to the outcome of pregnancy. The half of the fetal genetic heritage of paternal derivation can be decisive in cases of inherited chromosomal disorders, and can be the result of de novo genetic alterations. In addition to the strictly pathological aspects, paternal genetics may transmit thrombophilic traits that affect the implantation and vascular construction of the feto-placental unit, lead to placenta-mediated diseases such as pre-eclampsia and fetal growth retardation, and contribute to the multifactorial genesis of preterm delivery. Biological aspects of immunological tolerance to paternal antigens also appear to be crucial for these pathologies. Finally, this review describes the biological findings by which the environment, exposure to pathogens, lifestyle, and nutritional style of the father affect fetal pathophysiological and epigenetic definition.

The paternal role in pregnancy loss.

In this comprehensive review, the intricate relationship between paternal factors and pregnancy loss is examined. While pregnancy loss has historically been predominantly attributed to maternal factors, recent research underscores the significant contribution of the male partner. The review delves into various aspects of paternal influence, including paternal age, health, chromosome abnormalities, Y chromosome deletions, and sperm DNA fragmentation. Notably, advanced paternal age is found to be associated with an increased risk of recurrent pregnancy loss, shedding light on the importance of understanding the impact of aging on male fertility. Additionally, paternal health, particularly metabolic syndrome, emerges as a noteworthy factor contributing to pregnancy loss. Chromosome abnormalities in male partners, such as balanced translocations, and Y chromosome microdeletions are explored in the context of pregnancy loss risk. Moreover, the review highlights the growing body of evidence linking sperm DNA fragmentation and sperm protein abnormalities to spontaneous pregnancy loss, emphasizing the significance of sperm health in reproductive outcomes. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted role of the male partner in pregnancy loss, calling for a more inclusive approach to pregnancy loss investigations that encompasses both maternal and paternal factors.

Cumulative Genetic Scores Interact with Maternal and Paternal Parenting in Predicting Parent-Adolescent Cohesion and Conflict.

Previous research concerning the interplay between genetics and parenting in the development of the parent-child relationship during adolescence has been extremely scarce, predominantly adopting single-gene designs. This limited body of work has largely overlooked the distinct effects of maternal and paternal roles, as well as potential gender differences. Additionally, existing gene-by-environment (G × E) studies have mainly concentrated on adverse environmental factors and associated negative outcomes, somewhat neglecting positive environments and outcomes. The present study examined the interactions of cumulative genetic scores (CGS, dopamine receptor D2 TaqIA and oxytocin receptor gene rs53576 polymorphisms) with both positive and negative parenting on parent-adolescent cohesion and conflict. Furthermore, this study aimed to ascertain with which gene-environment model the potential G × E interactions would align. A total of 745 Chinese Han adolescents (Mage = 13.36 ± 0.96 years; 46.8% girls) from grades 7 to 9 participated in this study. Results revealed a significant effect of CGS and negative maternal parenting on mother-adolescent conflict among males, consistent with the weak differential susceptibility model. As CGS increased, the effects of negative maternal parenting on mother-son conflict were magnified. These findings have implications for the timing and focus of interventions aimed at improving parent-adolescent relationships.

Supporting a double hospitalization during the pandemic: The experience of fathers whose infants were hospitalized while their mothers were also hospitalized due to COVID-19.

Introduction. The hospitalization of a baby in the neonatal intensive care unit may be highly stressful for both mothers and fathers, and this was even more intense in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. To date, no studies have been found that describe the experience of fathers who underwent the simultaneous hospitalization of their partner and newborn infant during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objectives. To explore the experience of fathers who had their babies hospitalized in the Neonatal Unit while their partner were hospitalized due to worsening of COVID-19. Population and method. Four semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed using an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results. Four moments were identified when specific emotions arose: a) onset of infection, b) partner hospitalization, c) baby birth, and d) baby hospitalization. Guilt, fear, death anxiety, loneliness, and uncertainty appear very early and are later combined with emotions such as happiness and empowerment, among others. The lack of physical contact with their partners and babies and failures in communication with the health care team stand out as factors that hinder the exercise of the paternal role, while an effective communication with the health care team and active participation in the baby's care are protective factors. Fathers fulfill multiple roles, the most important of which is their role as protectors. Conclusions. Family-centered communication and care and active involvement in baby care may potentially protect against the impact of this complex experience of double hospitalization.

Meta-synthesis of qualitative studies to explore fathers’ perspectives of their influence on children’s obesity-related health behaviors

BackgroundIn nursing research and practice, there is a paucity of information about how fathers perceive their role in shaping their children’s health behaviors. Most studies on the parental factors affecting children’s health behaviors have focused on the role of mothers. However, recent studies showed that fathers’ health behaviors can influence those of their children. Therefore, the aim of this study was to synthesize existing qualitative studies to explore fathers’ perspectives regarding how they influence children’s obesity-related health behaviors.MethodsWe conducted a descriptive meta-synthesis. To retrieve relevant articles, we used databases including PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science. Only qualitative studies published in English-language peer-reviewed journals, targeting fathers of children aged 2–18 years, and focusing on fathers’ perspectives were included. All the quotes collected from the studies were reviewed and coded, and thematic analysis was used to derive themes.ResultsArticle screening and review yielded a total of 13 qualitative studies, from which the following themes emerged: (1) fathers’ parenting practices and role-modeling behaviors, (2) fathers’ roles in their relationships with their family members, and (3) fathers’ resource-seeking behaviors and contributions to their home food environment. Fathers were aware that their parenting practices and role-modeling behaviors could influence their children’s health behaviors. Furthermore, fathers recognized the importance of their relationships with family members, which was reflected in their family roles; that is, whether they took responsibility for childcare and household work, whether their parenting practices were similar to those of their spouses, and whether they involved their children in their activities. Fathers also reported their resource-seeking behaviors as well as their contribution to the home food environment, which affected their children’s health behaviors.ConclusionFathers’ perspectives on their influence on children’s health behaviors reveal their unique paternal role in influencing children’s health behaviors. Fathers’ perspectives could be incorporated into future nursing research to examine the relationship between fathers’ roles and children’s health behaviors to develop better health intervention programs.

Republikán a volnomyšlenkář? Složitý život Leopolda Heyrovského mezi státem, rodinou a společností

The article deals with the characterization of Leopold Heyrovský (1852–1924), professor of Roman law at the Law Faculty of the Charles University in Prague, as a “republican” and “freethinker”, as preserved by the memories of his descendants. Using the memories of his daughter Klára Heyrovská and of his colleague Jan Krčmář, the author focuses on religion, political and social ideas and the paternal role of Leopold Heyrovský. On the basis of partial sources, he is trying to reconstruct the political, religious, and social habitus of the hitherto less researched Prague university professor. It turns out that the characterization of Heyrovský as a republican and freethinker basically corresponds to reality, but with the caveat that Heyrovský was well aware of the risks that such opinions would bring him, and therefore expressed them only very carefully. His religious situation – he remained formally Catholic but did not participate in any religious ceremonies – was complicated not only by his position as a university professor, but also by his marriage to a fervent Catholic wife who raised their children in this faith. Nevertheless, he tried to pass on his free-spirited and patriotic views to his children, to whom he devoted a lot of time as a committed father.

Fatherhood Lullabies: Masculinity and Aging Paternity in the Basque Country as Portrayed in Alauda Ruiz de Azúa’s Cinco lobitos

Even though Basque director Alauda Ruiz de Azua’s debut film, Cinco lobitos, revolves around motherhood and its two female characters bear the heavyweight of the narrative, set in a historically perceived matriarchal society, such as the Basque Country, the two male supporting roles—that of the young father and the old grandfather of the newborn child—are critical to articulate the film’s underlying discourse on the complex and evolving relationships amongst the members of a family unit—whether it be the result of a traditional marriage (that of the grandparents) or a modern partnership (the young couple). Despite their age difference and distinct upbringing, the two male characters mirror each other in their embodiment of an emotionally absent life partner and paternal figure who prioritizes his role as a provider rather than a caregiver. Hence, intertwined with the struggles of maternity and its acute impact on women’s life choices, the portrayal of fatherhood in this film equally reflects on the evolution of the paternal role throughout a man’s life and in Basque society, while it evokes that the traditionally assigned gender roles echo across generations.

Anorexia nervosa seen from a fathers' perspectives: A thematic analysis

AbstractFew studies have explored the views of fathers in relation to daughters diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (AN). The aim of this study was to investigate this aspect. This study was part of a larger study. Fourteen fathers (age 46–68 years) of 14 daughters (age 19–29 years) diagnosed with AN were interviewed between 1996 and 2002. The interview consisted of 15 open‐ended questions exploring the views of fathers in relation to their daughters later diagnosed with AN. Following transcription, thematic analysis was used to identify main themes and subthemes based on the data. We identified three themes: “Family dynamic,” “Proximity and distance to the daughter,” and “Commitment and knowledge seeker,” and 10 subthemes. The fathers were involved during the upbringing and the relation to the daughter was important. Different studies show the importance of the paternal role for the daughter's healthy development, and for AN. Not sharing equally, the responsibility of early childcaring, could foster the experience of inadequacy regarding the paternal role in the future. In our study, the fathers considered the mothers to be the experts during the daughters' adolescence. This attitude could have hindered them from understanding their daughters pathological eating problems. This and other studies indicate the importance of viewing the fathers as a resource when planning treatment approaches.