Paternal Parenting Styles Research Articles

A Psychometric Examination of the Abbreviated Version of the Parenting Styles Scale Using a Sample of Chilean Adolescents.

Parenting styles have been related to a series of variables that contribute positively to adulthood. The maternal and paternal parenting styles scale is a measure that presents a multidimensional structure of six correlated factors. However, the version available for Chile is extensive, with 82 items measuring this latent trait. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the reliability and validity of the abbreviated version of the maternal and paternal parenting styles scale using a sample of Chilean adolescents. The sample consisted of 2131 students of both the male and female sexes (51% males and 49% females) with a mean age of 15.85 years (SD = 1.37). The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the six-factor correlated model, showing robust psychometric indices for both modelling approaches. In relation to the factorial invariance models, the results show factorial equivalence at the scalar invariance level for the variables of sex, age, academic achievement, and type of school. The scale showed adequate levels of reliability. This study concludes that the abbreviated version of the maternal and paternal parenting styles scale is a reliable and valid instrument for its application in Chilean adolescents.

THE INFLUENCE OF PARENTING STYLES ON MATHEMATICS LEARNING MOTIVATION IN SEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

This study aims to determine the influence of paternal parenting styles on the motivation of seventh-grade students to learn mathematics at SMP Negeri 2 Bukittinggi. A correlational research method with an Ex Post Facto approach was employed, involving 156 students with a sample size of 31 individuals. The instrument used was a questionnaire, and data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0. The results indicated a significant influence of paternal parenting styles on students' mathematics learning motivation, reflected in various parenting styles. The regression equation for authoritarian paternal parenting style and mathematics learning motivation was . For the democratic parenting style, it was . The neglectful parenting style yielded , while the permissive style showed . The correlation value obtained was = 0,602 with a coefficient of determination of 36,2404%. Hypothesis testing resulted in a value of 3,298, which was greater than = 1,96 at a 0.05 confidence level, indicating that the hypothesis of a significant influence of paternal parenting on mathematics learning motivation was accepted. This underscores the importance of the father's role in influencing the mathematics learning motivation of seventh-grade students at SMP Negeri 2 Bukittinggi for the academic year 2021/2022.

Perceived Paternal and Maternal Parenting Attributes of Primary Students' Learning Motivation

Family parenting has an important influence on children's learning motivation, especially the difference between paternal parenting and maternal parenting. This paper investigates the influence of paternal parenting style and maternal parenting style on children's learning motivation through questionnaire survey. The results show that different ways of paternal parenting and maternal parenting have different effects on promoting children's learning motivation. Paternal parenting style is simpler and more direct, but it has a significant impact on children's learning motivation, while children under maternal parenting style are more optimistic. We think this is closely linked with the three learning theories. The information here provides readers with a comparison of the influence of paternal parenting and maternal parenting on children's learning motivation, and shows that the parenting style suitable for children is the best parenting style.

Susceptibility to e-cigarette adoption among tobacco-naïve youths: a cross-sectional study in Shenzhen, China.

The rise in e-cigarette use among youth is a significant global public health issue. It is important to identify those at increased risk and implement effective strategies to reduce e-cigarette popularity among the youth. This study aims to identify predictors of e-cigarette uptake in youths with no prior tobacco use, considering individual, familial and the broader societal environmental factors. For this investigation, a group of 2,487 tobacco-free youths was selected from 15 high schools in Shenzhen, China. Susceptibility to e-cigarettes was determined by assessing the possibility of future use and the openness to trying e-cigarettes if presented by friends. Both chi-square tests and logistic regression were applied to identify factors linked to susceptibility to e-cigarette use. Among the respondents, 5.5% (n = 136) were found to be susceptible to e-cigarette use. The analysis revealed factors tied to this risk: perceptions of e-cigarettes, the impact of vaping peers, paternal parenting styles, the extent of social support, exposure to messages both for and against e-cigarettes use, and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. Youths who downplayed the addictive nature of e-cigarettes (aOR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.14-3.55; p = 0.016), those with friends who engaged in vaping (aOR = 3.43-7.64; 95%CI: 2.36-20.42; p < 0.001), those experiencing over-protective or rejective maternal parenting (aOR = 1.68-3.01; 95%CI: 1.11-5.77; p = 0.001-0.014) or rejective paternal parenting (aOR = 3.63; 95%CI: 1.99-6.59; p < 0.001), those aware of e-cigarette advertisements (aOR = 1.82; 95%CI: 1.28-2.60; p = 0.001), and those exposed to SHS at home (aOR = 1.68; 95%CI: 1.17-2.41; p = 0.005) or at public places (aOR = 1.72-1.79; 95%CI: 1.21-2.57; p = 0.002-0.003) were more prone to e-cigarettes. In contrast, youths who believed using e-cigarettes reduces one's attractiveness (aOR = 0.34; 95%CI: 0.16-0.72; p = 0.005) or perceived that vaping made social interactions less enjoyable (aOR = 0.26; 95%CI: 0.12-0.58; p = 0.001), those who benefited from high social support (aOR = 0.30-0.60; 95%CI: 0.17-0.97; p < 0.001), and those who noticed message about e-cigarettes' adverse consequence (aOR = 0.54; 95%CI: 0.38-0.77; p = 0.001) were less likely to be inclined toward e-cigarette use. The propensity of the youth to e-cigarette usage is shaped by a multiple element. An all-encompassing strategy that addresses the individual, familial, and the broader societal aspects is imperative for the effective prevention of e-cigarette initiation among youth.

Intergenerational trauma transmission through family psychosocial factors in adult children of Rwandan survivors of the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi

Thirty years after the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda, children of survivors are being increasingly documented to be at higher risk compared to their peers for adverse mental health outcomes. However, no studies in Rwanda have empirically explored family psychosocial factors underlying this intergenerational transmission of trauma. We investigated family psychosocial factors that could underlie this transmission in 251 adult Rwandan children of survivors (mean age = 23.31, SD = 2.40; 50.2% female) who completed a cross-sectional online survey. For participants with survivor mothers (n = 187), we found that both offspring-reported maternal trauma exposure and maternal PTSD were indirectly associated with children's PTSD via maternal trauma communication (specifically, nonverbal and guilt-inducing communication), and that maternal PTSD was indirectly associated with children's PTSD, anxiety, and depression symptoms through family communication styles. For participants with survivor fathers (n = 170), we found that paternal PTSD symptoms were indirectly associated with children's anxiety and depression symptoms via paternal parenting styles (specifically, abusive and indifferent parenting). Although replication is needed in longitudinal research with parent-child dyads, these results reaffirm the importance of looking at mass trauma in a family context and suggest that intergenerational trauma interventions should focus on addressing family communication, trauma communication, and parenting.

Parenting Styles And Their Impact On Online Gaming Addiction: Mediating Role Of Psychological Well-Being In Indonesia

In Indonesia’s distinctive cultural and digital milieu, this study explores the interconnectedness between parenting styles, psychological well-being, and online game addiction in individuals aged 15-30. Utilizing digital outreach on platforms such as Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook, data was sourced from 601 participants. The Indonesian Online Game Addiction Questionnaire, the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), and Triwahyuni and Prasetio’s 42-item scale for psychological health were the primary measurement tools. Findings underscore an inverse relationship between both paternal and maternal parenting styles and psychological health. Furthermore, psychological well-being serves as a critical mediator in the relationship between parenting styles and online gaming habits. The insights offer significant implications for parenting, psychological health, and digital gaming behaviors in the contemporary Indonesian context, suggesting a need for harmonized approaches that seamlessly blend tradition and modern challenges.

Relationship between parenting style and internet addiction: Interpersonal relationship problem as a mediator and gender as a moderator

PurposeThis study assessed the moderating effect of gender on the indirect effects of positive and negative parenting styles on Internet addiction through interpersonal relationship problem. MethodsA cross-sectional survey of randomly sampled 1194 college students recruited voluntarily from three universities in China was conducted to assess the variables of positive and negative parenting styles, interpersonal relationship problem, and Internet addiction. ResultsPositive parenting style, such as emotional warmth, was a protective factor for the development of Internet addiction, whereas negative parenting style, such as rejection and overprotection, was a potential risk factor for Internet addiction. Furthermore, interpersonal relationship problem completely mediated the association between positive parenting style and Internet addiction but partially mediated the relationship between negative parenting style and Internet addiction. Finally, gender moderated the indirect effect of parenting style on Internet addiction through interpersonal relationship problem. ConclusionThe correlation between positive parenting style and interpersonal relationship problem was considerably weaker among females, whereas the association between interpersonal relationship problem and Internet addiction was much stronger among females. For the prevention and intervention of Internet addiction, it is important to increase positive parenting style for males while enhancing interpersonal skills training for females. Further longitudinal studies should discuss the effects of paternal and maternal parenting styles on Internet addiction.

Comparing parenting styles: their influence on adolescent’s internet addiction

Excessive internet use in adolescents can lead to addiction, with parental parenting styles playing a pivotal role. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between parents' parenting style and adolescent internet addiction. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 290 participants using convenience sampling. Two instruments, the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) and Internet Addiction Test (IAT), were employed for data collection. Statistical analysis, using the Spearman correlation test (p &lt; 0.05), was performed. Findings revealed a significant relationship (p &lt; 0.001, r = 0.253) between an authoritarian paternal parenting style and adolescent internet addiction. A permissive maternal parenting style also exhibited a significant link (p &lt; 0.001, r = 0.319) with internet addiction. This study highlights a clear association between parenting styles and adolescent internet addiction. Parents should balance granting freedom for responsible internet use with setting boundaries, engage in open dialogues, and issue warnings when excessive online time is detected to effectively address this issue.

Paternal and maternal parenting style and adolescents’ physical activity motivation: indirect effects through parental physical activity related practices

Paternal and maternal parenting style and adolescents’ physical activity motivation: indirect effects through parental physical activity related practices

Perceived parenting styles and child personality: A Qatari perspective

Parenting is a determinant of children’s behaviors and personalities. However, parenting styles differ across societies and among individuals and depend on culture, level of education, and income. This paper examined the impact of parenting styles on child development in Qatar. We used the links among socioeconomic factors, parent—child relationships, and child outcomes in identifying parenting styles. The data were collected using a national survey conducted in 2017. The sample was selected using stratified random sampling. The results showed how differences between maternal and paternal parenting styles and work—family balance influence childrearing and children’s personalities. The findings call for mechanisms aimed at generating foundational policies and awareness programs to encourage parents to adopt positive parenting practices.

Analysis of siblings' relationship and parenting style using structure modelling approach.

Relationships among siblings play a crucial role in early socialization and further social development. Siblings inherently belong to the system of family relationships; their observation without involving parent-child bonds, is to some extent, generalization. Therefore, our research analyzes with mutual connections between parenting styles and the characteristics of siblings' relationships in a family using a quantitative design of data collection and processing. The outputs from the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire and Questionnaire of Parenting Styles in a Family were collected from 264 bachelor's students. The study found the overall associations of positive emotional relationships and freedom provided by parents with generally desirable characteristics of siblings' bonds and vice versa, and associations between negative emotional relationships and requirements with negatively perceived traits of siblings' bonds. The unexpected outcome of our research is that it revealed more connections between paternal parenting styles and the characteristics of sibling relationships than with those of maternal parenting styles. To reflect the complexity of these relationships more precisely, complex structural equation models were created and successfully adjusted.

THE PERCEIVED PARENTING STYLE AS A PREDICTOR OF THE GENERAL FEMALE COMMUNICATION STYLE

Communication is of great importance for all facets of human life. Its role in parenting is manifested in the transfer of values, beliefs, norms, and new skills from parents to the younger generation. As documented in the scientific literature, maternal parenting style has a greater impact on a child’s development than paternal one (Baumrind, 1991; Patock-Peckham, et al., 2006; Barton, 2012). Therefore, understanding the general communication style of women and its relations to the perceived parenting style of their mothers and fathers will allow us to study family dynamics from a more holistic perspective. There is no consensus in the scientific community about the classification of communication and its connection to the perceived parenting styles among females. We aimed to study the interaction between perceived parenting style and general female communication style. To this end, we performed quantitative research using the Communication Style Inventory (Vries, 2011) and the Experiences in Close Relationships – Relationship Structures Questionnaire ECR-RS (Fraley et al., 2011) adapted for the Bulgarian cultural context by Totkova (2014). In our research took part 281 Bulgarian adult females. We have found that both the perceived mother’s authoritarian and perceived father’s permissive parenting styles are strong predictors of the general communication style of adult females. Furthermore, all four perceived parenting styles exhibited a strong correlation with certain communication styles. In conclusion, the perceived paternal parenting style is just as strong a predictor of general female communication style as the maternal one.

Association between Fathers' and Mothers' Parenting Styles and the Risk of Overweight/Obesity among Adolescents in San José Province, Costa Rica.

Parenting styles are a risk factor for adolescents overweight/obesity worldwide, but this association is not well understood in the context of Latin America. This study examines the association between the parenting styles of mothers and fathers and the risk of overweight/obesity among Costa Rican adolescents. Data are cross-sectional from a sample of adolescents (13-18 years old) enrolled in ten urban and eight rural schools (n = 18) in the province of San José, Costa Rica, in 2017. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the likelihood of adolescents being overweight according to the mothers' and fathers' parenting styles. A significant association was found between the risk of adolescent overweight/obesity and the paternal authoritarian style only in rural areas (B = 0.622, SE = 0.317, Wald = 3.864, ExpB = 1.863, p = 0.04), and between said risk and the paternal permissive style only in male adolescents (B = 0.901, SE = 0.435, Wald = 4.286, ExpB = 2.461, p = 0.038). For maternal parenting styles, no associations reached significant levels once logistic regression models were adjusted for the fathers' parenting styles. These findings underscore the importance of further studying the role of fathers' paternal parenting styles on Latin American adolescent weight outcomes. Expanding our understanding of the parenting styles of fathers has important implications for the design and implementation of culturally- and gender-appropriate family interventions.

The impact of children's temperament on recurrent unintentional injuries: the role of paternal parenting styles as a mediator.

BackgroundUnintentional injuries (UIs) pose a threat to the health of children all over the world and are a major global health problem. The recurrence of UIs are influenced by the host itself or environmental factors. Children’s temperament and paternal parenting styles (PPS) are important potential factors for poor health outcomes, including recurrent unintentional injuries (recurrent UIs). Therefore, exploring the relationship among these variables may help reduce the likelihood of recurrent UIs in children.PurposeTo elucidate the mediating effect of PPS in the relationship of children’s temperament characteristics and recurrent UIs among children.MethodsBy multistage random cluster sampling method, a total of 2,850 pupils in grades four and five from 10 different schools were included. The survey included the characteristics of UIs in the past year, parenting styles, and children’s temperament. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the possible mediating effect of PPS between children’s temperament and recurrent UIs.ResultsIn this study, the incidence rate of recurrent UIs was 3.8%. In temperament, children with recurrent UIs had higher mean scores than the non-recurrent UIs group (t = −3.40, −3.52, −3.45, respectively; p < 0.001) in the activity, predictability, persistence. Meanwhile, the scores of negative PPS (punishing, over-interference, rejection, and overprotection) were higher in the recurrent UIs group than in the non-recurrent UIs group (t = −5.78, −5.05, −5.56, and −3.29; p < 0.001, < 0.001, < 0.001, < 0.001, respectively). Using a stepwise binary logistic regression model, grade (OR = 0.23, 95% CI [0.12–0.41], p < 0.001), activity (OR = 1.61, 95% CI [1.14–2.26], p = 0.007) and over-interference (OR = 2.28, 95% CI [1.37–3.80], p = 0.002) had a significant independent relationship with recurrent UIs. The SEM results indicated that children’s temperament was significantly related to negative PPS (β = 0.26, p < 0.001) and recurrent UIs (β = 0.11, p = 0.029). The results of the bootstrap test confirmed the significance of the mediating effect of PPS (β = 0.06, p < 0.001) between children’s temperament and recurrent UIs.ConclusionsThese results suggest that negative PPS plays an important role in mediating children’s temperament and recurrent UIs. It is essential to consider PPS when creating tailored intervention programs to reduce children’s recurrent UIs.

EXAMINING GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PERCEIVED PARENTING STYLES OF ADOLESCENTS IN KLANG VALLEY: A QUANTITATIVE STUDY

The present research examined gender differences in perceived parenting styles of adolescents. Sample comprised of 579 adolescents with 316 females and 263 males and was recruited from 6 public schools in Klang Valley. Parental Authority Questionnaire was used for the study. Study reported that both male and females perceived their parents (paternal and maternal) as authoritative, however, there is no significant differences of gender differences in perceived paternal and maternal parenting styles. Findings suggested that Baumrind’s parenting typology is applicable in collectivist countries like Malaysia. Therefore, it is implicated that there are more similarities than differences in results between Western countries and Malaysia.

The association between paternal depression and adolescent internalising problems: A test of parenting style as a mediating pathway

Whilst there is a large evidence base demonstrating the impact of maternal depression on the development of adolescent internalising problems, less is known about the association between paternal depression and adolescent internalising problems, and the mechanisms through which risk is conferred. This study examined the association between paternal depression and adolescent internalising problems, investigating parenting style as a pathway through which this association may be mediated. Participants included 4048 families taking part in the Growing Up in Ireland child cohort study. Self-report measures of paternal depression were completed when the study child was aged 9. Adolescents assessed paternal demandingness, responsiveness and autonomy granting at the age of 13. Adolescent internalising symptoms were measured at the age of 17/18 by the primary caregiver. A parallel multiple mediator model was used to test the total and specific indirect effects of the three parenting styles, whilst controlling for covariates and other mediators in the model. A direct effect of paternal depression on adolescent internalising problems was found (B = .051, 95% CI: 0.020, 0.083). However, no support for mediation via any of the paternal parenting styles (i.e., responsiveness, demandingness, or autonomy-granting) were found. These findings build on an emerging evidence-base demonstrating a specific direct association between paternal depression and adolescent internalising problems, and suggest that interventions ought to also target fathers suffering from depression to help reduce the risk of adolescent internalising problems.

Gender Differences in the Associations Between Perceived Parenting Styles and Young Adults' Cyber Dating Abuse.

Existing literature indicates that parenting styles affect the development of cyber aggression in offspring differently, depending on the gender of children. The present study investigates whether mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles show similar gender differences in their associations with a new form of dating violence, i.e., cyber dating abuse (CDA). The limited evidence on the issue focuses on the relation that each parenting style has with CDA perpetration, without considering CDA victimization and the joint effects of fathers’ and mothers’ parenting styles. The present study contributes to the research on gender differences in parenting by examining whether young adults’ perceptions of maternal and paternal parenting styles during childhood were independently and/or jointly related to their perpetrated and suffered CDA and whether these relations differed across young adults’ gender. In total, 351 young adults (50.7% men), age between 18 and 35 years and having a romantic relationship, completed online self-reports of the variables of interest that include a bidimensional measure of perpetrated/suffered CDA that assess aggression and control. Results showed that maternal authoritarian parenting was uniquely and positively associated to their children’s perpetration and victimization of cyber dating control, whereas maternal permissive parenting was uniquely and positively related to their children’s perpetration of cyber dating aggression and victimization of cyber dating control. For daughters, these associations were stronger when the father’s style was similar to the mother’s one or when a maternal authoritarian style combined with a paternal permissive style, thus indicating that the two parents’ parenting styles interact in relating to their daughters’ CDA.

The Mediating Role of Social Support in the Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Adolescent Drug Abuse Identification.

Adolescent drug abuse is a social issue of global concern, causing a serious burden of diseases for individuals, families and society. To design effective prevention and intervention strategies for adolescent drug abusers, the predictive factors associated with drug abuse must be quantified and assessed. This study explores the similarities and differences between the parenting styles of adolescent drug abusers and non-drug abusers and applies a structural equation model to analyze the mechanisms involved between parenting styles, social support and adolescent drug abuse identification. Data were derived from adolescent drug abusers (n = 363) and non-drug abusers (n = 229) between the ages of 18 and 35 in China, and the data were collected and analyzed by SPSS 26 and AMOS 24. The results show that parenting styles significantly predict adolescent drug abuse identification, and different parenting styles have different influencing mechanisms, which further indicates that poor parenting styles are a risk factor for adolescent drug abuse. Additionally, social support plays a mediating role between parenting styles and drug abuse identification (χ2/df = 4.52, CFI = 0.939, TLI = 0.914, RMSEA = 0.077, IFI = 0.939, PCFI = 0.671). The specific pathways involved are as follows: Paternal parenting style → Social support → Drug abuse identification and Maternal parenting style → Social support → Drug abuse identification. However, beyond this, the mediation model of social support shows good adaptability and stability between adolescent drug abusers and non-drug abusers. Since parenting styles and social support are important predictors of adolescent drug abuse, the importance of integrating family-social support antidrug programs into adolescent prevention and intervention strategies should be considered.

Perceived Mother–Father Dyad Parenting Typologies Across Four Regions in the United States

Although much research has investigated parenting styles, few studies have examined parenting across regions of the United States. The current study used a nationwide sample to examine perceived maternal and paternal parenting in four regions of the United States: Northeast, South, Midwest, and West. Participants included 1080 emerging adults who answered questionnaires regarding their perceptions of maternal and paternal parenting styles using an online survey. In all regions, the largest profile indicated a parenting style of High Authoritative/Authoritarian and Moderate Permissive mothers and fathers. Similarly, all regions indicated profiles that were High or Very High Authoritarian mothers and fathers. All regions except the West had a profile with High Authoritative mothers and High or Very High Authoritarian fathers. The Northeast, South, and West also had unique profiles found only in those regions. Thus, results indicate similarities as well as distinct differences in parenting style across regions of the United States.

Relationship between Paternal and Maternal Parenting Style with Internet Addiction Level of Adolescents.

Objective: Internet addiction has become a major problem worldwide, especially for adolescents. Adolescents are considered vulnerable and at risk of internet addiction due to the immature self-control, easy access, and flexible schedule. Parenting style has a significant influence on the incidence of internet addiction in adolescents. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between paternal and maternal parenting style toward internet addiction level of adolescents at one of junior high Schools in Surabaya, Indonesia. Method : In this cross-sectional study, a total of 114 adolescents (44 boys and 70 girls) aged ranging from 12 to 15 in a junior high school in Surabaya, Indonesia, were recruited by stratified random sampling method in November 2019. The Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) were used to measure internet addiction level, and maternal and paternal parenting style of adolescents. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression tests with IBM SPSS Statistics 25 to adjust the relationship between paternal and maternal parenting style toward internet addiction level of adolescents. Results: a total of 77.2% of adolescents were internet addicts and the majority experienced ‘mild’ internet addiction level (52.60%). Furthermore, the Pearson correlation results indicated that paternal permissive and authoritarian parenting styles were positively correlated with internet addiction level of adolescents. The multiple regression analysis results indicated that paternal permissive parenting style significantly predicted adolescents’ internet addiction level. Conclusion: This study highlighted the significant role of paternal permissive and authoritarian parenting styles among adolescents’ internet addiction.