Patent Blue Research Articles

Breast and axillary marking in the neoadjuvant setting: survey results from experts of the Brazilian society of mastology.

The precise location of the tumor site is essential for the success of surgical treatment. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is a challenge for preoperative tumor and node localization. Thus, the knowledge and attitudes of the affiliated members of the Brazilian Society of Mastology (SBM) regarding breast and axilla marking were evaluated and a consensus regarding management and treatment was reached. This was an online survey conducted between June and December 2022. All 1,742 active mastologists affiliated to the SBM were invited anonymously. The online form contained 28 objective questions, of which 22 were formulated on a Likert scale. These questions addressed relevant aspects related to breast and axilla marking in the neoadjuvant setting. Responses that reached 70% agreement were considered consensual. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS program version 26.0. Post hoc analysis was performed when appropriate and the significance level was set at p < 0.05. Polychoric regression analyses were conducted using `VGAM` package. In total, 468 mastologists answered the questionnaire (26.8%), with a predominance of professionals aged between 40-49 years (32.1%). Most professionals were board-certified (84,8%). The indication of tumor marking in the breast prior to NAC was consensual (96.4%) and the metal clip was the preferred method (69.7%). There was no consensus regarding the indication of pre-NAC histologically positive lymph node marking (49.8% disagree and 42.8% agree). However, there was consensus that the clinical and imaging evaluation was insufficient for staging the axilla as N1 (71.6%). The contraindication of breast and node marking in T4b tumors (71.2%) was consensual. There was consensus on the indication of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for initially cN1 (92.3%) or cN2 (72.7%) tumors that became cN0 after NAC, with 67.5% opting for dual staining with technetium and patent blue. When <3 lymph nodes were retrieved 41.0% of mastologists performed axillary lymphadenectomy. Among the 28 questions, consensus was reached on only 11 (39.3%). The indication of pre-NAC breast marking is consensual among Brazilian mastologists, although axillary nodal marking is not. There is a great divergence of attitudes among Brazilian surgeons in relation to the many issues related to pre-NAC breast and axilla marking.

Descripción de un caso: ¿es factible realizar una biopsia selectiva de ganglio centinela en tumores de mama originados en el tejido ectópico axilar?

Breast cancer on axillary ectopic breast tissue is very rare, representing 0.3-0.6% of malignant breast cancers. Therefore, its early diagnosis is a real challenge. In this case, we describe a breast cancer on left axillary ectopic tissue in a 36-year-old female patient, who underwent local surgery with excision of the tissue. When approaching the nodal study of this patient, the possibility of selective study of the sentinel lymph node was considered. The absence of validated clinical guidelines in these cases and the exhaustive review of the literature led the multidisciplinary tumour committee of our hospital, the Hospital Clínico de Santiago de Compostela, to adopt the decision to attempt to perform this technique, adapting it, however, to this particular case. A double tracer was used, injecting technetium-99m in the periareolar area of the left breast and patent blue in the intratumoral area of the axillary ectopic tissue to determine whether both the breast and the tumour had the same lymphatic drainage pathways.Finally, 7 sentinel nodes and 1 palpable non-sentinel node were detected, of which the first was marked with both technetium-99m and patent blue, 4 with the radioisotope only, and 2 stained with patent blue. Two macrometastases were detected intraoperatively in the sentinel nodes, stained only with patent blue, while the rest were negative. The tumour committee took the decision to treat the axilla with radiotherapy. It is therefore concluded that in these cases the periareolar lymphatic drainage and that of the tumour itself may be different, so it would be advisable to use the double tracer injected in different areas to correctly identify the sentinel lymph node. The literature available for this type of situation is scanty and there are no approved clinical guidelines to support our therapeutic decisions, so it would be essential to study breast cancer in infrequent locations, in depth, in order to achieve protocols standardised by international societies that would serve as a benchmark for the management of these cases.

Abstract PO5-17-05: Recommendations of a panel of experts from the Brazilian Society of Mastology on breast and axilla clipping: when, how and for whom?

Abstract Background: The precise location of the tumor site is essential for obtaining free margins and success of surgical treatment, reducing the rates of reoperation and local recurrences. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is a challenge for preoperative tumor localization, due to the different patterns of locoregional response, limitations related to imaging methods, and the possibility of a pathological complete response (pCR). In addition, there are several divergent approaches regarding preoperative axillary evaluation, lymph node marking methods and approaches when facing cN1. Thus, the knowledge and attitudes of the affiliated members of the Brazilian Society of Mastology (SBM) regarding breast and axilla marking were evaluated and a consensus regarding management and treatment was reached. Methods: This is an online survey conducted between June and December 2022. All 1.742 active mastologists affiliated to SBM were anonymously invited to participate in the study. The online form contained 28 objective questions, of which 22 were formulated on a Likert scale. These questions addressed several relevant aspects related to breast and axilla marking in the neoadjuvant setting. Responses that reached 70% agreement were considered consensual. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS program. Post hoc analysis was performed when appropriate and, in all analyses, the significance level of p &amp;lt; 0.05 was adopted. Results: A total of 468 mastologists answered the questionnaire (26.8%), with a predominance of professionals aged between 40-49 years (32.1%), male (50.4%), and residents of state capitals (63.9%). Most professionals were board-certified (84,8%), 87.7% for more than five years. The indication of tumor marking in the breast prior to NAC was consensual (96.4%) and the metal clip was the preferred method (69.7%). If available, the US-visible clip is preferred (86.5%). With respect to the marking of the breast and axilla prior to NAC, 93.3% of the mastologists considered relevant issues related to the techniques and materials. There was no consensus regarding the indication of pre-NAC histologically positive lymph node marking (49.8% disagree and 42.8% agree), however there was consensus that the clinical and imaging evaluation is insufficient for staging the axilla as N1 (71.6 %). The contraindication of breast and node marking in T4b tumors (71.2%) was consensual. There was consensus on the indication of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for initially cN1 (92.3%) or cN2 (72.7%) tumors that became cN0 after NAC, with 67.5% opting for dual staining with technetium and patent blue. There was also consensus on the indication of axillary lymphadenectomy (89%) after NAC when double marking with technetium and patent blue for SLNB is not available. In addition, 41.0% of mastologists perform axillary lymphadenectomy when less than three lymph nodes are found in the SLNB. Among the 28 questions, consensus was reached on only 11 (39.3%); with some consensus variations according to age group, sex, geographic location of residence, place of professional activity (public or private), and professional experience. Conclusion: The indication of pre-NAC breast marking is consensual among Brazilian mastologists, although axillary nodal marking is not. There is a great divergence of attitudes among Brazilian surgeons in relation to the many issues related to pre-NAC breast and axilla marking, indicating the need to establish continuing education programs on the subject. Citation Format: Henrique Couto, Augusto Hassan, Dalton Steinmacher, Eduardo Pessoa, Eduardo Millen, Felipe Zerwes, Francisco Pimentel Cavalcante, Giuliano Tosello, Gustavo Badan, José Francisco, Leonardo Soares, Lucas Budel, Luciano Chala, Raquel Fernandes, Ruffo Freitas-Junior, Vilmar Oliveira, Vinicius Budel, Andre Mattar. Recommendations of a panel of experts from the Brazilian Society of Mastology on breast and axilla clipping: when, how and for whom? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO5-17-05.

Patent blue interferes with the measurement of lipemia index in a patient with sentinel lymph node.

Lipids interfere with absorbance measurements conducted using colorimetric methods. To monitor lipemia, some systems measure absorbance using an analyzer. This report describes a novel case of interference with the lipemia index without lipemia. A 64-year-old woman with giant basal cell carcinoma underwent resection and sentinel lymph node biopsy. The patient had been subcutaneously injected with patent blue during sentinel lymph node resection. After surgery, her serum and urine were yellow-green, and the lipemia index, calculated by measuring absorbance at 658 nm (main wavelength) and 694 nm (secondary wavelength) using a JCA-BM8040 chemistry analyzer, was high. The absorbance spectrum of the patient's serum and patent blue solution were compared to determine the cause of the high lipemia index. The patient's serum and the patent blue solution showed absorption at wavelengths between 540 and 698 nm. Moreover, the absorbance was concentration-dependent for patent blue. These results thus indicated that the patient's serum contained patent blue. Here, we report a case wherein patent blue affected the lipemia index. Thus, it must be noted that patent blue injection may yield inaccurate results when evaluating lipemia index.

Comparative study using indocyanine green and patent blue dye for sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with early-stage cervical cancer

ackgroundLymphatic involvement is the most important prognostic factor in early-stage cervical cancer. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a viable alternative to systematic lymphadenectomy and may identify metastases more precisely.ObjectiveTo compare...

Successful localisation of recurrent thyroid cancer using preoperative patent blue dye injection

PurposeIn the follow-up of patients with thyroid cancer, recurrences are often detected, posing challenges in locating and removing these lesions in a reoperative setting. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of preoperative ultrasound (US)-guided injection of patent blue (PB) dye into the recurrences to aid in their safe and efficient removal.MethodsIn this retrospective analysis, we reviewed the records of the patients in a tertiary care centre between February 2019 and March 2023 who underwent US-guided PB injection in the endocrinology outpatient clinic before reoperative neck surgery. The duration between the injection of PB and the initiation of surgery was recorded. The complications and effectiveness of the procedure were evaluated using ultrasonographic, laboratory, surgical, and pathologic records.ResultsWe reached 23 consecutive patients with 28 lesions. The recurrences averaged 8.8 mm (4.1–15.6) in size and were successfully stained in all cases. The median time between the PB injection and the incision was 90 (35–210) min. There were no complications related to the dye injection. The blue recurrences were conveniently identified and removed in all cases.ConclusionsA preoperative US-guided injection of PB is a safe, readily available and highly effective technique for localising recurrent tumours, even in small lesions within scarred reoperative neck surgeries.

Evaluation of the efficacy of using indocyanine green associated with fluorescence in sentinel lymph node biopsy.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy is the technique recommended for the axillary staging of patients with breast cancer in the initial stages without clinical axillary involvement. Three techniques are widely used globally to detect sentinel lymph nodes: patent blue, the radiopharmaceutical technetium 99 with gamma probe, and the combination of these two. To evaluate the sentinel lymph node detection rate with an innovative technique: indocyanine green (ICG) associated with fluorescence in breast cancer patients, and compare it with patent blue and a combination of patent blue and indocyanine green. 99 patients were sequentially (not randomly) allocated into 3 arms with 33 patients submitted to sentinel lymph node techniques. One arm underwent patent blue dying, the other indocyanine green, and the third received a combination of both. The detection rates between arms were compared. The detection rate in identifying the sentinel lymph node was 78.8% with patent blue, 93.9% with indocyanine green, and 100% with the combination. Indocyanine green identified two sentinel nodes in 48.5% of patients; the other groups more commonly had only one node identified. The mean time to sentinel lymph node identification was 20.6 ± 10.7 SD (standard deviation) minutes among patients submitted to the patent blue dye, 8.6 ± 6.6 minutes in the indocyanine green arm, and 10 ± 8.9 minutes in the combined group (P<0.001; Student's test). The mean surgery time was 69.4 ± 16.9; 55.1 ± 13.9; and 69.4 ± 19.3 minutes respectively (P<0.001; Student's test). The sentinel lymph node detection rate by fluorescence using indocyanine green was 93.9%, considered adequate. The rates using patent blue, indocyanine green, and patent blue plus indocyanine green (combined) were significantly different, and the indocyanine green alone is also acceptable, since it has a good performance in sentinel lymph node identification and it can avoid tattooing, with a 100% sentinel lymph node detection rate when combined with patent blue.

SYNTHESIS OF ZnAl-LDH/PVA NANOCOMPOSITE AND ADSORPTION OF PATENT BLUE V FOOD DYE FROM WATER SOLUTION

In the presented research work, zinc and aluminum containing layered double hydroxides on the polyvinyl alcohol matrix (ZnAl LDH/PVA) were prepared by the co-formation technique and characterized by X-ray diffractometer, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Both low and high pH is determined as optimal pH for Patent Blue V (PBV) adsorption on the ZnAl LDH/PVA nanocomposite and it is explained by the fact that the dye molecule is zwitterionic. Sorption of Patent Blue V food additive (E 131) on the obtained nanocomposite was studied by Temkin, Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models. Based on the obtained isotherm curves, the adsorption of PBV more closely matches Temkin model. The regenerated nanocomposite shows higher adsorption because the specific surface area increased from 5m2 g-1 to 8.94 m2 g-1 by BET analysis

Abstract P5-01-09: Evaluation of the efficacy of using fluorescence-associated indocyanine green in sentinel lymph node biopsies from breast cancer patients

Abstract Introduction: Sentinel lymph node biopsy is the technique of choice for axillary staging in patients with breast cancer. Although it is already a widespread technique, its history is relatively recent. Three techniques are globally used to detect sentinel lymph nodes: the patent blue, described by Giuliano et al. (1994); the technetium-99 radiopharmaceutical with gamma probe, published by Krag et al. (1993); and the combination of these two techniques. Objective: This study aims to evaluate sentinel lymph node detection rate using the innovative fluorescence-associated indocyanine green technique in breast cancer patients, and to compare it with that of patent blue and with a combination of the two dyes. Method: A randomized trial was conducted on 99 patients who were equally divided into three arms, each one undergoing sentinel lymph node detection using either patent blue, indocyanine green, or a combination of the two dyes. The study was conducted at Hospital de Esperança, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil, in partnership with the Breast Department of Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo. Results: The accuracy rate in identifying sentinel lymph nodes was 78.8% with patent blue, 93.9% with indocyanine green, and 100% with patent blue + indocyanine green. Two sentinel nodes (48.5%) were mostly identified in the combined group; however, only one sentinel node was identified in the other groups. The mean time for sentinel lymph node identification was 20.6 minutes with the traditional dye, 8.6 minutes with indocyanine green, and 10 minutes with the combination of the two methods (p &amp;lt; 0.001). The mean surgical time was 69.4 minutes with patent blue, 55.1 minutes with indocyanine green, and 69.4 minutes with their combination (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Conclusion: Sentinel lymph node detection rate by fluorescence-associated indocyanine green was considered effective. The comparison of sentinel lymph node detection rates between patent blue, indocyanine green, and a combination of patent blue + indocyanine green revealed statistically significant differences (p = 0.030), with the combined method being the most effective. Keywords: breast neoplasm, sentinel lymph node biopsy, fluorescence, indocyanine green Citation Format: Rafael Sá, Afonso Nazário, Vanessa M. Sanvido, Roberto Giordano, Raquel Rodrigues, Luiz Bugalho, Suelen Silva. Evaluation of the efficacy of using fluorescence-associated indocyanine green in sentinel lymph node biopsies from breast cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-01-09.

Patent blue versus methylene blue and indigo carmine as a better dye for chromodiscography: in vitro staining efficacy and cytotoxicity study using bovine coccygeal intervertebral discs

BACKGROUND CONTEXTChromodiscography is an integral part of full-endoscopic discectomy (FED), comprising ordinary discography with radiopacity produced by contrast medium and intradiscal stain for visualizing annular defects in the endoscopic field. Nevertheless, concerns remain about the cytotoxicity of the stains used. The study of their staining efficacy is also lacking. PURPOSETo evaluate the feasibility of methylene blue, patent blue, and indigo carmine for intradiscal injection, investigate the effectiveness of each dye, and define critical concentration with adequate staining efficacy and tolerable cytotoxicity for use in chromodiscography during FED. STUDY DESIGNAn experimental in vitro study. METHODSDye stock solutions were prepared from powder. The stock was diluted with culture medium or balanced saline and used for cytotoxicity or intervertebral disc staining assays, respectively. Bovine tails were obtained from the local slaughterhouse and functional spine units of intervertebral discs were acquired by transverse incision at the disc level. Each disc was punctured over the posterolateral aspect using a surgical knife to simulate an annular defect. The intradiscal injection was performed with each dye at different concentrations using a 22G needle from the contralateral aspect of the punctured site. Staining efficacy was quantified using ImageJ software. Primary cells of bovine tails were cultivated in each dye at different concentrations. Cytotoxicity was assessed 24 hours after stain exposure using the CCK-8 toxicity assay. RESULTSStaining efficacy and cytotoxicity were proportional to the concentration of tested dyes. Lower limits of concentration producing significant staining efficacy of indigo carmine, methylene blue, and patent blue were 0.25 mg/mL, 0.25 mg/mL, and 0.05 mg/mL, respectively. Compared with controls, concentrations showing significant toxicity for indigo carmine, methylene blue, and patient blue were 1 mg/mL, 0.5 mg/mL, and 2.5 mg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONSPatent blue can serve as a more suitable tissue stain than either indigo carmine or methylene blue due to the widest range of tradeoff concentration within 0.05 to 2.5 mg/mL. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEPatent blue with the characteristic of good staining efficacy and lower cytotoxicity may be a promising option for chromodiscography during FED.

Optimization of h-BN/Ag/Ag&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O heterostructure by high temperature annealing and its surface-enhanced Raman scattering performance

As a commonly used food additive, synthetic dyes are widely used in foods such as beverages, sweets and dairy products, and in the food processing process. Excessive use of synthetic dyes may induce cell mutations, children’s hyperactivity, genetic diseases and even cancer, which greatly threatens human health. As a fast, cheap, stable, ultra-sensitive and accurate detection method, SERS detection can reflect rich information about molecular fingerprint through the vibration of the analyte, and accurately determine the trace quantity of synthetic dyes in the actual environment. The metal/semiconductor heterostructure formed by the combination of plasmon metal and semiconductor is advantageous for the enhancement of photoinduced charge transfer (PICT) efficiency, and has obvious advantages in the study of surface-enhanced Raman scattering. In this work, the prepared hybrid substrate is annealed to further improve the surface-enhanced Raman scattering activity. Initially, high-density and monodisperse silver/silver oxide (Ag/Ag&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O) nanoparticles are loaded onto two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanosheets. On this basis, by annealing the system at high temperature, an efficient charge transfer channel is constructed, which greatly improves the PICT efficiency and chemical enhancement (CM). It is confirmed experimentally that the SERS signal intensity of h-BN/Ag/Ag&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O material annealed at 320 ℃ with crystal violet (CV) as probe molecule is significantly increased 18 times compared with that of unannealed material, enhancement factor (EF) reaches 16.3145 ×10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;. Finally, based on the excellent SERS property of h-BN/Ag/Ag&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O annealed at 320 ℃, the SERS detection of food additive Patent Blue V (PBV) is conducted in this work. The results show that the lowest detection concentration can reach 10&lt;sup&gt;–12&lt;/sup&gt; M, and the trace detection of synthetic dye PBV is realized. It has excellent spatial uniformity and anti-interference capability, which is of great significance in implementing the actual scene detection of PBV. The h-BN/Ag/Ag&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O annealed at 320 ℃, the composite which is constructed in this paper, has both physical enhancement and chemical enhancement, and possess significant advantages in ultra-low sensitive SERS detection of food additives.

Diagnostic biopsy of sentinel lymph nodes in mammary gland cancer

Objective.To improve the diagnostic biopsy of sentinel lymph nodes in patients, suffering mammary gland cancer, using fluorescent lymphography, and to reduce the quantity of postoperative complications.&#x0D; Materials and methods. In 2016 – 2021yrs period on the base of Odessa Regional Clinical Hospital 400 patients, suffering mammary gland cancer Stages Т1–Т3N0М0, were operated on with application of fluorescent lymphography, using two dyers – the patent blue and indocyanine green. All the patients were distributed into two groups. In Group I (a control one) in 200 patients the sentinel lymph nodes biopsy was performed. The dyer patent blue was applied for the lymph nodes coloring.In Group II (the main) in 200 women–patients the sentinel lymph nodes biopsy, using the patent blue and fluorescent dyer indocyanine green, was performed. Both dyers were injected subdermally along the external areolar edge in the dose 2 ml of the dyer solution.&#x0D; Results. Total 5–year survival after axillary lymphodissection and after the sentinel lymph node biopsy have constituted 91and 92%, accordingly, while the recurrence–free 5–year survival – 82.2 and 83.9%, accordingly. Regional recurrence in sentinel lymph nodes on the affected mammary gland side was diagnosed in 1.1% of the women–patients. In 58% of the women–patients the sentinel lymph nodes were clear, and that’s why a subsequent lymphodissection was not indicated to perform. Metastatic lymph nodes were revealed in 42% of the women–patients.&#x0D; Conclusion. The method of diagnostic biopsy of sentinel lymph nodes in patients, suffering mammary gland cancer, using dyers, permits in majority of them to abandon traumatic operations in favor of organ–preserving interventions, thus reducing the postoperative complications rate significantly.

Removal of Patent Blue Dye Using Ananas comosus-Derived Biochar: Equilibrium, Kinetics, and Phytotoxicity Studies

Patent Blue (PB) dye removal from an aqueous medium was investigated using pineapple fruit peel biochar (PFPB). The presence of functional groups and surface characteristics of PFPB was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A study was conducted to assess the pH effect, contact time, concentration of dye, biochar dose, speed of agitation, and temperature on removal of PB (Patent Blue) dye from an aqueous medium by PFPB. The highest 95% elimination of PB dye was reported at pH 2 by PFPB with 600 mg/L concentration of PB dye. Equilibrium studies divulged the favorable adsorption that followed the Langmuir isotherm with a monolayer uptake potential of 10.29 mg/g. Findings of kinetics disclosed that adsorption results were properly explained by the pseudo second-order model. The adsorption phenomenon was exothermic and spontaneous, as observed by thermodynamic variables. PFPB reflected a 37% uptake capacity of PB dye for up to five consecutive cycles in the adsorption and desorption study. A phytotoxicity study exhibited that PFPB-treated PB dye solution enhanced the growth of seedlings and biochemical constituents of lentils. The findings of the present study indicate the immense potential of pineapple fruit peel biochar for anionic dye removal from wastewater systems. Thus, pineapple fruit peel biochar can be utilized as a promising green sorbent for the elimination of Patent Blue dye in industrial effluents, as it is widely available and converts wastewater into reusable assets.

MgO-La2O3mixed metal oxides heterostructure catalysts for photodegradation of dyes pollutant: synthesis, characterization and artificial intelligence modelling.

In the present work, we prepared MgO-La2O3-mixed-metal oxides (MMO) as efficient photocatalysts for degradation of organic pollutants. First, a series of MgAl-%La-CO3-layered double hydroxide (LDH) precursors with different contents of La (5, 10, and 20 wt%) were synthesized by the co-precipitation process and then calcined at 600°C. The prepared materials were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDX, FTIR, TGA, ICP, and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. XRD indicated that MgO, La2O3, and MgAl2O4 phases were found to coexist in the calcined materials. Also, XRD confirms the orthorhombic-tetragonal phases of MgO-La2O3. The samples exhibited a small band gap of 3.0-3.22eV based on DRS. The photocatalytic activity of the catalysts was assessed for the degradation of two dyes, namely, tartrazine (TZ) and patent blue (PB) as model organic pollutants in aqueous mediums under UV-visible light. Detailed photocatalytic tests that focused on the impacts of dopant amount of La, catalyst dose, initial pH of the solution, irradiation time, dye concentration, and reuse were carried out and discussed in this research. The experimental findings reveal that the highest photocatalytic activity was achieved with the MgO-La2O3-10% MMO with photocatalysts with a degradation efficiency of 97.4% and 93.87% for TZ and PB, respectively, within 150min of irradiation. The addition of La to the sample was responsible for its highest photocatalytic activity. Response surface methodology (RSM) and gradient boosting regressor (GBR), as artificial intelligence techniques, were employed to assess individual and interactive influences of initial dye concentration, catalyst dose, initial pH, and irradiation time on the degradation performance. The GBR technique predicts the degradation efficiency results with R2 = 0.98 for both TZ and PB. Moreover, ANOVA analysis employing CCD-RSM reveals a high agreement between the quadratic model predictions and the experimental results for TZ and PB (R2 = 0.9327 and Adj-R2 = 0.8699, R2 = 0.9574 and Adj-R2 = 0.8704, respectively). Optimization outcomes indicated that maximum degradation efficiency was attained under the following optimum conditions: catalyst dose 0.3g/L, initial dye concentration 20mg/L, pH 4, and reaction time 150min. On the whole, this study confirms that the proposed artificial intelligence (AI) techniques constituted reliable and robust computer techniques for monitoring and modeling the photodegradation of organic pollutants from aqueous mediums by MgO-La2O3-MMO heterostructure catalysts.

Patent Blue V Dye Adsorption by Fresh and Calcined Zn/Al LDH: Effect of Process Parameters and Experimental Design Optimization

This work focuses on the adsorptive removal of patent blue V (PBV) dye from aqueous solution by Zn/Al layered double hydroxide in fresh (LDH) and calcined (CLDH) forms. The material was synthesized via coprecipitation and samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR and TGA-DTA. Dye retention was evaluated under different experimental conditions of contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature and initial dye concentration. Experimental results show that highest adsorption capacity occurred at acidic medium. Kinetics data were properly fitted with the pseudo-second-order model. Equilibrium data were best correlated to Langmuir model with maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of 185.40 and 344.37 mg/g, respectively, for LDH and CLDH. The process was endothermic and spontaneous in nature. Based on the preliminary study, full factorial experimental design (24) was used for the optimization of the effect of solution pH, adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration and the calcination. Thus, the optimal conditions to reach high equilibrium adsorption capacity were achieved at pH of 5, adsorbent dosage of 0.1 g/L, and initial dye concentration of 15 mg/L by CLDH.

A generic method for fluorescence monitoring glycogen through patent blue V triggered supramolecular switching

Glycogen is one of the main biomacromolecules responsible for energy storage in almost all the organisms. Glycogen levels are a key indicator of health condition and also relevant to a number of diseases such as glycogenosis. So far, most of available glycogen detection approaches are sophisticated, indirect, time-consuming and frequently require pre-reaction to convert glycogen into glucose. In this report, we propose a novel probe called patent blue V (PBV) that can bind glycogen and turn on fluorescence in a precise manner. This probe works fairly well under different environments such as different pH, temperature or with various ions or in the presence of cell extracts. Importantly, PBV readily distinguishes glycogen from monosaccharides and a number of other saccharides. In addition the superb selectivity, the proposed glycogen detection method also shows an excellent sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.7 μM. Finally, the putative mechanism of the supramolecular interaction and fluorescence light-up of PBV was discussed taking advantage of a docking experiment.

Comparative effectiveness of pathological techniques to improve lymph node yield from colorectal cancer specimens: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

A number of randomised controlled trials (RCT) have compared different techniques to improve lymph node yield (LNY) in colorectal cancer specimens, but data on comparative effectiveness are sparse. Our aim was to compare the relative effectiveness and rank all available techniques. A systematic search of Embase, Cochrane, PubMed and Scopus was performed for randomised trials. Pairwise was meta-analysis performed if more than two homogeneous studies were available for each comparison. Network meta-analysis was used to rank and compare all available techniques. Fifteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Techniques that were compared included methylene blue (MB), glacial acetic acid, ethanol, distilled water and formaldehyde (GEWF), Carnoy solution (CS), patent blue (PB), formalin, fat clearing (FC) and their combinations. The overall quality of studies was found to be fair. In pairwise meta-analysis MB had a higher lymph node yield weighted mean difference (WMD) = 13.67 (4.83-22.51), P < 0.01, lower number of specimens with fewer than 12 lymph nodes log odds ratio = -1.88 (-2.8, -0.91), P < 0.01 and higher LNY in patients with prior chemoradiotherapy [WMD = 9.11 (3.15, 15.08), P = 0.02] compared to formalin. Evaluation of the network plot revealed a well-connected network. In network meta-analysis MBFC had a higher LNY with [mean difference (MD) 13 and 95% credible interval (CrI) = 2.09-23.91] compared to formalin. MBFC probability of being the best technique for LNY was 91.4%. In network meta-analysis MB did not have a statistically significant difference when compared to formalin. MBFCS seems to be the most effective technique for LNY. Further studies are required to make safe conclusions for outcomes such positive lymph nodes and upstaging.

The Inhibitory Effects of Some Artificial Food Colorings on α-amylase and α-glucosidase: In vitro and In silico Studies

Background: Inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase is considered as an important therapeutic target to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), reducing postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG). Objective: The present work explored the antidiabetic activities of five artificial food colorings by α- amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition in vitro and in Silico. Methods: In this study, inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase was evaluated. Further, the interaction between enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and ligands (food colorings) was followed by QSAR and molecular docking studies. Results: The in vitro results obtained show that the blue patent (SIN131) exhibited more potent inhibition with IC50 values of 0.03± 0.01 mM and 0.014±0.001 mM against α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition respectively compared to acarbose. The QSAR study found a strong correlation between IC50 values with four molecular descriptors. This linear regression confirms that a strong polarity (Apol) and low hydrophobia (ALogP) favor the inhibitory effect of these colorings toward both enzymes. Also, a negative role of the number of heavy atoms has been demonstrated in the phenomenon of inhibition of this enzyme. Finally, the descriptor εlumo (electronic affinity) plays a crucial role on the inhibitory power of these dyes toward both enzymes by electron transfer. The virtual screening of the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase by these colorings, using Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD), allowed us to obtain stable complexes with interaction energies resulting from the place of hydrogen bonds and several hydrophobic interactions. However, the sulfonate groups of these colorings can be the major factors in the inhibition of these enzymes. On the other hand, Rerank Score with the pose are perfectly correlated (R2&gt; 0.76) to the inhibitory activity of these food colorings measured experimentally. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the Blue Patent V (SIN131) effectively acts as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitor leading to a reduction in starch hydrolysis and eventually to lower glucose levels.

Posterior auricular artery helix root free flap—part I: radio-anatomical study

Full-thickness defects of the distal nose are an ongoing surgical challenge. Among the available techniques, pre-auricular chondrocutaneous free flaps based on the superficial temporal artery (STA) have good aesthetic and functional outcomes. However they often require autologous venous grafts. The aim of this radio-anatomical study was to evaluate the feasibility of the helix root free flap based on the posterior auricular artery (PAA). Vascular lengths, diameters, and networks were investigated in flaps harvested from cadavers. The perfusion of the flaps was studied by injecting patent blue. Some flaps were also injected with contrast agent and studied by angiography and computed tomography. Ten flaps from seven fresh cadavers were dissected and analysed. The mean length of the PAA was 114.2 mm and the mean diameter was 2.2 mm. Perfusion was investigated in six flaps and considered good in three of these. The study results demonstrate the feasibility of PAA-based helix root free flaps. This alternative technique provides an 11 cm pedicle with vessels of appropriate calibre, facilitating any potential microsurgery. The scar is mostly hidden behind the ear. This PAA-based helix root free flap could be a reliable and promising single-stage procedure to repair complex defects of the alae nasi.

The Utility of Indocyanine Green Dye Fluorescence Lymphography and Angiography During Wide Excision of Cutaneous Melanoma.

Background and Objectives. Lymph node status is the most important prognostic factor in cutaneous melanoma patients. Recent studies showed that indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence lymphography helps locating sentinel nodes better. Sometimes, flap reconstruction is needed after wide excision of tumor. Indocyanine green fluorescence also simplifies the intraoperative design of flaps. This study investigates the use of ICG fluorescence in patients with cutaneous melanoma during operation. Methods. We performed a single-center, retrospective study of subjects with cutaneous melanoma using ICG lymphograhy and/or angiography during wide excision of tumor between 2015 and 2019. Patients received a dermal injection of ICG and patent blue (PB) dye. The positive node was excised. Indocyanine green angiography was utilized to visualize better skin paddle during flap reconstruction if needed. Results. A total of 37 sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) were removed in 12 patients. Indocyanine green successful localization was found in 10 of the 12 patients (83%). Three patients were found with 6 metastatic nodes on final pathology. 100% of these 6 nodes were identified by ICG, while 83% (5/6) were positive PB. Three of the 12 patients received flap reconstruction after operation, and no major complications occurred. Conclusions. ICG dye lymphangiography is a good alternative for locating SLNs in patients with melanoma. It could also visualize well perfusion skin paddle during reconstruction. We reported a reproducible and simple method to utilize ICG fluorescence in cutaneous melanoma patients.