Patchouli Production Research Articles

Productivity and Yield of Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) in Community Forest using Agroforestry Patterns in Tommo District, Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi Province

Abstract The productivity of patchouli plants in Indonesia still needs to improve. This is because patchouli cultivation is generally carried out using a monoculture and shifting cropping pattern, which causes land degradation. This study aims to determine the productivity and yield of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) in community forest using agroforestry patterns in Tommo District, Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi Province. The study used observation, survey, interview, and questionnaire methods. Respondents were selected using a purposive sampling method of 30 respondents who cultivated patchouli plants using an agroforestry system in community forests. In-depth interviews were conducted with these respondents, followed by a survey of their patchouli cultivation area. The findings revealed that the average annual production of patchouli plants in community forests employing an agroforestry approach amounted to 8,604 kg/year through two harvests on an average land area of 0.74 hectares. Consequently, the average patchouli plant productivity is 10,697.26 kg/ha per year. Patchouli production consists of leaves and twigs that the community has dried and then distilled using conventional distillation equipment. The average yield from the distillation of patchouli leaves and twigs into patchouli oil is 1.96%. Consequently, the productivity of patchouli oil that can be obtained from cultivating patchouli plants is around 209.67 kg/ha per year, equivalent to 246.67 litres/ha per year. The productivity and yield of patchouli plants in the agroforestry pattern are generally lower than in the monoculture pattern, with an average productivity of 13,279 kg/ha per year and a yield of 2.83%. Still, the agroforestry pattern provides added value by producing forestry and agricultural plants combined with the patchouli plant.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA BEBERAPA KARAKTERISTIK FISIKA TANAH DENGAN PRODUKSI NILAM DI KECAMATAN WOLASI KABUPATEN KONAWE SELATAN

Based on Regional Statistical Data for South Konawe Regency (2021) the harvested area of patchouli plants reached 427 ha with a total production of 924 tons or an average production of 2.16 tons ha-1 in 2019, but patchouli production has decreased sharply, where in 2020 production Patchouli only achieves an average production of 0.34 tons ha-1. This also happened in Wolasi Sub-District as one of the patchouli cultivation centers for South Konawe Regency. The average production is still far below the national average. It is suspected that the soil fertility factor is one of the causes of the decreased productivity of patchouli plants in Wolasi District. This research was carried out on patchouli plantations in Wolasi District, South Konawe Regency. The research objectives were: 1) to determine the relationship between soil physical characteristics and patchouli production in Wolasi District. The research was carried out from September to November 2022. The research method used a survey method which was based on field observations and soil analysis at the Soil Science Laboratory, Halu Oleo University. Determining the location of sampling of soil and patchouli production at the location of patchouli plantations in Wolasi District uses a composite sampling technique. There are 12 soil sampling locations. The results of the soil analysis were then statistically analyzed using Microsoft Excel software. Analysis was conducted to reveal the relationship between soil physical characteristics (porosity, bulk density and soil depth) with patchouli production. The results showed that content weight had a positive correlation and affected patchouli productivity by 23.23%. Porosity has a positive correlation and affects patchouli productivity by 16.68%. Effective depth has a positive correlation and affects patchouli productivity by 36.3%.Keywords: regression analysis, patchouli productivity, soil physical properties

Pathogens causing wilt diseases in patchouli plant (Pogostemon cablin Benth.): A review on symptoms, bioecology, and management

Patchouli is the source of an essential oil known as patchouli oil and it has a pivotal contribution to the increase of national income in Indonesia. However, this plant is vulnerable to wilt disease caused by fungi, bacteria and nematodes, contributing to the losses in quality and quantity of patchouli production. This review is aimed at providing information about these destructive pathogens and their effective controls. It is explained that fungus Fusarium solani, bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, and nematodes Pratylenchus spp. (P. brachyurus and P. coffeae), Radopholus similis and Meloidogyne spp. (M. incognita and M. hapla) have contributed to the loss of patchouli production by different symptoms appeared. F. solani attacks the plant roots, triggering root rot, necrotic and wilt, resulting in the plant’s death. R. solanacearum has colonized the stems and nematodes creating a color alteration in leaves, stunted growth, root rot and wilt during midday. These pathogenic organisms can be controlled by applying preventive measures, biocontrol agents and biopesticides.

Effect of Mycorrhizae Biofertilizer to Increase the Growth, Production, and Quality of Patchouli Oil (Pogostemon Cablin Benth.) on Aceh’s Entisols Soil

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) is a bushy perennial herb that produces a type of essential oil called patchouli oil. The production and quality of patchouli oil is determined by many factors, such as plant cultivation, nutrition, and pest-disease management. In addition, the soil condition of the planting medium determines the oil production and quality of the patchouli. Especially in lowlands, other obstacles to patchouli production include poor soil fertility and biological, chemical, and physical properties of Entisols with low to moderate soil nutrients, and plant growth will not be supported if cultivation is not managed properly. The use of mycorrhizae as biological fertilizer is expected to increase the production and quality of Aceh’s organic patchouli. This research aims to determine the effect of mycorrhizae biofertilizer on the growth, production, and quality of Aceh’s patchouli cultivated in Entisol soil. This study used a nonfactorial randomized block design with three replications. The factors observed were the application of mycorrhizae biofertilizer, namely Glomus mosseae, Gigaspora cf. gigantea, and a mixture of Glomus mosseae + Gigaspora cf. gigantea. The results showed that the mixture of Glomus mosseae + Gigaspora cf. gigantea provided the best results for growth parameters of plant height (144.65 cm), stem diameter (10.8 cm), number of leaves (337.88), and mycorrhizal root colonization (78.93%) and production parameters of fresh biomass weight (576.90 g) and dry biomass weight (122.74 g). Under normal conditions, Entisol soil has a phosphorus (P) availability of 35.00 mg kgs-1,based on Oslen’s extractable test, and the application of a mixture of Glomus mosseae + Gigaspora cf. gigantea increased the P-available uptake to a range of 45.71–47.32 mg kgs-1 and the oil quality to an oil extraction rate (OER) of patchouli of 2.65 and patchouli alcohol rate of 32.21%. Mycorrhizae biofertilizer in the rhizosphere can promote plant growth, improve nutrient acquisition, and improve the quality of final oil content of patchouli.

Analisis Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Nilai Tukar Petani Komoditas Nilam di Provinsi Aceh

The plantation sub-sector is one of the sub-sectors that has great potential in the agricultural sector of Aceh Province. This is evidenced by the plantation sub-sector capable of contributing 32.43% of the total GRDP of the agricultural sector. Based on the status of exploitation, the plantation sub-sector in Indonesia is divided into smallholder plantations (PR), large state plantations (PBN) and large private plantations (PBS). One of the plantation commodities that have potential in Aceh Province is patchouli. Aceh is able to fully contribute to Indonesia's patchouli production with a contribution of 18.78%. Patchouli Aceh has special features compared to other patchouli. Patchouli Aceh is able to produce high yields, which is around 2.5-5% while other patchouli are only able to produce yields of 1-2%. The farmer's exchange rate (NTP) of patchouli as an indicator of the level of welfare of patchouli farmers shows an index that is still low and even continues to decline. This condition shows that the developed agribusiness system has not fully prospered the farmers. Various factors, both internal and external, can affect the exchange rate of farmers.This study aims to identify the factors that influence the exchange rate of patchouli farmers in Aceh Province. The object of this research is the exchange rate of patchouli farmers. The type of data used is secondary data in the form of a time series with a range of 2010-2020 which is sourced from various literatures and related agencies. The analytical method used is multiple linear regression analysis method to analyze the factors that affect the exchange rate of patchouli farmers in Aceh Province. The model testing carried out includes the normality test, autocorrelation, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, coefficient of determination, F test to determine the effect of variables simultaneously and T test to determine the effect of variables partially.Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the variables of productivity, patchouli prices at the farm level and GRDP in the agricultural sector had a significant effect, while inflation at the rural level had no significant effect on the exchange rate of patchouli farmers. Productivity, patchouli prices at the farm level and GRDP in the agricultural sector have a positive relationship to the patchouli farmer's exchange rate while inflation at the rural level has a negative relationship to the patchouli farmer's exchange rate.

FARMER EMPOWERMENT AND ITS CONTRIBUTING FACTORS (A CASE STUDY OF PATCHOULI FARMER IN KABUPATEN ACEH JAYA)

Kabupaten Aceh Jaya is a very potential Aceh patchouli production center. The development of the patchouli industry sector in Aceh faces serious challenges, especially the capacity building of farmers towards good agriculture practices, and innovation and technology. This study aims to identify the level of empowerment of farmers and the affecting factors. The study employed a questionnaire survey to 88 samples from 383 populations. Data analysis used a descriptive method and chi-square test. The results show that a low level of farmer empowerment is predominantly. The weakest elements are the ability to cooperate and solidarity; meanwhile, the ability to overcome obstacles is the highest, followed by the awareness and desire to change, and the ability to increase capacity to gain access. Farmer's perceptions on the group institutions, and program intervention have a significant association with empowerment, while the perception to characteristics of the social systems has no relationship. Therefore, the role of empowerment innovation is necessary for capacity building.

Assessment of Land Characteristics and Recommendation for Improvements in Patchouli Plantations in Aceh Province, Indonesia

Background: Land characteristics and its criteria are important factors affecting the success of crop cultivation. This research aimed to evaluate the value and criteria of land characteristics for Aceh patchouli. Methods: The study was conducted at smallholders’ adopting patchouli farming in North Aceh (AU) and Gayo Lues (GL) using purposive sampling method. Eleven patchouli farming in both AU and GL were selected. Soil sampling and agroclimate data were collected from the farming. Result: The results revealed that the altitude varied at each plantation and there were significant differences of altitudes, climates and soil characteristics between plantations in those two regions. It is found that the land characteristics in AU and GL of patchouli plantations are classified into marginally suitable (S3) and not suitable (N). But, the best class for patchouli lies between S1-S3, where S3 class requires adequate rainfall and organic-C, enabling the land to upgrade its class, to be resulted in an increase of patchouli production. The best patchouli growth and production was determined by land characteristics like base saturation (BS), total-N, erosion hazard, stoniness and rocks outcrop and have been evaluated and suitable suggestions were given.

Interaction between mycorrhizal fertilizers and varieties to increase organic patchouli production in the Entisol soil of Aceh Besar

The purpose of this study was to determine the interaction effect of the use of mycorrhizal biofertilizers and varieties to increase the production of organic patchouli on the Entisol soil of Aceh Besar. This study used a factorial randomized block design with three replications. The first factor observed was mycorrhizal biofertilizer from the various genus, namely Glomus mosseae, Gigaspora sp. and the mixed genus of Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sp. While the second factor is the use of varieties, namely Tapak Tuan and the Lhokseumawe variety. The results showed that the best interactions on the growth and production, P205 uptake, and oil content were found in the mixed mycorrhizal genus (Glomus mosseae + Gigaspora sp.) with the Tapak Tuan variety. From the patchouli alcohol content test results, the best results were obtained in a combination of mixed mycorrhizal biofertilizers and the Tapak Tuan variety by 30%.

KANDUNGAN FENOL DAN LIGNIN TANAMAN NILAM HIBRIDA (Pogostemon sp.) HASIL FUSI PROTOPLAS

<p><strong>Evaluation of phenols and lignin in the root of hybrid patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) front protoplast fusion</strong></p><p>One of the problems faced in patchouli production is nematode infection (Pratylenchus brachyurus). Improvement of the plant resistance to nematode in patchouli is dificult 10 be conducted through conventional method as the plant never llowcrs. One of the methods of improving (he plain resistance is by using protoplast fusion of Aceh patchouli (Pogostemon cablin, cv Sidikalang ) and Java patchouli (/' heyneanus. cv (iirilaya). It has been found thai Ihe plain resistance lo nematode is closely related to phenols and lignin content of the root Therefore. Ihe level of resistance of different clones of somatic hybrids lo nematode was approached by evaluating ihe content of phenols and lignin of the roots The study was conducted al the laboratory of the Research Institute for food Crop Biotechnology, Bogor in November 2000. Phenol content was determined with high performance liquid Chromatography (IIPI.C). while lignin content was determined with Klasou method. Result showed that Java patchouli (Girilaya) contained phenols and lignin respectively 76.53 and 21 900 pp. higher than those of Aceh patchouli (Sidikalang and Tapak Tuan) respectively 38 2-81 45 and 8 000-7 200 ppm. Phenol and lignin content in the somatic hybrids were dilferenl in Ihe respective pairs. In the fusion of Girilaya x Sidikalang. all clones contained phenol lower than those of Iheir parents, some clones (29%) contained lignin higher than Sidikalang but lower than (iirilaya. and the rest (71%) contained lignin lower than the two parents. Meanwhile, from Ihe fusion of Girilaya, Tapak Tuan. I clone (4%) contained phenols higher than those of (he two parents (97 ppm). 39% contained phenols higher than Tapak Tuan but lower than Girilaya (38.75-60.12 ppm) and the rests (60%) contained phenol lower than the two parents. Furthermore, the lignin content, of 78% somatic hybrids was lower than Girilaya but higher than Tapak Tuan, but the rest (22%) was lower than the two parents. Based on the distribution of phenols and lignin content. Ihe somatic hybrids can be categorized in three group The irst groups (5 clones) contained high phenols (higher than the average). Ihe second group (9 clones) contained high lignin. and Ihe third (I clone) contained high phenol and lignin.</p>

PERAN PEMERINTAH DALAM MEMAKSIMALKAN MINYAK NILAM

Aceh Patchouli is an export commodity product that has a high value on the global market. In fact, this great potential can increase the income of farmers and will also indirectly have an effect on the economy of the community, but this has not yet happened, many problems have arisen, ranging from rent issues, unilateral monopoly prices to the continuity of patchouli production. Therefore the role of the government as a facilitator for the development of regional potential is very much needed.
 Moving on from these problems, this study aims to see how the role can be done by local governments in increasing the selling value of patchouli by using Global Value Chains or GVC glasses. The election of the GVC perspective in seeing this case is certainly inseparable from the swift influence of globalization on the local government that is now happening. The government should be able to capture the current of globalization as an opportunity to improve the people's economy.

Analysis and design of crowdfunding investment system as financing alternative for patchouli production in Aceh

Aceh patchouli is the best patchouli which contains patchouli alcohol above 30%. The demand for Aceh patchouli is quite high and it has been exported to many countries such as United States, India, Singapore, France, and Spain. However, despite its high demand, the high capital required to cultivate the patchouli causes the farmers to have less enthusiasm about cultivating the patchouli. Recently, there is an alternative way to get the fund more efficiently compared to traditional funds like banking loans, called crowdfunding. This article aims to uncover the potential of crowdfunding as an alternative to financing patchouli production in Aceh and to describe the business process model of the crowdfunding investment system. A literature study shows that crowdfunding can be used as an alternative financing patchouli production in Aceh. System analysis using BPMN is able to illustrate the business process in a crowdfunding investment system for patchouli products. The interaction between stakeholders involved is briefly described in BPMN.

The Effect of Soil Orders and Mycorrhizal Biofertilizer on Growth and Yield of Aceh?s Organic Patchouli

main obstacle in the production of patchouli is the lack of fertilizer and plants are often attacked by diseases. Besides the condition of the soil as a planting medium will determine the success of patchouli production and quality. Particularly in the highlands, other obstacles in patchouli production are poor soil fertility, physical and biological properties of Ultisols. While in the lowlands, patchouli tends to be cultivated on Entisols soil with low to medium soil nutrient and does not support patchouli production if it is not well-managed. using of mycorrhizal as bio-fertilizer expected the production of organic Aceh’s patchouli will increase. This study aims to determine the effect of soil orders and mycorrhizal bio-fertilizers on growth and yield of Aceh patchouli and the interaction between the two factors studied. This research used a Factorial Randomized Block Design with 3 replications. first factor observed was type of soil; namely Ultisols and Entisols. While the second factor includes mycorrhizal genus Glomus mosseae, Gigaspora sp. and mix Glomus mosseae with Gigaspora sp. variables observed in this study include of the plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of primary branches, fresh weight, dry weight, root mycorrhizae colonization, P uptake, and oil content that produced by patchouli. results showed that Ultisol soil order and mycorrhizal bio-fertilizer genus of Glomus mosseae gave the best results for the average parameters studied. How to Cite this Article Pubmed Style SYAFRUDDIN S, SYAKUR S, SAIFUL S, SUSANTI E, MANFARIZAH M, KHALIL M, HERLINA CN, IDAWANNI I, FERAYANTI F. Effect of Soil Orders and Mycorrhizal Biofertilizer on Growth and Yield of Aceh’s Organic SRP. 2020; 11(7): 334-341. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.52 Web Style SYAFRUDDIN S, SYAKUR S, SAIFUL S, SUSANTI E, MANFARIZAH M, KHALIL M, HERLINA CN, IDAWANNI I, FERAYANTI F. Effect of Soil Orders and Mycorrhizal Biofertilizer on Growth and Yield of Aceh’s Organic http://www.sysrevpharm.org/?mno=127546 [Access: March 28, 2021]. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.52 AMA (American Medical Association) Style SYAFRUDDIN S, SYAKUR S, SAIFUL S, SUSANTI E, MANFARIZAH M, KHALIL M, HERLINA CN, IDAWANNI I, FERAYANTI F. Effect of Soil Orders and Mycorrhizal Biofertilizer on Growth and Yield of Aceh’s Organic SRP. 2020; 11(7): 334-341. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.52 Vancouver/ICMJE Style SYAFRUDDIN S, SYAKUR S, SAIFUL S, SUSANTI E, MANFARIZAH M, KHALIL M, HERLINA CN, IDAWANNI I, FERAYANTI F. Effect of Soil Orders and Mycorrhizal Biofertilizer on Growth and Yield of Aceh’s Organic SRP. (2020), [cited March 28, 2021]; 11(7): 334-341. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.52 Harvard Style SYAFRUDDIN, S., SYAKUR, . S., SAIFUL, . S., SUSANTI, . E., MANFARIZAH, . M., KHALIL, . M., HERLINA, . C. N., IDAWANNI, . I. & FERAYANTI, . F. (2020) Effect of Soil Orders and Mycorrhizal Biofertilizer on Growth and Yield of Aceh’s Organic SRP, 11 (7), 334-341. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.52 Turabian Style SYAFRUDDIN, SYAFRUDDIN, SYAKUR SYAKUR, SAIFUL SAIFUL, ELLY SUSANTI, MANFARIZAH MANFARIZAH, MUNAWAR KHALIL, CUT NINA HERLINA, IDAWANNI IDAWANNI, and FENTY FERAYANTI. 2020. Effect of Soil Orders and Mycorrhizal Biofertilizer on Growth and Yield of Aceh’s Organic Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (7), 334-341. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.52 Chicago Style SYAFRUDDIN, SYAFRUDDIN, SYAKUR SYAKUR, SAIFUL SAIFUL, ELLY SUSANTI, MANFARIZAH MANFARIZAH, MUNAWAR KHALIL, CUT NINA HERLINA, IDAWANNI IDAWANNI, and FENTY FERAYANTI. The Effect of Soil Orders and Mycorrhizal Biofertilizer on Growth and Yield of Aceh’s Organic Patchouli. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11 (2020), 334-341. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.52 MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style SYAFRUDDIN, SYAFRUDDIN, SYAKUR SYAKUR, SAIFUL SAIFUL, ELLY SUSANTI, MANFARIZAH MANFARIZAH, MUNAWAR KHALIL, CUT NINA HERLINA, IDAWANNI IDAWANNI, and FENTY FERAYANTI. The Effect of Soil Orders and Mycorrhizal Biofertilizer on Growth and Yield of Aceh’s Organic Patchouli. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11.7 (2020), 334-341. Print. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.52 APA (American Psychological Association) Style SYAFRUDDIN, S., SYAKUR, . S., SAIFUL, . S., SUSANTI, . E., MANFARIZAH, . M., KHALIL, . M., HERLINA, . C. N., IDAWANNI, . I. & FERAYANTI, . F. (2020) Effect of Soil Orders and Mycorrhizal Biofertilizer on Growth and Yield of Aceh’s Organic Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (7), 334-341. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.52

Increasing of Aceh’s patchouli production with technology of bio-fertilizer local specific mycorrhizal strains in Entisols

Aceh’s patchouli is one of the superior local commodities, and its growth and yield could be improved in various means. One way to increase the patchouli production can be done by using bio-fertilizer mycorrhizal local strain. The purpose of this research was to study effect of bio-fertilizer mycorrhizal local specific strain on the growth and yield of patchouli in Entisols. We conducted two experiment. The first experiment was the propagation technique of mycorrhizae on Entisols soil and the second experiment the test of the fertilizer on a greenhouse pot scale for the growth of patchouli seedlings. The research was arranged by a non-factorial randomized block design with three replications. The investigated factor was the bio-fertilizer mycorrhizal from local specific strain with four levels, i.e. M0 (without mycorrhizae), M1 (Glomus mosseae) M2 (Gigaspora sp) and M3 (Mixing between Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sp). The variety of patchouli used in this study was the Tapak Tuan variety. The observed parameters were seedling height and seedling diameter of patchouli at 45, 60 days after planting; additionally the parameter of patchouli yields consist of number of leaves, number of branches and weight of leaves were observed at 90 days after planting, and root colonization by mycorrhizae. The results showed that mixed mycorrhizal strains between Glomus mosseae + Gigaspora sp contributed to the best marks for increasing growth and yield of seedling patchouli in Entisolss. The similar trend result was also found in the root colonization by mycorrhizae. The strain of mycorrhizal of Gigaspora sp application was not effective for increasing the growth and yield of Aceh’s patchouli in Entisols.

Isolation and Characterization of Potential Isolates of Rhizosphere Bacteria to Contro Budok Disease in Patchouli Plant

<p>Synchytrium pogostemonis, the causal agent of budok disease, is one of the major limiting factors in patchouli production in Indonesia. Patchouli farmers usually control budok disease with chemical fungicides. Chemical control pollutes environment and disrupts agricultural ecosystem. Therefore, an environmentally friendly pest control should be conducted to control the disease. The objective of the study was to isolate and evaluate some rhizobacteria from the rhizosphere of patchouli and black pepper plants against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vanillae, F. solani, Sclerotium rolfsii. Potential rhizobacterial isolates were tested to control budok disease on a pot scale. The results showed that 26 rhizobacterial isolates from 100 tested were antagonistic to F. oxysporum, F. solani and S. rolfsii. Four rhizobacteria isolates (RL13-A, RL31-A, RL35-A, RL32-A) showed strong inhibition (>40 %) against the 3 pathogens. In polibag experiment, RL35-A, PS9, RL13-A, RL32-B, RL31-A isolates were able to suppress budok disease significantly by 84.01; 76.00; 65.99; 43.99; and 21.98 % respectively. These results indicated that RL35-A isolates have strong antagonistic effect compared to other isolates. Based on 16S rDNA analysis, RL35-A isolates possessed close relationship (99 %) with all species of Enterobacter sp. The antibiotic compound extracted from RL35-A culture broth using GC-MS analysis was identified as phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy-(canola). These results suggested that Enterobacter sp. was potential to be developed as biological agent for controlling budok disease in patchouli plants.</p>

Genetic and Leaf Characteristic Diversity on 10 Mutant Progenies of Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) Provide Insights to Selection Strategies

The importance of patchouli plants to produce essential oil has established this medicinal herb as one of the Indonesia’s main economic contributor. To date, Indonesia can only provide 5 varieties i.e. Sidikalang, Tapak Tuan, Lhokseumawe, Patchoulina 1 and Patchoulina 2. In order to increase national patchouli production, several efforts needs to be done by providing new superior patchouli lines. This experiment was undertaken to reveal diversity of mutant progenies derived from gamma ray irradiation in patchouli. Six SSR primers were used to determine genetic diversity on MV 3 generation of the mutants. Molecular analysis revealed a moderate to high polymorphism based on tested primers, which amplified 73 bands, and resulting of 0.705 PIC value. Dendrogram analysis based on Euclidean dissimilarity showed broad diversity that ranged from 0.23 to 0.82. Phenotypic tree gave clear separation that all mutant clones were clustered into three different group, with Eucledian dissimilarity coefficient ranging from 0.02 to 0.13. This report indicates that Patchouli vegetatively-propagated mutants were able to maintain their variability continuously from their parental lines (M 0 ). Furthermore, our findings offer comprehensive information on breeding strategies of patchouli plants, giving an opportunity to assess important traits at early generation.

Pemuliaan Tanaman Nilam (Progestemon cablin) Lokal Melalui Perkembangbiakan Vegetatif

Patchouli essential oil is an dominant product from Batang but its production has not been able to meet export needs. The main problem in the production of essential oil of patchouli is limited amount of seeds and dry season effect on the growth of patchouli. On the other hand, society units of patchouli essential oil is very dependent on the availability of raw materials of patchouli. Searching of patchouli local varieties must develop in order to encourages of sustainibility of patchouli production. The purpose of this activity is search and propagate patchouli plant from local varieties that can survive in different seasons of the year according to the climatic conditions of Batang. The study was conducted with the search and propagation of patchouli plant varieties used by farmers in Batang which is Sidikalang varieties and local varieties originating from Batang region and the surrounding area. Furthermore, the vegetative propagation using cuttings will be use followed by its growth observation during dry and rainy season. Results showed that the activities of patchouli plant local varieties of Bandungan, Kendal and Batang showed the best growth in the dry season. Key words: patchouli, vegetatif growth, essential oil.

ANALYSIS OF FARMING NILAM (POGOSTEMON CABLIN BENTH) AT TOARI DISTRICT OF KOLAKA

This research aims to; 1) determine the factors that affect the production of patchouli production, 2) determine the allocative efficiency of production factors patchouli farming, 3) determine the scale of business, 4) To determine the financial feasibility of farming patchouli. The sample in this study is a research location patchouli farmers totaling 50 respondents. Data were analyzed using Cobb-Douglass, Statistics Test Analysis, analysis of allocative efficiency, scale of operations and financial feasibility. This study shows that: 1) The results of the analysis test F known that simultaneously all variables significant impact significantly on the production, t test results showed that the only variable land area, insecticides, and plant spacing real impact significantly on production, while seeds and fertilizers (Urea and NPK), pesticides (herbicides and fungicides), labor and parts not significant 2) from the analysis of allocative efficiency is obtained that the widespread use of land and insecticides have not been efficient, from the economic aspect adding the proportion of these variables can still be done to maximize profits , while the seeds, fertilizers (Urea and NPK), pesticides (herbicides and fungicides) and labor efficient, 3) The results of the analysis of the business scale is known that farming patchouli in District Toari under conditions of increasing returns to scale means that they do increase production factor physically to maximize production, 4) The results of a financial analysis proves that farming patchouli in District Toari provide benefits for a total of land area of 37.9 hectares, obtained acceptance of Rp 674.1 million, with a total cost of USD 310 048 508, in order to obtain net income of Rp 340 130 475, while the value of NBCR 1.17, 51.77659 million NPV, IRR of 26.3%, average BEP Revenue USD 713 393, average BEP Production of 102kg, and average BEP Price Rp 3,376/kg.

Nitrogen management on sustainable patchouli production

<p class="Default">Patchouli (<em>Pogostemon cablin </em>Benth.) one of plant which is producing essential oil called patchouli oil. The oil produced by destilation herbage. The crops are responsive to fertilizers especially nitrogen and N concentration in leaves 5.58%. The condition is potentially to decline of soil fertility. Urea is N source commonly used to increase yiled. N fertilizer was not at all to used by the crops, partly of N loss to the environment by leacing, denitrification, and volatilization to the atmosphere as ammonia gaseous. Threre are several technology potentialy to prevent the losses of N and maintain of soil fertility such as provide N fertilizers corresponding growth phase reffer to “5th right” (right time, right doses, right type, right place and right method), provide N Stabilizer and N crops fixing by cropping patern with legumes. This paper aims to review the results of fertilization on patchouli as an effort to support sustainable agriculture.</p><p class="Default">Keywords: Patchouli, fertilizer, nitrogen, N used efficiency</p><p class="Default"> </p><p class="Default"><strong>Pengelolaan Nitrogen pada Budidaya Nilam Berkelanjutan</strong></p><p class="Default">RINGKASAN</p><p class="Default">Nilam (<em>Pogostemon cablin </em>Benth.) salah satu tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri yang dikenal sebagai minyak nilam. Tanaman nilam responsif terhadap pemupukan terutama Nitrogen. N yang terkandung dalam daun sebesar 5,58%. Urea merupakan sumber pupuk N yang umum diberikan untuk meningkatkan hasil pertanian. Pemberian N ke dalam tanah tidak saja untuk menghasilkan produksi yang optimal juga untuk mengembalikan tingkat kesuburan tanah. N yang diaplikasikan ke tanah tidak semuanya dimanfaatkan oleh tanaman, sebagian N hilang karena pencucian, denitrifikasi dan menguap ke atmosfer sebagai gas amonia. Beberapa teknologi yang dapat atau berpotensi untuk mencegah kehilangan N dari tanah antara lain memberikan pupuk N sesuai dengan fase pertumbuhan tanaman dengan mengacu pada 5 tepat (tepat waktu, tepat dosis, tepat jenis, tepat tempat dan tepat cara), mengembalikan limbah hasil penyulingan nilam dalam bentuk kompos, memberikan penstabil pada pupuk N dan fiksasi N dari udara melalui pola tanam nilam dengan kacang-kacangan. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mereview hasil-hasil penelitian pemupukan nilam sebagai upaya mendukung budidaya nilam berkelanjutan.</p><p class="Default">Kata kunci: Nilam, pemupukan, nitrogen, efisiensi pemupukan N</p>

Autotoxicity in Pogostemon cablin and their allelochemicals

The effects of allelochemicals and aqueous extracts from different Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., Lamiaceae, parts and rhizosphere soil on growth parameters, leaf membrane peroxidation and leaf antioxidant enzymes were investigated in patchouli. P. cablin seedlings were incubated in solutions containing allelochemicals and aqueous extracts from different patchouli parts and its rhizosphere soil at several concentrations. Firstly, the growth parameters were significantly reduced by the highest concentration of leaves, roots and stems extracts (p<0.05). As compared to the control, plant height was reduced by 99.8% in the treatment with leaves extracts (1:10). The malondialdehyde content increased greatly when patchouli seedlings were subject to different concentrations of leaves, roots and stems extracts; meanwhile, the superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities showed an increase trend at the low concentration, followed by a decline phase at the high concentration of roots and leaves extracts (1:10). What's more, leaves and roots extracts had a more negative effect on patchouli growth than stems extracts at the same concentrations. Secondly, the total fresh mass, root length and plant height were greatly reduced by the highest strength of soil extracts. Their decrements were 22.7, 74.9, and 33.1%, respectively. Thirdly, growth parameters and enzymatic activities varied considerably with the kinds of allelochemicals and with the different concentrations. Plant height, root length and total fresh weight of patchouli were greatly reduced by p-hydroxybenzoic acid (200μM), and their decrements were 77.0, 42.0 and 70.0%, respectively. Finally, three useful measures on reducing the autotoxicity during the sustainable patchouli production were proposed.

Bahasa Indonesia

One of the problems in the cultivation of patchouli is a mosaic disease caused by viruses. The dominant virus causing mosaic disease on patchouli plant belongs to Potyvirus group. Mosaic disease has spread throughout the central patchouli production in Java and Sumatra which can lower the wet herb, dried herb, oil and patchouli alcohol levels. The active contain of essential oils are reported as anti virus such as β - caryphyllene, thymol, carvacrol, caryophyllene oxide, sabinene, linalool, linaly acetate, carvone and geraniol. The research aims to determine the potential and concentration of essential oils that can suppress Potyvirus . The research used essential oil from clove and citronella. Oil was sprayed onto the leaves surface and left for 24 hr, then sap from Potyvirus infected plant was mechanically inoculated. Citronella oil concentration of 1.2 % have less number of lesions compared to the other treatments on the third day after inoculation. The percentage inhibition of citronella oil to Potyvirus on 1.2 % concentration reached 89.78 %. This showed that citronella oil has potential to suppress the development of Potyvirus in patchouli plant. Key words: antiviral, citronella oil, clove, mosaic disease