Ring Patch Antenna Research Articles

A Circular Ring Patch Antenna for Breast Cancer Detection Based on Return Loss and VSWR

Breast cancer is a serious condition that affects women and requires timely identification. Various methods such as magnetic resonance imaging, mammography, digital mammography, and computer-aided detection are used for this purpose. However, these techniques have their drawbacks. To address this issue, a new approach is proposed and detailed in this paper. In this novel method, a circular patch antenna is employed to detect tumors in a breast phantom. The analysis of return loss and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) helps in identifying the presence of tumors. High-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software is employed to design and simulate the antenna for an ultra-wideband (3.1 – 10.6 GHz) frequency of 5.2 GHz, along with a breast phantom with and without a tumor. The antenna is independently simulated on both the breast phantoms with and without tumors. Rogers RT/duroid 5880 (tm) dielectric material is employed to design the antenna, with overall dimensions of 30 × 20 × 0.8 mm3. It possesses a dielectric constant of 2.2, a tangent loss of 0.02, and a thickness of 0.8 mm. The ring slot and partial ground plane techniques are employed to increase the overall effectiveness of the antenna. The properties of the antenna, such as return loss and VSWR, change when simulated with and without a tumor. The presence of a tumor within the breast is clearly indicated by the alterations in return loss and VSWR. The antenna proposed exhibits remarkable efficacy in the detection of tumors owing to its inconspicuous features, straightforward design, petite dimensions, and ideal impedance matching.

Design of Orbital Angular Momentum Antenna Array for Generating High-Order OAM Modes

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes can offer high density and high-capacity communication. The traditional phased array antenna can only produce a limited number of OAM beam modes l, usually less than half of the number of array elements (N): −N/2 < lmax < N/2. An OAM antenna array for generating high-order OAM modes is proposed in this letter. The proposed antenna array consists of a ring patch antenna that can generate vortex waves with OAM mode l = 1 or −1 and a phase-shifting feeding network. By adding different feed excitation signals to each element, the generated beam carries a higher-order mode: l = N or −N, breaking the previous limitations. Near-field measurements were conducted on antenna arrays composed of 3, 4, and 5 elements, revealing a high degree of correspondence between their phase distribution and radiation patterns with numerical simulation results. This alignment further substantiates the practical efficacy of this approach in significantly enhancing the generation of high-order OAM modes within antenna arrays. This advancement improves component utilization efficiency, reduces system complexity, and meets the high demands for spectral resources and channel capacity in future communication applications.

A multi-beam circularly polarised Fabry-Perot resonator antenna array using SIW for X-Band applications

ABSTRACT This paper presents a novel multi-layer beamforming antenna array based on Fabry-Perot resonator that is excited by a high-performance compact 4 × 4 Butler matrix using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology for X-band application. The adapted ring patch antenna is fed through the aperture on a rectangular SIW cavity and forms the radiating element in the antenna array. Enhanced characteristics of the antenna array are realised by inserting an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure between the radiating elements and a superstrate constituted from two complementary frequency selective surfaces (FSS) that forms a Fabry-Perot resonator (FPR). Circular polarisation in the proposed FPR SIW antenna array (FPRSAA) is achieved by using a combination of sequential phase rotation and orthogonal feeding techniques. Measured results of antenna array (Ant. II) show |S11| ≤ −10 dB between 8–12.0 GHz, a circular polarisation (CP) gain variation between 15.64–18.54 dBic, 3 dB axial-ratio between 8.5–11 GHz, and scanning angle covering −47 to 47 degrees.

Realization of circular polarized multiple band multi-mode OAM antenna using a ring patch for IoT applications

A multiband and multi-mode antenna with circular polarized conical patterns is suitable for achieving desired spectral efficiency, increased capacity, and spatial diversity for IoT applications. However, simultaneous excitation of such circular polarized multiple Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) modes through a single patch antenna is challenging due to the complexity of simultaneously fulfilling distinct requirements of each mode. In this paper, a ring patch antenna is designed to excite different OAM states at different frequencies simultaneously. First, characteristic mode analysis is used to analyze the possibility of simultaneous excitation of multiple OAM modes at corresponding frequencies through a simple ring patch antenna. Then, a dual port ring patch antenna is designed and fabricated to verify the capability of generating multiple OAM states at corresponding frequencies. Furthermore, it also presents the guidance to suppress unwanted OAM modes.

Circularly polarized stub-loaded annular ring patch antenna for 2×2 MIMO satellite application

In this article, a stub loaded circularly polarized annular ring patch antenna which operates at 3–5 GHz band for 2×2 MIMO Satellite application is proposed. The evolution of antenna begins with a conventional annular ring patch antenna, addition of diagonal slots and integrated with λ/2 hair pin stub loaded annular ring patch to improve isolation and circular polarization. The antenna isolation is a critical parameter and important requirement of MIMO system. In satellite communications, circular polarization is used to improve the quality and reliability of the communication link between the satellite and the ground station. The antenna achieves circular polarization and mutual coupling through diagonal slots and stub-loaded design without any additional decoupling techniques. The overall size of the proposed MIMO antenna is 63 × 63 × 1.52 mm3 which is fabricated over Rogers RO3003 substrate. The proposed antenna design is simulated, fabricated, tested and analyzed for various parameters such as Reflection coefficient,Isolation Gain, radiation pattern, Axial ratio (AR), Envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), Diversity gain (DG), Channel capacity (CC) and total efficiency. The isolation of <−22 dB, gain of 7.1 dB, axial ratio<3 dB, diversity gain of 9.9 dB, ECC<0.002,CC of 11.23bps/Hz and efficiency>95% are obtained. The measured 10 dB impedance bandwidth of 270MHz and 3 dB AR bandwidth of 250MHz in the desired band are achieved. The simulated and measured antenna parameters are agreeable with each other. The results are found to be promising and having high potential in the 5G and Satellite MIMO.

Designing of ground slotted circular ring patch antenna for X band using ANSYS HFSS Simulator

Designing of ground slotted circular ring patch antenna for X band using ANSYS HFSS Simulator

Dual-Band Circularly Polarized Annular Ring Patch Antenna for GPS-Aided GEO-Augmented Navigation Receivers

A compact, single- feed, dual band, circularly polarized annular ring patch antenna coupled to a cross slot is proposed in this letter for GPS-aided GEO-augmented navigation (GAGAN) receivers covering L band, centered at 1176.45 MHz (L5) and 1575.42 MHz (L1) frequencies. The antenna consists of two annular rings configured by two small strips, which is coupled to a cross slot in the ground plane for gain enhancement. Circular polarization in both the bands is produced by introducing perturbations in outer annular ring and two orthogonal strips in the center space of inner annular ring. The proposed CP antenna radiates LHCP in both the desired frequencies. Two shorting pins are introduced near the feed to improve impedance matching. The simulated and measured reflection coefficient, gain, circular polarization, and axial ratio are in accord with each other. The measured 10 dB bandwidth is 2.7% (1168–1200 MHz) for the L5 and 2.5% (1560–1600 MHz) for L1. The AR bandwidth below 3 dB for the designed antenna is 1.5% (1156–1174 MHz) for L5 and 1% (1556–1572 MHz) for L1.

Patch antenna with multi-cell EBG for RF energy harvesting applications

AbstractIn this paper, a ring patch antenna with 1 GHz of bandwidth and three resonances is designed for the RF energy harvesting application. Two complementary split-ring resonators (CSRR) is etched out from the patch, designed at 6.8 GHz, near feed to enhance the bandwidth from 267 MHz to 1 GHz. Due to the introduction of CSRR, two additional resonances at 6.4 and 7.4 GHz are obtained with gain 5.5 and 0.2 dB respectively. The gains at 6.8 and 7.4 GHz are enhanced to 8.3 and 2 dB respectively by cascaded circular mushroom electromagnetic bandgap structures (EBGs) with circular symmetry designed around the antenna. This ring patch antenna with cascaded EBG is integrated with a rectifier circuit based on voltage doubler topology (rectenna). The results of the rectenna show that, for an input power of 7 dBm to the rectifier circuit, a DC output voltage of 1.2 V with a power conversion efficiency of 40% is achieved.

Model Construction, Theoretical Analysis, and Miniaturized Implementation of High-Order Deflected Multivortex Beams With Uniform Elliptical Array

This work proposes a miniaturized uniform elliptical array (UEA) to generate high-order multivortex beams with mixed orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes in different directions. First, the construction method of the UEA model is proposed, and different miniaturized UEA models are designed to generate multivortex beams. On this basis, the UEA and uniform circular array (UCA) models are compared, and the modified radiation pattern product theorem is proposed to design high-order deflected vortex beams with fewer elements. Then, a miniaturized elliptical ring patch antenna is analyzed according to the theory of characteristic modes at 5.8 GHz. Finally, a miniaturized UEA is constructed by the miniaturized patch antennas under the guidance of the proposed UEA model and the modified radiation pattern product theorem. The UEA with four elements and corresponding feed networks generates four vortex beams with different directions and mixed modes, including the OAM modes of ±2. The designed device can generate high-order deflected multivortex beams by significantly reducing the number of elements to reduce system complexity and cost. The vortex beams with different directions and mixed modes expand the coverage of the vortex beams and provide the possibility for high-capacity OAM radio frequency communication.

Single-Layer, Dual-Port, and Dual-Mode Antenna With High Isolation for WBAN Communications

In this letter, a single-layer, dual-port, and dual-mode antenna with high isolation between the ports is suggested. This antenna consists of a short-circuited ring patch antenna that surrounds a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)-based circular cavity in the center. An annular-ring slot is etched on the upper surface of the circular cavity and constitutes a cavity-backed annular ring slot antenna. Dimensions of the antenna are chosen in a way that TM₂₁ mode and TM₁₁ mode are placed at the frequency of 5.8 GHz for the short-circuited ring patch antenna and SIW cavity-backed antenna, respectively; the former has an omnidirectional radiation pattern and the latter has a broadside radiation pattern. Due to having two rows of vias, one for the short-circuited ring patch antenna and the other for SIW cavity-backed antenna, the isolation between the two ports is excellent owing to reduced surface waves. The measurement results of a fabricated prototype are properly consistent with the simulation results. This antenna is an appropriate option to be used in wireless body area networks for having simple structure, dual-mode, single-frequency, and high isolation.

A novel approach for low mutual coupling and ultra-compact Two Port MIMO antenna development for UWB wireless application

In this paper, a novel MIMO antenna operating in the UWB frequency band is presented. The proposed new antenna shape is derived from the conventional circular ring patch antenna having a partial ground plane. An array of three Quad-G Shaped Metamaterial structures was used between the antenna elements of the two-port MIMO antenna to expand the bandwidth in the lower frequency band of UWB application (below 5.567 GHz) and reduce the mutual coupling in such expanded band. The proposed MIMO antenna operates over a bandwidth of 8GHz from 4 GHz to 12 GHz. Over the entire bandwidth, the mutual coupling between antenna elements is less than -19.0 dB with an inter-element separation (sep) of λ/6 mm. The overall optimized dimensions of the proposed antenna are 0.34λ×0.22λ×0.021λ for a free-space wavelength, λ, calculated at 4GHz. The radiation pattern of the proposed MIMO antenna was analyzed using the Combined Results Technique (CRT) integrated into the CST microwave studio. The obtained peak radiation efficiency and gain are 83.0% and 5.57 dB respectively. The MIMO Performance metrics such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), channel capacity loss (CCL), Mean Effective Gain (MEG), Total Active reflection Coefficient (TARC), and multiplexing efficiency are evaluated and compared to the standard values. The proposed antenna was compared to other antennas in the literature. It has been found that the key benefit of the present method was observed in achieving the highly miniaturized overall antenna dimension having good MIMO system performance metrics and better radiation characteristics. The proposed antenna was fabricated and measured. The measured and simulated values are found to be in good agreement.

An angle sensor based on a sector ring patch antenna for bolt loosening detection

This paper presents an angle sensor based on a sector ring patch antenna (SRPA) for loose bolt detection. The sensor is comprised of two parts, a ring substrate sandwiched between a ground plane and a sector ring radiation patch, and a sector ring substrate covered by a radiation patch. The two radiation patches are partially overlapped and the overlapped areas are in contact allowing the electric current to flow within the combined radiation patch. The resonant cavity theory is adopted to explain the relationship between the frequency shift and the overlapped angle. The Ansoft high frequency structure simulator software is used to simulate SRPA, and the dimensional parameters of the antenna are optimized to make the antenna perform better. For verification, two sets of SRPAs are fabricated and tested.

X band microstrip ring patch antenna design and performance evaluation according to feeding types

X band microstrip ring patch antenna design and performance evaluation according to feeding types

Triangular Ring Patch Antenna Analysis: Neuro-Fuzzy Model for Estimating of the Operating Frequency

In this study, a neuro-fuzzy (NF) analysis method is suggested for the estimation of the operating frequency of triangular ring patch antennas (TRPAs) that operate at ultra high band applications. Although the analysis of regular-shaped patch antennas (PAs) such as rectangular, triangle, and circle is easy, analysis of irregularly shaped patch antennas is difficult and time consuming. Here, this great effort and time has been eliminated by using an artificial intelligence technique such as NF. To create a data set for NF, 100 TRPAs with different physical and electrical properties (L, l, h, and εεrr) are simulated by using an electromagnetic simulator program. The currency and accuracy of the proposed approach is then confirmed on the measurement results of a prototype TRPA fabricated in this study. The results of NF model are compared with the simulation/measurement results and previously the method published in the literature.

Dual Frequency Millimeter-Wave Perturbed Ring Patch Antenna Array for 5G Applications

A dual-band antenna array has been reported in this paper working in the fundamental mode of TM11 resonance for 5G communication. Rogers Rt/Duroid 5880 as dielectric substrate having a height of 0.508 mm has been chosen for the proposed antenna. A single element ring patch antenna has been developed by etching circular slots at different angles i.e. 0°, 90°, and 180° making it perturbed which resonates at 28 GHz providing an impedance bandwidth of 4% by exciting two resonant modes making it novel. Further, to cultivate the gain, a four-element antenna array is evolved by utilizing series-feed network due to which the flux linkage of the radiating element combines with the conductive behaviour of the feed network resulting an extra resonance at 36 GHz providing reflection coefficient of more than –20 dB at both resonating frequencies. By constructing an array, the antenna gain gets doubled along with a 1% increase in impedance bandwidth at 28 GHz. By considering the various electromagnetic parameters, a detailed analysis has been done using CST MW studio ver.2018. Further, to authenticate the result of the reported antenna array, the antenna has been fabricated as well as tested using VNA which shows close resemblance with simulated antenna characteristics.

DESIGN OF ULTRA-WIDEBAND ANTENNA WITH NOTCHED BANDS TO REJECTING UNWANTED BANDWIDTH

Design of Ultra-Wideband ring patch antenna with a band notch is presented in this study. The elliptical antenna is modified to Ultra-wideband at a range (3.1-10.6) GHz using a Microstrip patch antenna with the feedline impedance 50 ohm and rectangular each side of the elliptical patch has a slot. The dimensions optimized by the sweep parameter for the proposed antenna are (40 x 40 x 1.6) mm3 to provide a band notch and remove the (3.1–3.7 GHz) WiMAX band and (7.1 GHz) X-band, a rectangular-shaped slot etched on the patch is used. Inserting slots changing the current distribution is used in the patch to control the band notches. The results demonstrate that the suggested X-band and WiMAX designs are removed, with a 5.35dB peak gain and an omnidirectional radiation pattern, and suited for UWB.

A Novel Approach for Low Mutual Coupling and Ultra-Compact Two Port Mimo Antenna Development for UWB Wireless Applications

In this paper, a novel MIMO antenna operating in the UWB frequency band is presented. The proposed new antenna shape is derived from the conventional circular ring patch antenna having a partial ground plane. An array of three Quad-G Shaped Metamaterial structure was used between the antenna elements of the two port MIMO antenna to expand the bandwidth in lower frequency band of UWB application (below 5.567GHz) and reduces the mutual coupling in such expanded band. The proposed MIMO antenna operates over a bandwidth of 8GHz from 4GHz to 12GHz. Over the entire bandwidth, the mutual coupling between antenna element is less than -19.0dB with an inter-element separation of mm. The overall optimized dimensions of the proposed antenna is for a free-space wavelength, λ, calculated at 4GHz. The radiation pattern of the proposed MIMO antenna was analyzed using Combined Results Technique (CRT) integrated in CST microwave studio. The obtained peak radiation efficiency and gain is 83.0% and 5.57 dB respectively. The MIMO Performance metrics such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), channel capacity loss (CCL), Mean Effective Gain (MEG), and multiplexing efficiency are evaluated and compared to the standard values. The proposed antenna was compared to other antennas in literature. It has found that the key benefit of the present method was observed in achieving the highly miniaturized overall antenna dimension having good MIMO system performance metrics and better radiation characteristic. The proposed antenna was fabricated and measure. The measured and simulated values are found to be in good agreement.

Performance analysis of circularly polarized dual annular ring patch antenna for MIMO satellite application

ABSTRACT In this paper, a dual annular ring patch antenna with high isolation for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Satellite application at 4 GHz is presented. The mutual coupling reduction and circular polarization are achieved by some perturbations in annular ring patch and microstrip stubs between antennas. These perturbations will excite two modes which is orthogonal ie. equal amplitude and phase shift to make it circularly polarized. The antenna design is fabricated on a substrate with permittivity 4.4 and 1.6 mm thickness. The simulated results are studied and analyzed for the proposed antenna. The isolation of better than 30 dB, axial ratio lower than 3 dB and gain of about 3.4 dB are obtained. The performance characteristics are simulated, measured and analyzed with different antenna parameters. The validated antenna shows that the simulated and measured results are in good agreement with each other.

Performance evaluation and analysis of ring loaded patch antennas

The paper presents a detailed investigation on various types of circular ring patch antennas and their importance in Wireless Communications especially under satellite Frequency Applications. The main focus is considered on the typical resonant frequencies, design parameters, theoretical foundations on shape, equivalent circuits, various applications of the ring patch antennas. Simulation and comparison of different structures of patch with annular ring patch was also presented to justify the investigation.

Realization of Third-Order OAM Mode Using Ring Patch Antenna

Using single structure antennas to generate electromagnetic waves with orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes can greatly simplify the OAM application systems. However, at present, there is a lack of theoretical guidance for the realization of OAM modes using only a single antenna. In this communication, the characteristic mode theory (CMT) is applied to analyze the current wavemodes of the patch antenna. Then, the orthogonal degenerate modes are selected and the feeding structure is determined to obtain the desired OAM mode. For example, a third-order OAM radio wave is implemented by a ring patch antenna, and the performance of this OAM mode is explained by using the modal excitation coefficient. It is verified that the CMT is an effective analysis tool for a single antenna to achieve OAM modes.