Monopole Patch Research Articles

WITHDRAWN: A Novel Wideband Circular Polarized Filtering Antenna based on Left Hand Metamaterial

Across a broad frequency range, this reconfigurable antenna can be used for 5G, multi-function radars and automobile applications. To obtain ultra-wideband (UWB), the monopole antenna patch is suitably etched, and a stub is inserted to the feed line. In the meantime, an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) and rectangle slots are added in the partial ground to expand its operational bandwidth, which ranges from 2.7GHz to 23GHz. Size shrinkage rises to 65% when step feed is used in conjunction with partial grinding. Loading left-hand metamaterial (LHM) behind the monopole patch and etching slots at the corners of the rectangular patch results in circular polarization and an increase in gain. By placing a filter across the feedline, the recommended antenna's frequency and bandwidth can be adjusted as needed, enabling bandwidth reconfiguration. The via loaded in the patch extends the axial ratio (AR) bandwidth from 5GHz to 21GHz.The recommended antenna's step feed has a vertical slit that improves impedance matching over a wide operating spectrum.

A quad port dual band notch UWB MIMO antenna using hybrid decoupling structure

A four-port dual-band notch ultrawideband (UWB) multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) antenna for automotive applications is presented. Initially, a circular patch monopole antenna is designed and optimized by embedding a rectangular stub onto the radiator and lowering the ground plane to realize the UWB frequency spectrum. The dual-band frequency notch, from 4.6 to 5.9 and 6.8–8.8 GHz, is achieved using a half wavelength slot onto the feedline and a pair of H-shaped stubs across the feedline, respectively, to cover WLAN and complete x-band satellite communication. Further, the designed dual-band notch UWB antenna is transformed to a four-port MIMO antenna with interelement spacing much smaller than λ/4 (λ at 3.1 GHz) and a size of 0.46 × 0.41 × 0.01 λ3. Isolation improvement is achieved by a hybrid decoupling technique comprising a distinctive neutralization line (NL) and defected ground structure (DGS). The average isolation of the proposed design is better than 22 dB. Characteristic mode analysis of the proposed antenna is performed to analyze the specific significant mode and their contribution to the antenna radiation. The antenna design's diversity and time-domain properties are analyzed and found suitable for automotive applications. The antenna's electromagnetic interaction with the electrically large structure is studied by mounting the antenna onto an open-source automobile model, and the gain is determined to be more than 6.1 dB at the antenna's resonant frequencies.

Highly Conductive and Long-Term Stable Phosphorene-Based Nanocomposite for Radio-Frequency Antenna Application.

In this study, an omnidirectional and high-performance free-standing monopole patch radio-frequency antenna was fabricated using a urea-functionalized phosphorene/TiO2/polypyrrole (UTP) nanocomposite. The UTP nanocomposite antenna was fabricated via ball milling of urea-functionalized phosphorene, chemical oxidative polymerization of the UTP nanocomposite, and mechanical pelletizing of the composite. Based on experiments, the proposed UTP nanocomposite-based antenna exhibited long-term stability in terms of electrical conductivity. After 12 weeks, a slight change in surface resistance was observed. The proposed antenna exhibited high radiation efficiency (78.2%) and low return loss (-36.6 dB). The results of this study suggest the potential of UTP nanocomposite antennas for applications in 5G technology.

Bandwidth Enhancement of a D-Crescent-Shaped Monopole Patch Antenna for Wireless Applications

A low-profile monopole patch antenna is proposed for wireless communication purposes, covering PCS1900, UMTS, LTE2300, LTE2500, ISM, and WLAN bands. The antenna features a novel double-crescent-shaped (D-Crescent-Shaped) patch with a partial ground plane to enhance bandwidth. Resonating at 2.4 GHz for ISM applications, the antenna, constructed on FR-4 dielectric, exhibits a proportional bandwidth of 38%, covering 1.91 GHz to 2.81 GHz. The design achieves a low-profile configuration with dimensions of 36.88×44.85 mm², featuring a thickness of 1.6 mm. The proposed antenna has a return loss of -56.1 dB and a directivity gain of 2.21 dBi. The proposed antenna, with its low-profile design, ease of manufacturing, and improved bandwidth and return loss, is well-suited for wireless communication applications across widely-used frequency ranges like PCS, UMTS, LTE2300, LTE2500, ISM, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and 4G LTE.

Dual-Band 2 × 1 Monopole Antenna Array and Its MIMO Configuration for WiMAX, Sub-6 GHz, and Sub-7 GHz Applications

This study introduces a cost-effective monopole antenna array and its MIMO configuration. The single element consists of a rectangular patch monopole featuring five circular slots at the center, accompanied by two thin slots at the top, offering a wide bandwidth (2–7.62 GHz) and a peak gain of 3.8 dBi. For gain improvement, a 2 × 1 antenna array is demonstrated. This antenna array exhibits dual-band behavior; spans from 2 to 3.71 GHz and from 5.9 to 7.54 GHz; covers the 2.5 GHz band (2.3–2.7 GHz), a significant portion of the n78 band (3.3–3.71 GHz), and the n96 band (5.925–7.125 GHz); and is assigned to WiMAX, sub-6 GHz, and sub-7 GHz applications, respectively. The antenna array achieves a peak gain of 6.47 dBi. Lastly, a two-element MIMO configuration derived from the 2 × 1 array is designed. Implementing a defected ground structure (DGS) on the ground plane plays a crucial role in enhancing the isolation from 7 dB to 20 dB. The presented MIMO antenna covers the desired frequency bands of 2.5 GHz, n78, and n96 with a peak gain of 7.5 dBi and high radiation efficiency (<99%), which qualifies it for WiMAX, sub-6 GHz, and sub-7 GHz applications.

A Compact Planar Ultra-Wideband Array Antenna

Ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas have recently gained prominence in communication, radar technology, and electronic warfare domains. The quick development of these antennas is due to the wide bandwidth requirements of pulse radar, ground penetrating radar, electromagnetic compatibility, spaceborne communication systems, stealth target detection, and more. Aiming to address the defects of existing UWB antennas, which often have narrow bandwidth and low gain, a planar ultra-wideband microstrip array antenna was designed to achieve good ultra-wideband characteristics and effectively improve the gain of the antenna. The initial bandwidth of the rectangular monopole antenna was 10 GHz–20 GHz. After loading multiple steps on the monopole patch, the bandwidth was increased to between 10 and 38 GHz. Using the new ultra-wideband array method that combines series feed and angle feed and the defective ground structure (DGS), the array maintains the ultrawide bandwidth span of 10–38 GHz of the array element, and the maximum gain of the antenna in the bandwidth was increased from 5.18 dBi to 9.55 dBi. The challenge of impedance matching of antenna units in ultra-wideband is resolved by the novel array technique, which also increases the antenna’s gain within the bandwidth. The antenna simulation is consistent with the measurement results. With its extensive operating frequency band, high gain, compactness, and favorable radiation attributes, this newly designed antenna holds significant promise for application in UWB radar systems.

Optimization of Monopole Consecutive Square-Shaped Patch Antenna with ANN for Wireless Communicaton Systems

In recent years, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) applications in antenna structures have gained significant traction due to their potential to reduce design and calculation times, offering optimization and prediction capabilities. This study introduces a novel monopole patch antenna design featuring a consecutive square-shaped broadband microstrip-line-fed antenna. The proposed antenna exhibits an impressive impedance bandwidth of 68% (1.55 - 2.82 GHz), a remarkable return loss of -47.25 dB, and a directivity gain of 2.77 dBi. Simulation studies were conducted using CST™ Studio Suite electromagnetic simulation software. The ANN model developed based on feed-forward backpropagation demonstrates exceptional agreement with the simulation results, showcasing an accuracy of 99.61805% and performing 2769.231 times faster. With advancing technology, ANNs present an effective solution for addressing complex antenna design challenges arising from escalating data rate requirements and uninterrupted data transmission. These results open promising avenues for further advancements in antenna design aided by ANN applications.

Super wideband with band rejection characteristics circular patch monopole antenna for 5G and beyond

A super wideband monopole antenna design for microwave and advanced wireless applications in the frequency range of 2.2 GHz to 27.06 GHz. At first, a circular resonator with a ring dimension is used to achieve a wideband range of frequency with a band rejection characteristic in the lower band. Where the antenna provides broadband from 2.2 GHz to 27.06 GHz with four notch bands covering 12.26–14.44 GHz, 17.39–19.60 GHz, 2.69–4.36 GHz, and 5.5–7.14 GHz. These notch band frequencies are productively used to evacuate undesired interference of different wireless frequencies. Additionally, six symmetrical tiny circle stubs are introduced in the ground plane to improve the overall characteristic without notch bands. The combination of the ring patch with the line feed broadens the stable radiation, super bandwidth, and stable gain characteristics. The overall electric size of the antenna is where the maximum gain is 6.4 dBi in between the higher frequency band and 4 dBi from 2.6–5.7 GHz. The proposed antenna exhibits a novel structure and achieves a wide bandwidth without using any external electronics components. The overall fractional bandwidth is more than 166% and excellent performance enters the wireless frequency band. The proposed structure was designed and fabricated to be experimentally validated and could be applied in various wireless components and applications.

A Novel High Isolation 4-Port Compact MIMO Antenna with DGS for 5G Applications.

This paper presents the design and realization of a simple and low-profile, four-port multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna operating in a mm-wave band supporting 5G communication technologies. As part of the design methodology, the initial stage involved the development of a conventional monopole patch antenna optimized for operation at 26 GHz, which was matched to a 50 Ω stepped feed line. Afterward, a square-shaped defected ground structure (DGS) with semi-circle slots on the edges was placed on the ground to improve the isolation, and the circular and rectangular slots were incorporated as DGSs to optimize the antenna impedance bandwidth. Etching semi-circular-shaped slots on the ground plane achieved more than 34.2 dB isolation in the 26 GHz operating band. In addition, an arrangement of four symmetrical radiating elements was positioned orthogonally to minimize the antenna's physical size and improve the isolation. The proposed MIMO antenna's overall dimension was 25 × 25 mm2, which was printed on a Rogers 5880 substrate at a width of 0.787 mm and εr = 2.2. The proposed antenna covered the 5G mm-wave band with a 10 dB bandwidth ranging from 25.28-28.02 GHz, whereas the maximum gain attained for the proposed structure was 8.72 dBi. Additionally, the implementation of these slots effectively mitigated mutual coupling, resulting in reduced envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) values. Furthermore, other MIMO performance metrics, including channel capacity loss (CCL), mean effective gain (MEG), and diversity gain (DG), were analyzed for the proposed structure. The obtained results indicate its suitability for various usage areas, such as smart devices, mobile phones, and sensors in 5G applications.

Circularly Polarized Antenna with Metallic Reflector for High-Gain Satellite Communication

This paper describes the design and performance of a circularly polarized antenna for satellite communication applications. The antenna design includes a monopole patch antenna, split ring resonator, defective ground surface and a metallic reflector. The antenna is designed to operate in multiple frequency bands and to have high gain. The metallic reflector is used to enhance the antenna gain by reflecting the signal in the same phase as the transmitted signal, thereby strengthening the signal. The antenna resonates in 4.4 GHz and 7.6 GHz frequency bands, making it suitable for satellite communication applications. The paper presents both simulated and measured results of the antenna's performance, including return loss, gain, VSWR and polarization characteristics. The paper provides a detailed analysis of antenna's performance, demonstrating its suitability for satellite communication applications. The use of a metallic reflector, the split ring resonator and defective ground surface design results into antenna's high gain and multiband operation.

RANCANG BANGUN ANTENA MONOPOLE MIKROSTRIP MENGGUNAKAN DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE BENTUK PERSEGI UNTUK OPTIMASI BANDWIDTH PADA APLIKASI KOMUNIKASI ULTRA-WIDEBAND

The development of UWB technology is very helpful in supporting high-speed data access. UWB offers a solution for large capacity for wide bandwidth. The frequency range for UWB systems between 3.1–10.6GHz will cause interference to wireless communication systems via wireless local area networks (WLANs) for IEEE 802.11a operating at 5.15–5.35GHz and 5.725–5.825GHz. This research aims to obtain a design of a rectangular printed monopole patch microstrip antenna and a slit using the Defected Ground Structure (DGS) technique to obtain bandwidth optimization on the UWB spectrum. For the implementation of the antenna design, the simulation method is used with the support of the RT/ Duroid substrate material. Realization of the design with the results of a manufactured antenna prototype with a minimalist size. The simulation and measurement results of the Absolute UWB bandwidth parameter at return loss < -10 dB (VSWR <2) the measurement value is 600MHz narrower than the simulation and for fractional bandwidth the measurement value is narrower by 0.21%. Resonance at the 5.2GHz frequency produces polarization with a gain value of 3.29dBi, omnidirectional and vertical polarization. As a prototype antenna to support the application of indoor wireless access communication devices that are low profile, compact with minimalist dimensions.

Dual-layer microstrip monopolar patch antenna with characteristic mode analysis

Abstract A monopole-like stacked microstrip antenna with dual-layer patches is proposed for ultra-wideband applications. The characteristic mode analysis (CMA) is utilized and contributes to the multi-mode behavior investigation, guiding the design process. The dual-layer patches both consist of two concentric-coupled rings. The patch configuration is optimized according to the desired mode behaviors at different frequencies. Correspondingly, the three merged resonant modes, containing the modes TM01 and TM02 of the middle layer and TM01 in the top layer, effectively broaden the operation band. The measurements demonstrate that the impedance bandwidth (IBW) of the antenna reaches 4.70–10.20 GHz (73.8%) with the return loss of 10 dB and a maximum gain of 8.7 dBi. The cross-polarization level is better than −28 dB. The proposed antenna possesses a small radius of 30 mm (0.47 λ L ${\lambda }_{L}$ ), and a low-profile of 5.78 mm (0.09 λ L ${\lambda }_{L}$ ). λ L ${\lambda }_{L}$ is the free-space wavelength at the lowest operation frequency.

A wideband monopolar patch antenna with a high system fidelity factor for IR‐UWB application

AbstractA compact, broadband microstrip patch antenna with stable monopole‐like radiation patterns is proposed for impulse‐radio ultrawideband (IR‐UWB) positioning systems. Such the antenna consists of a circular patch with eight conductive vias placed concentrically, resulting in the and modes. Moreover, a tapered feeding probe at its center is presented to enhance the matching and excite an antiresonance mode. The compact size of is obtained by using a square ground. The measured results show that the antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 44.1% from 6 to 9.4 GHz and stable monopole‐like radiation patterns in the frequency domain. Finally, a system fidelity factor larger than 96% and a relatively stable group delay are simulated and measured in the time domain. Therefore, this antenna can be potentially useful for UWB pulse transmission with attractive features in engineering applications.

Surface current engineering enabled broadband monopole patch antenna with low profile

Antennas with broadband radiation and small-size are highly required in wireless communication system. The trade-off relation between bandwidth and size became a difficulty when it comes to miniaturized antenna design. A method of realizing antenna miniaturization and bandwidth enhancement at the same time is needed. Monopole antennas are the most common used one in the devices of Internet of Things, Internet of Vehicles, and wireless access points et al. In this paper, a wideband low-profile top-loaded patch monopole antenna based on surface current engineering is proposed. The topology combines a center-fed circular patch with inductive vias. The patch is designed with patterns, which consists of four concentric annular rings and some strips in radial direction. In this way, three resonances are generated, and the pattern is optimized to bring three resonances close to each other. The number of the strips is specially designed to bring three resonances close to each other. By loading the inductive vias on the outermost rings, connecting to the ground, the resonance at low frequencies can be enhanced, as a consequence of the optimized impedance matching. The field distribution is analyzed to verify the operation principle. A prototype is fabricated, and the measured results agree well with the simulated ones. The relative −10 dB bandwidth is 69% and the omnidirectional radiation pattern is stable in the operating band. The antenna achieves a rather wideband radiation while maintaining a low profile. The method of antenna miniaturization and bandwidth enhancement based on surface current engineering paves the way for antenna design in low-profile ultra-wideband applications.

A Compact Quad-Port UWB MIMO Antenna With Improved Isolation Using a Novel Mesh-Like Decoupling Structure and Unique DGS

The progress in mobile communication and the Internet of Things facilitates multiple features. The trending technology demands wider bandwidth so that user experiences uninterruptedly. The wider bandwidth and the isolation are two key characteristics of modern device antennas. The design of an ultrawideband (UWB) and four-port MIMO antenna is presented in this brief. The semicircular monopole patch is modified by including a guitar shape slot on a radiator and a half-circle slot in the lowered ground plane. The structural transformation affects the current path and enhances impedance matching, resulting in a broader bandwidth. The UWB monopole is replicated to construct a four-port multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) antenna. The separation between the interelement is less than the quarter wavelength. As a decoupling structure, the implicit mutual coupling in the MIMO elements is minimized by parasitic elements on the radiator and defected ground plane (DGS). A novel mesh-like structure embedded in radiating plane and DGS couples the current from an excited antenna and suppresses through the DGS correspondingly and improves the isolation. The overall geometry of the antenna is <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$45 {\times } 45 {\times }1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> .6 mm3. The UWB MIMO has a measured impedance bandwidth of 113% between 4.5-16.4 GHz and greater than 20 dB of isolation throughout the bandwidth. Besides the mutual coupling reduction, radiation characteristics and all MIMO diversity parameters are studied. The performance of MIMO diversity characteristics is relatively good, with envelope correlation coefficient<0.002, diversity gain <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathbf {\mathrm {\simeq }}10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , mean effective gain<−3 dB, total active reflection coefficient<−10 dB, channel capacity loss <0.2 bps/Hz, and multiplexing efficiency<−0.5. The experimental and simulated findings are in line and make the projected design suitable for UWB MIMO applications.

Antenna-on-Chip for Millimeter Wave Applications Using CMOS Process Technology

In this paper, a monopole patch antenna is designed, and the structure of the antenna is analyzed. The manufacturing process adopts TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS process technology. An artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) on the M1 layer is proposed in this paper to increase the radiation gain and reduce the reflection coefficient (S11) magnitude for impedance matching and antenna performance. This method can make up for the radiation efficiency and benefits of the antenna-on-chip that are affected by the high dielectric constant and low resistivity of the silicon substrate of the CMOS process. The antenna designed in this paper obtains a simulated bandwidth of 37.5 GHz to 69.5 GHz using the Electromagnetic Simulation Software, and the fractional bandwidth of the design is 60%. Among them, 62 GHz shows a maximum gain value of −2.64 dBi. Actual measurements have confirmed that the reflection coefficient of the antenna on the chip proposed in this paper is the same as the simulation trend, and a wider bandwidth is obtained from 20.9 GHz to 67 GHz, with a fractional bandwidth of 104.89%. This bandwidth covers millimeter wave 28 GHz, 38 GHz, and 60 GHz application frequencies.

A circular monopole antenna for bandwidth enhancement using cylinder slots with triple band notch characteristics

SummaryThis article introduces a super wideband along with three notch bands circular patch monopole antenna. The design structure is applicable for microwave and high‐speed wireless devices (2.19 to 25 GHz). In order to create a broad band, a ring dimension circular patch is used. To generate three notch bands, six symmetrical tiny cylinder stubs are introduced on the ground. These notch band frequencies can eliminate unwanted interference from various wireless frequencies, which mainly cover three notch bands: 5.5–7.3, 12.05–14.46, and 17.71–19.5 GHz. The steady radiation, super bandwidth, and stable gain properties expand when the ring patch and line feed are combined. It is excellent for many UWB applications because of its compact size (39 × 29 mm 2) and large bandwidth (166.97% fractional bandwidth). This model employs various size reduction and matching approaches to get a better response. The mechanisms of these structures are identified, and overall performance is compared with parametric analysis, tables, and figure.

A Single-Layer Low-Profile Dual-Wideband Monopolar Patch Antenna With Shorting Vias and Parasitic Annular Sectors

A new design for dual-wideband microstrip patch antenna is proposed in this letter. A dual-band characteristic is obtained with the help of four loaded shorting vias. To widen both lower and upper impedance bandwidth, parasitic annular sectors are employed to introduce two additional resonant modes. For further demonstration, a prototype is manufactured and tested. The measured results which are close to the simulated results indicate that the proposed antenna can achieve 10 dB impedance bandwidth of 10.4% from 2.37 to 2.63 GHz with a maximum realized gain of 5.2 dBi and 14.3% from 5.52 to 6.37 GHz with a maximum realized gain of 6 dBi. Along the whole operating band, the antenna radiates similar patterns, which resemble those generated by a monopole antenna. With these advantages, this proposed work is suitable to be applied in the WLAN communications.

Compact Slit-Loaded ACS-Fed Monopole Antenna for Bluetooth and UWB Systems With WLAN Band-Stop Capability

A compact asymmetric coplanar strip (ACS)-fed monopole antenna is presented, which operates within the Bluetooth and UWB frequency bands with the capability to simultaneously reject the lower WLAN interfering band. The antenna consists of an inverted right triangle patch monopole loaded by open-ended L-shaped slits not only to produce the additional 2.4 GHz passband to the UWB design but also to achieve stopband characteristics around 5.2 GHz. The conceptual equivalent circuit model as well as characteristic mode analyses are carried out in the design evolution process. The proposed antenna has an overall size of only 20 mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm, having the smallest area among the so far developed designs, which can be easily integrated within any wireless gadgets. A prototype is fabricated and measured to validate the design, demonstrating the predicted behavior fairly achieved by full-wave analysis. The antenna −10 dB operating bandwidth ranges from 2.38 to 2.42 GHz and from 3.35 to 11 GHz while rejecting from 4.69 to 5.2 GHz. Unlike the unwanted stopband, where the radiation characteristics are adequately deteriorated, the proposed antenna fairly provides stable omni-directional radiation patterns in the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${H}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -plane, and has an average efficiency (gain) of 87.3% (2.6 dBi) in the desired passband. As far as the antenna transient behavior is concerned, an adequate measured (simulated) system fidelity factor of 0.7 (0.68) is achieved for the transmission of impulse-type UWB signals in the face-to-face configuration.

On demand reconfigurable notch-based UWB MIMO antenna for wireless application

In this paper, on demand reconfigurable notch based UWB-MIMO antenna for wireless applications has been proposed. The proposed antenna consists of two square patch monopole radiators with inverted Z and extended U slots cut through them. Antenna offers good impedance matching (S11 < -10 dB) over the entire Ultra-Wide Band (2.9–13.4 GHz) spectrum. The connected ground structure is used to improve the isolation (S21 < -15 dB) over the entire operating band. Reconfigurability has been achieved using switching elements S1 and S2 which are inserted in the extended U slot and inverted Z slot in each radiator. When both the switches are OFF, notch mechanism is obtained on both the notches C band uplink (5.7 to 6.5 GHz) and C band downlink (3.6 to 4.2 GHz) simultaneously. When the Switch 1 is ON the notch is obtained at C band uplink (5.7 to 6.5 GHz) whereas when the Switch 2 is ON the notch is obtained at C band downlink (3.6 to 4.2 GHz). The proposed antenna offers a simulated bandwidth of 10.5 GHz along with a compact size of 34 × 20 × 1.6 mm 3 with efficient port isolation of more than −15 dB throughout the operating band. ECC and directive gain are less than 0.02 and more than 9.9 dBi respectively.