Patch Cord Research Articles

Tunable semiconductor lasers for enhancing optical fiber patch cord performance in stable optical communication systems

Tunable semiconductor lasers for enhancing optical fiber patch cord performance in stable optical communication systems

The Analysis Of Risk Assessment On Fiber Optic Production Line Using The Hazard Identification Risk Assessment And Determining Control (Hiradc)

ABSTRACT The demand for optical fiber increases to meet the demands of Industry 4.0, companies that manufacture optical fiber must seize this moment to generate profitable business. However, let us not forget how important safety is to all employees working in the fiberglass industry, especially production employees who are directly involved in the fiberglass production process. This study focusses on Risk assessment for patch cords cables production using HIRADC method. The activities of Patch Cord Cable production are divided into 6 steps are striping, curing, trimming, crimping, inspection, packing. Risk assessment in the patch cord production process activities to the packing process by conducting a HIRADC Analysis from determining hazards, potential incidents, to risk ratings. The results of this study obtained additional control for recommended to eliminate the potential for work accidents in the activity Striping, Curing Trimming, Crimping, and Inspection to increase productivity production Cable Fiber Optic (item product: Patch Cord) in PT. JK aligns with SDG 9 that industrialization development can be achieved by improving manufacturing productivity by reducing or eliminating the possibility of occupational accidents. Keywords: Optical fiber, Risk Assessment, HIRADC, SDG

A Fabry–Perot Sensor with Cascaded Polymer Films Based on Vernier Effect for Simultaneous Measurement of Relative Humidity and Temperature

In this paper, fiber sensor based on Vernier effect for simultaneous measurement of relative humidity (RH) and temperature is proposed. The sensor is fabricated by coating two kinds of ultraviolet (UV) glue with different refractive indexes (RI) and thicknesses on the end face of a fiber patch cord. The thicknesses of two films are controlled to generate the Vernier effect. The inner film is formed by a cured lower-RI UV glue. The exterior film is formed by a cured higher-RI UV glue, of which thickness is much thinner than the inner film. Through the analysis of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the reflective spectrum, the Vernier effect is formed by the inner lower-RI polymer cavity and the cavity composed of both polymer films. By calibrating the RH and temperature response of two peaks on the envelope of the reflection spectrum, simultaneous measurements of RH and temperature are realized by solving a set of quadratic equations. Experimental results show that the highest RH and temperature sensitivities of the sensor are 387.3 pm/%RH (in 20%RH to 90%RH) and -533.0 pm/°C (in 15 °C to 40 °C), respectively. The sensor has merits of low cost, simple fabrication, and high sensitivity, which makes it very attractive for applications that need to simultaneously monitor these two parameters.

Application of the Monte Carlo method for evaluating the patch cord length distribution of the central data center crosses using spine-leaf architecture

An approach to determining the patch cord length of the central data center crosses with spine-leaf architecture, which is based on the Monte Carlo method is proposed. The possibility of its implementation in Excel spreadsheets is shown. The results of calculating the length distribution when installing the cross in cabinets with a height of 42 and 47U are given. It is established that for the majority of cords the length of 1–1.5 m is sufficient. The need to use 800 mm wide cabinets for the central cross and the possibility of placing it in one cabinet for 126 leaf level switches when building a data center according to the top-of-rack scheme is substantiated.

Combined application of an optical sensor and a common non-destructive instrument for corrosion monitoring in reinforced concrete members

The reliable monitoring of the progression or extent of pitting-type corrosion in reinforced concrete members requires great effort due to non-uniformity. This paper presents a new approach for measuring the progression and extent of pitting-type (non-uniform) corrosion in reinforced concrete members by combining both non-destructive testing with optical fibre sensing results. Accelerated corrosion on the reinforcement (rebar) of the specimen was produced artificially using an alternate wetting and drying process in sodium chloride solution with 7.5% and 10% concentrations. The multimode optical fibre patch cords were attached to the reinforcement in three different arrangements in a single specimen (normal optical patch cord and loose and firm microbend patch cords). Intensity loss in a propagating light travelling inside an optical fibre takes place due to the development of pressure from surrounding concrete on the fibre from rust formation (corrosion). The study also describes the effect of corrosion in half-cell potentiometer, chloride ion resistivity and indirect pulse velocity readings obtained from the specimen. A later study found that the use of an optical microbend sensor is an effective alternate method for determining the starting time of initial depassivation in the reinforcement and validates it using half-cell potentiometer values. The study also developed models to predict overall mass loss in the rebar due to corrosion using combined non-destructive testing methods.

A Self-Calibrated SI-Traceable Rydberg Atom-Based Radio Frequency Electric Field Probe and Measurement Instrument

We present a self-calibrating, SI-traceable broadband Rydberg-atom-based radio-frequency (RF) electric field probe (the Rydberg Field Probe or RFP) and measurement instrument (Rydberg Field Measurement System or RFMS). The RFMS comprises an atomic RF field probe (RFP), connected by a ruggedized fiber-optic patch cord to a portable mainframe control unit with a software interface for RF measurement and analysis including real-time field readout and RF waveform visualization. The instrument employs electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) readout of spectral signatures from RF-sensitive Rydberg states of an atomic vapor for continuous, pulsed, and modulated RF field measurement. The RFP exploits resonant and off-resonant Rydberg-field interactions to realize broadband RF measurements at frequencies ranging from ~10 MHz to sub-THz over a wide dynamic range. The RFMS incorporates an RF-field-free atomic reference and a laser-frequency tracker to ensure reliability and accuracy of the RF measurement. We characterize the RFP and measure polar field and polarization patterns of the RFP at 12.6 GHz RF in the far-field of a standard gain horn antenna. Measurements at 2.5 GHz are also performed. Measured patterns are in good agreement with simulations. A detailed calibration procedure and uncertainty analysis are presented that account for deviations from an isotropic response over a $4\pi$ solid angle, arising from dielectric structures external to the atomic measurement volume. Contributions to the measurement uncertainty from the fundamental atomic measurement method and associated analysis as well as material, geometry, and hardware design choices are accounted for. A calibration (C) factor is used to establish absolute-standard SI-traceable calibration of the RFP. Pulsed and modulated RF field measurement, and time-domain RF-pulse waveform imaging are also demonstrated.

Determination of the patch cords lengths distribution physical layer of the modern automation systems of smart city and smart home by the Monte Carlo method

A method for determining the distribution of patch cord lengths for the formation of the physical layer of modern IP-control systems is proposed. Assuming the formation of the switching field on a regular basis and the equiprobable connection of individual ports, a procedure was developed for determining the probability density function of the cord lengths, taking into account the necessary margin in case of unevenness of the laying. The calculation of the distribution has been performed and it is shown that it is advisable to use patch cords with a length of 1–2 m in control systems.

HIV-related Neuropathy: Pathophysiology, Treatment and Challenges.

HIV-sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN) is a debilitating complication in HIV patients with or without anti-retroviral treatment (ART). Common symptoms of HIV-SN include pain, decreased sensation, paresthesias, and dysesthesias in a symmetric stocking-glove distribution. While HIV-1 protein such as gp120 is implicated in HIV-SN (e.g. impaired large-diameter fiber), ART itself was recently shown to contribute to HIV-SN in HIV patients and impair thin fiber. Multiple host mechanisms may play roles during the pathogenesis of HIV-SN, including neuron-glia interactions in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH), inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Concurrent infections, such as tuberculosis, also carry a higher likelihood of HIV-SN as well as environmental or genetic predisposition. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL2 receptor-alpha, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) along with abnormal lactate levels have been identified as potential players within the complex pathophysiology of this condition. In this paper, we review the pathophysiology of HIV neuropathy, focusing on the various treatment options available or under investigation. Although several treatment options are available e.g., the capsaicin patch and spinal cord stimulation, symptomatic control of HIV-SN are often challenging. Alternative approaches such as self-hypnosis, resistance exercise, cannabinoids, and acupuncture have all shown promising results, but need further investigation.

Development of flexible mid-infrared light delivery system with bioprobe for beam control

The objective of this paper is to fabricate a flexible mid-infrared (IR) light delivery system with bioprobesince remarkable biological effect of mid-IR light and lack of corresponding technical devices. Hollow optical fiber with sealing window of different materials and shapes was fabricated and packaged within a metal tube for delivering mid-IR light and electrical signal. The thickness of the sealing window was optimized consideringmechanical strength, loss, and power density threshold. A bioprobe with a SMA connector was manufactured. A patch cord loaded with low-loss mid-IR hollow optical fiber was prepared and can be connected to the bioprobeby a standard SMA jointer. The loss of the bioprobe was 1.38 dB and 1.07 dB at the wavelength of 5.1 μm and 10.6 μm, respectively. The output beam of the bioprobe can be controlled by sealing windows of different shapes, which had a far-field half divergence angle of 0.03–0.44 rad. The system had a power density threshold of 382 mW/mm2 and a loss of 3.44 dB at 10.6 μm. A light delivery system with bioprobe was manufactured, which provided a photoelectric device for the application of mid-IR light in the field of neuroscience. The presented system is of high efficiency electro-optic transmission and of high power density threshold, and the applicable wavelength can be extended to far-IR and terahertz by changing the fabrication process of hollow optical fiber.

Dual-wavelength mode-locked fiber laser based on tungsten disulfide saturable absorber

We report on the generation of dual-wavelength mode-locked laser pulse in an Er-doped ring-shaped fiber cavity with WS2 nanosheets based saturable absorber (SA), emitting at wavelength of 1531.8 nm and 1556.7 nm. The WS2 nanosheets were precipitated on the head face of fiber patch cord via light precipitation method. By adjusting the polarization of lasing mode, the gain of the Er-doped fiber laser was effectively controlled and the stable dual-wavelength mode-locking operation was achieved. Our investigation revealed WS2’s extraordinary nonlinear properties, which make it an excellent material for saturable absorber for passively mode-locked fiber lasers.

Towards fully commercial, UV-compatible fiber patch cords.

We present and analyze two pathways to produce commercial optical-fiber patch cords with stable long-term transmission in the ultraviolet (UV) at powers up to ~ 200 mW, and typical bulk transmission between 66-75 %. Commercial fiber patch cords in the UV are of great interest across a wide variety of scientific applications ranging from biology to metrology, and the lack of availability has yet to be suitably addressed. We provide a guide to producing such solarization-resistant, hydrogen-passivated, polarization-maintaining, connectorized and jacketed optical fibers compatible with demanding scientific and industrial applications. Our presentation describes the fabrication and hydrogen loading procedure in detail and presents a high-pressure vessel design, calculations of required H2 loading times, and information on patch cord handling and the mitigation of bending sensitivities. Transmission at 313 nm is measured over many months for cumulative energy on the fiber output of > 10 kJ with no demonstrable degradation due to UV solarization, in contrast to standard uncured fibers. Polarization sensitivity and stability are characterized yielding polarization extinction ratios between 15 dB and 25 dB at 313 nm, where we find patch cords become linearly polarizing. We observe that particle deposition at the fiber facet induced by high-intensity UV exposure can (reversibly) deteriorate patch cord performance and describe a technique for nitrogen purging of fiber collimators which mitigates this phenomenon.

Excitation of Mode Groups in Multimode Fibers With the Aid of Diffractive Optics

In this letter, we report on the excitation of low order Laguerre–Gaussian mode groups with a common propagation constant in a multimode gradient index optical fiber. Enabling generic space-division multiplexer was based on a key multichannel diffractive optical element. The experimental results show integrity of the excited mode groups in an OM2 multimode fiber optic patch cord.

Microfiber-coupler-assisted control of wavelength tuning for Q-switched fiber laser with few-layer molybdenum disulfide nanoplates.

Based on the liquid exfoliated method, we obtained the few-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoplates solution. By thermal evaporation method, we directly deposited MoS2 thin film onto the facet of a fiber patch cord. The modulation depth of the film is as high as 29%, and a Q-switched fiber laser was achieved. We also provided a new method to continuously tune the output laser with a tuning sensitivity of ∼5.5 nm/(1% strain) by controlling the cavity loss with a strained microfiber coupler (MFC).

Ball Lens Based Common Path Fiber Optic Interferometer Sensor

A common path interferometer has been made with a ball lens packaged in a metal cylinder, dielectric mirror, and lucent type connector (LC) fiber patch cord. By simply placing metal cylinder packaged mirror and a ball lens directly in front of a fiber patch cord, a compact and potentially disposable sensing probe for optical bio-sensor could be implemented. To achieve a sufficiently long working distance, the proper ball lens diameter and the distance between the ball lens and the fiber patch cord were investigated. A working distance of up to 1.6 mm was achieved. With common path sensing probe, measurements of the index matching oil and glucose solutions were implemented and used to demonstrate the fesibility as the liquid sensing probe.

광섬유 패치코드를 이용한 Fabry-Perot 간섭계 온도센서

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) optical fiber tip sensor fabricated by a blade-sawing technique using a fiber optic patch cord for high-resolution temperature measurement. The sensor head consists of a short air FP cavity near the tip of a single-mode fiber patch cord tip. The temperature which we can measure is determined through a phase variation of the interference fringes in the reflective spectrum of the sensor. The fiber optic FPI sensor in this work can monitor the environmental temperature very accurately from 40 to <TEX>$120^{\circ}C$</TEX>. As a result, the temperature sensitivity is obtained as <TEX>$38.2pm/^{\circ}C$</TEX>.

Air cavity-based Fabry–Perot interferometer sensor fabricated using a sawing technique for refractive index measurement

We have demonstrated a refractive index sensor based on a fiber optic Fabry–Perot (FP) interferometer with an open air cavity fabricated using a one-step mechanical sawing technique. The sensor head consists of a short FP cavity near the fiber patch cord tip, which was assembled by joining a ceramic ferrule and a single-mode fiber together. Owing to the open air cavity in the sensor head, various liquid samples with different refractive index can fill in-line air cavity, which makes the device usable as a refractometer. Moreover, due to the sensor head encircled with the robust ceramic ferrule, the device is attractive for sensing measurement in harsh environments. The sensor was tested in different refractive index solutions. The experimental result shows that the attenuation peak wavelength of the sensor is shifted toward a shorter wavelength with increasing refractive index, and the refractive index sensitivity is ∼92.5 nm/refractive index unit (RIU) and 73.75 dB/RIU . The proposed sensor can be used as an in-line refractometer for many potential applications in the sensing field.

광섬유 피드 리트로마운트형 분광계

A low-dispersion fiber feed Littrow-mounted grating spectrometer for education was designed and fabricated. The dispersion element is a reflective type blazed grating Edmundoptics NT 46-075 (spatial frequency 600 lines/mm, dimension <TEX>$30mm{\times}30mm$</TEX>, blazed angle 8.6 degree). The optical fiber coupler module for optical guiding from telescope to spectrometer is composed of a multi-mode FC connector - FC connector optical fiber patch cord (core/cladding diameter <TEX>$50{\mu}m/125{\mu}m$</TEX>) and two 1.25" throw-tube couplers. The lens for collimating and imaging is a general purpose focal length 50 mm camera lens (f/1.8). The device for optical path control is a rectangular prism (size <TEX>$25mm{\times}25mm$</TEX>). The imaging camera sensor is a Meade DSI Pro 2 CCD sensor (black and white, <TEX>$752{\times}582$</TEX> pixels and pixel size <TEX>$8.3{\mu}m{\times}8.6{\mu}m$</TEX>). Softwares for data logging and analysis consist of Meade Autostar Suite, NIH imagej and Vernier Logger Pro 3. The wavelength coverage range of the spectrometer is 205 nm at central wavelength 550 nm. The wavelength resolution is 1.7 nm.

Ball lens based lensed patch cord probes for optical coherence tomography in the field of dentistry

A lensed patch cord probe has been made with a ball lens packaged in a metal cylinder. By simply placing a ball lens directly in front of a fiber patch cord, a compact and potentially disposable sampling probe for optical coherence tomography (OCT) could be implemented. To achieve a sufficiently long working distance and a good transverse resolution simultaneously, the proper ball lens diameter and the distance between the ball lens and the fiber patch cord were investigated. Experimentally, a working distance of up to 5.2mm, 3dB bandwidth of 2mm, and transverse resolution of 16μm were achieved. With the patch cord probe, a common path swept source OCT system was implemented and used to demonstrate the feasibility as the dedicated probe for dentistry.

Using Taguchi Method to Improve 3D Polishing Process Capability for Optical Fiber

This study used Six Sigma DMAIC five-phase improvement procedures for an empirical research on a multinational optical interconnect manufacturer. The Taguchi method was used for the design of experiment, and the data obtained from the orthogonal table were used to determine the key factors and levels, in order to propose the optimal combination of processing parameters and levels for fiber patch cord 3D polishing. The combination of rough polishing time of 30s, polishing pressure of 0.02pa, polishing pad hardness of 65 degrees, and the fine polishing time of 80s could produce the fittest parameters for a satisfactory level, reduce the defect rate and waste of production cost, and reach the Six Sigma standard. The results proved that the improved process capability model, as constructed by this study, can effectively improve the apex offset quality of fiber patch cords. The findings can serve as references for engineers to improve the quality and production process capability.

Linewidth reduction of a distributed-feedback diode laser using an all-fiber interferometer with short path imbalance

The linewidth of a distributed-feedback (DFB) diode laser at 1156 nm, of which free-running linewidth was 3 MHz, was reduced to 15 kHz using an all-fiber interferometer with 5-m-long path imbalance. Optical power loss and bandwidth limitation were negligible with this short optical fiber patch cord. This result was achieved without acoustic and vibration isolations, and the frequency lock could be maintained over weeks. In addition to its simplicity, compactness, robustness, and cost-effectiveness, this technique can be applied at any wavelength owing to the availability of DFB diode lasers and fiber-optic components.