Patch Antenna Array Research Articles

Design and Analysis of Slotted Microstrip Patch Array Antenna at 2.4GHz for WLAN

Design and Analysis of Slotted Microstrip Patch Array Antenna at 2.4GHz for WLAN

<i>W</i>-band phase shifter based on metasurface with built-in pin diodes

We propose a design and show the numerical simulation results for a W-band (75–110 GHz) phase shifter. The structure of the phase shifter consists of periodic array of rectangular patch antennas on a dielectric substrate with built-in pin-diodes. The calculations demonstrate the possibility of achieving a phase shift of the transmitted wave up to 87° at a frequency of 96 GHz with transmittance losses of –7 dB.

Active differential reflection coefficient analysis of differentially-fed antenna array

In this paper, a definition for the active differential reflection coefficient of the differentially-fed antenna array is proposed. Each antenna is fed by the differential port with the equal-amplitude anti-phase signal input. According to the active reflection coefficient of the conventional single-ended antenna array, the active differential reflection coefficient definition of the differential antenna array is given and analyzed. It is derived that the active differential reflection coefficient of the differential port m is half of the active reflection coefficient sum for the single-ended port m + and m −. In addition, the active differential impedance expression is also given. To verify the active differential reflection coefficient, a differential three-element microstrip patch antenna array was designed, fabricated, and measured. The experimental results validate the proposed theoretical analysis. This work will provide a new insight into the differential antenna array.

A novel broadband low backscattering antenna array based on integration of absorptive and coding metasurface

AbstractThis paper presents a low‐scattering 1 × 2 patch array antenna combining resistive and coding metasurfaces (MSs) for the reduction of wideband‐backscatter. An artificial magnetic conductor technology is used to validate the proposed technique, which is fundamentally based on scattering, phase cancellation, and absorptive property of the MS. By integration of coding MS elements and an absorbent unit cell, three different array blocks are utilized to significantly reduce the monostatic and bistatic backscattered energy level from 6.5 to 16.5 GHz, as well as overall reduction from 5 to 22 GHz. Under the incidence of plane waves, various reflection phases have been observed. The diffusion of the scattering energy from the surface can be achieved by carefully choosing the phase distributions for the reflected waves. Additionally, the bistatic backscattered energy level of the prototype is realized at various frequency points. This technique is validated using artificial magnetic conductors, which uniquely combine the effects of scattering, phase cancellation, and absorption in the MS's hybrid unit cells. Further, antenna array parameters are optimized for frequency, polarization, and angular diversity, S‐parameters, radiating efficiency, reducing radar cross section (RCS) in the wideband range and ensuring robust performance. The experimental results were substantiated by simulations of the reference and proposed prototypes suggesting that the proposed prototype can be a good candidate for applications that require a low monostatic and bistatic RCS platform.

Wideband and Low-Profile Array of Tightly Coupled Dipole Subarrays

This letter introduces a novel wideband, low profile, tightly coupled dipole subarray for wireless communication systems. The proposed subarray, composed of 3 × 3 unit elements, offers a planar structure with high aperture efficiency. The unit element is a bow-tie-shaped tightly coupled dipole antenna covered by a frequency-selective surface for wideband operation. Using power dividers with quarter-wave transformers, the proposed subarray achieved an impressive impedance-matching bandwidth of 28.6–41.6 GHz (37.8%). This wideband performance was maintained in a 4 × 4 array configuration as well. The antenna’s low-profile design (0.08λc) and high aperture efficiency (77.2%) set it apart from existing wideband patch array antennas, making it a promising candidate for future wireless communication applications.

Design and Simulation of Circular Dielectric Resonator Antenna and Investigation of Structure, Microstructure, and Dielectric Properties of Mn‐Modified Sr2SnO4

Samples with compositions of Sr2Sn1−xMnxO4(SSM) with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10 are prepared by conventional ceramic route via heat treatment at 1350 °C. Phase and crystal structure analysis is studied using X‐ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement to confirm the crystallization of samples in the tetragonal structure under space group I4/mmm. The size‐strain plot method is employed to identify the role of Mn on crystallite size/microstrain/dislocation density. The scanning electron microscope and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis confirm a significant change in the grain size and compositional homogeneity of all samples with Mn‐doping. Dielectric properties of samples are explained in terms of interfacial and orientation polarization of dipoles . Modulus studies show the exclusion of electrode contribution from the electrical properties. The single‐segment circular dielectric resonator antenna is designed with the help of experimental dielectric parameters and showed two major resonant frequencies at 3.6 and 6.7 GHz. The reduction in the S11 parameter and −10 dB reflection coefficient bandwidth with Mn‐doping observed due to overlapping of the E‐field line suggests the application in patch array antenna for radar and satellite communication applications. This study also enables to explore Sr2SnO4‐based Ruddlesden Popper oxide for antenna and mm‐wave communication applications.

Dual‐port circular patch antenna array: Enhancing gain and minimizing cross‐polarization for mm‐wave 5G networks

Dual‐port circular patch antenna array: Enhancing gain and minimizing cross‐polarization for mm‐wave 5G networks

Retraction Note: Design and analysis of MIMO system for THz communication using terahertz patch antenna array based on photonic crystals with graphene

Retraction Note: Design and analysis of MIMO system for THz communication using terahertz patch antenna array based on photonic crystals with graphene

Wideband circularly polarized patch array antenna with shared patches

AbstractIn this paper, a novel wideband circularly polarized (CP) array antenna is proposed. The array element is composed of four driven patches, four parasitic patches, and a loop feeding structure. On the basis of the array element structure, 1 × 2 and 2 × 2 arrays with shared patches are formed separately. Compared with the traditional structure, the volume of the 1 × 2 array antenna which only shares the patches in the x direction is reduced by 15%, and the volume of the 2 × 2 array antenna which shares the patches in the x and y directions is further reduced by 28%. The cleverness of this method is that it can keep the impedance bandwidth almost unchanged. To validate the simulated results, antenna prototypes are fabricated and measured. The results of the measurements demonstrate that the impedance bandwidths of the 1 × 2 and 2 × 2 array antennas are 27.2% (5.40–7.10 GHz) and 35.7% (5.22–7.49 GHz), respectively, and the 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidths are 22.7% (5.31–6.67 GHz) and 25.4% (5.47–7.06 GHz), respectively. In addition, the measured data show that the 1 × 2 array exhibits a peak gain of 11.1 dBic, and the 2 × 2 array achieves a peak gain of 12.6 dBic. Both of them achieve a flat gain with a maximum ripple of less than 1.3 dB over the whole operating band.

Planar Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Array with Corporate-Feed Network for Gain Enhancement

Abstract: The design and performance analysis of a inset-fed planar rectangular microstrip patch antenna array with corporatefeed network systems is presented in this paper. This design aims to increase the gain of the rectangular patch antenna through the use of a 16-element planar rectangular antenna array. Each element in this planar array is fed by T-junction power divider networks with quarter-wave transformer lines via the corporate-feed method. The antenna is designed over the operating frequency of 2.4 GHz using the substrate material FR-4, which has a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a loss tangent of 0.002. By the addition of radiating patches in the array design, the gain, directivity and bandwidth also has been improved significantly. The proposed antenna array provides a gain of 9.284 dB, a directivity of 16.2 dBi, and a bandwidth of 0.361 GHz. The designed antenna can be used for wireless applications.

Microstrip Patch Antenna Array Inspired by Split Ring Resonators for 5.8 GHz Applications

Microstrip Patch Antenna Array Inspired by Split Ring Resonators for 5.8 GHz Applications

A switchable PCM-based integrated structure with alternative radiation and stealth functions

In this work, based on the switchable polarization conversion metasurface (SPCM), the dual functions of high gain right-handed circularly polarized (RHCP) radiation and wideband 10 dB radar cross section (RCS) reduction stealth are achieved in one structure. As the key component to achieve good radiation and low RCS, the proposed SPCM unit consists of the asymmetrical Jerusalem Cross top layer and switchable metal plate bottom layer separated by an air space. Then the SPCMs are arranged in a chessboard configuration and placed above a patch array antenna with the sequentially rotated feeding network. When p-i-n diodes are on, low RCS is implemented by 180° (±37°) reflection phase differences between two neighboring SPCM cells. When p-i-ns are off, the chessboard SPCM provides a transmission window for highly directional RHCP wave radiation.

Measurement of Inter-WBAN Interference Power in Dynamic User-Dense Environment Using Wearable ${2\times 2}$ Elements Patch Array Antenna at 15 GHz

Measurement of Inter-WBAN Interference Power in Dynamic User-Dense Environment Using Wearable ${2\times 2}$ Elements Patch Array Antenna at 15 GHz

Optimizing Radar Functionality: Development of a Steerable Patch Antenna Array With Enhanced Bandwidth

AbstractToday, wireless communication systems need an antenna with a high gain, efficiency and beamsteering, as well as broadband capability, especially important in radar communications. The array antenna is commonly used in many applications due to its advantages, such as high gain and wide bandwidth. This paper presents an advanced design of a horizontally steerable planar antenna array intended for significant radar applications. A novel structure is used to create a compact array antenna of 8 × 3 elements. The design features a comprehensive 60° steering sector alongside a notable 12% bandwidth (4.45─5.42 GHz), using 8 × 3 planar array in an novel configuration. A three‐element series‐fed vertical array is utilized, employing aperture feeds with precisely sized patches to maximize performance. A detailed description of the design and refinement process of this array is presented, with emphasis on its exceptional capabilities for horizontal steering and bandwidth efficiency. By employing series‐fed vertical arrays with variable patch dimensions, we have successfully developed an antenna array that meets the stringent bandwidth requirements essential for radar technology, thereby enhancing the operational versatility of radar systems.

Malfunctioning conformal phased array: Radiation pattern recovery with particle swarm optimisation

AbstractThe electronic beam steering in conformal phased arrays is formed by exciting the multiple antennas with appropriate phase shifts. However, the malfunctioning of phase shifters connected to the central antenna elements in the conformal array distorts the radiation pattern of the array system severely as compared to edge elements resulting in the reduction of the array gain and increase in the side lobe levels. Here, the authors propose a non‐dominated sorting multi‐objective particle swarm optimisation (NS‐MOPSO) technique capable of recalculating the independent phases of working antenna elements in the array in such a manner as to correct the overall radiation pattern. To illustrate the radiation pattern's recovery capabilities of the optimisation technique in case of malfunctioning of any random phase shifter(s), a 1 x 7 microstrip patch antenna array operating at 2.45 GHz on a wedge‐shaped conformal structure was designed in CST simulator. To test, the radiation pattern's recovery capabilities of the NS‐MOPSO approach, phase shifters connected to the antenna elements in the array were made to malfunction. Then the optimisation algorithm recalculates the phases for individual antenna elements to achieve the desired corrected radiation pattern. The simulated and measured radiation pattern recovery results are in good agreement with each other.

Feeding‐line‐based decoupling patch antennas

AbstractMutual coupling among multiple antennas has been a problem needed to be tackled in multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) systems. A decoupling method based on short decoupling feeding lines (DFLs) for MIMO patch antennas is proposed. The decoupling method utilises the feeding transmission line to create a new coupling path between the closely placed patch antennas. By adjusting the intensity and phase of the introduced new coupling, the original coupling can be cancelled out. The proposed method can realise both E‐ and H‐plane decoupling. A 1 × 2 H‐plane MIMO patch antenna array is first presented to explain the decoupling mechanism. Then, two practical examples of 2 × 2 and 4 × 4 MIMO patch antenna arrays are designed, fabricated and measured. The results indicate that the port isolation can be apparently improved from 15 to 38 dB for H‐plane coupling and from 19 to 35 dB for E‐plane coupling at the centre frequency of 3.5 GHz. Moreover, the proposed method is promising to be applied in arrays with other antenna type by adjusting the position and size of short DFLs.

On the Detection of Vulnerable Road Users—Simulating Limits of an FMCW Radar

The complexity of urban traffic environments poses unique challenges for automotive radar sensors. Limited range and Doppler resolution hinder the ability to distinguish closely spaced objects and detect vulnerable road users, particularly pedestrians. Therefore, it is important to know the limits of FMCW radars. To assess these limitations, the WinProp channel simulator is used to model and simulate traffic scenarios regarding the detection of the range, velocity, and SNR of targets. To validate WinProp as a simulation tool for traffic scenarios, a real traffic scenario is configured and the simulation results compared to the measurement results in order to demonstrate the suitability of WinProp for simulating traffic scenarios and evaluating radar detection performance. The close agreement between the simulation and measurement results provides validation for WinProp’s accuracy in modeling detections and signal processing within traffic scenarios. To showcase the limitations of FMCW radars, two scenarios with challenging detection conditions are simulated: an occluded pedestrian between parked vehicles and a densely populated road. A monostatic setup with a single patch antenna and a 16 × 16 patch antenna array is evaluated, using chirp bandwidths of 1 GHz and 4 GHz. The simulations have shown that although it is feasible to detect an occluded pedestrian by multipath propagation, there is still a need in improving the detection performance when there is no multipath from an occluded pedestrian. Furthermore, the results indicate that higher bandwidth improves target separation but is insufficient for occluded pedestrian detection without multipath. However, with some targets, even the range resolution at 4 GHz was not sufficient, which required a separation in the Doppler dimension, emphasizing the need for overall resolution improvement of FMCW radars. Future work should focus on developing more complex road user models and simulating a broader range of scenarios to comprehensively evaluate radar performance in road traffic environments.

A Compact Linear Microstrip Patch Beamformer Antenna Array for Millimeter-Wave Future Communication.

5/6G is anticipated to address challenges such as low data speed and high latency in current cellular networks, particularly as the number of users overwhelms 4G and LTE capabilities. This paper proposes a microstrip patch antenna array comprising six radiating patches and utilizing a microstrip line feeding technique to facilitate the compact design crucial for 5G implementation. ROGER 3003, chosen for its advanced and environmentally friendly features, serves as the dielectric material, ensuring suitability for 5G and B5G applications. The designed antenna, evaluated at a resonating frequency of 28.8 GHz with a -10 dB impedance bandwidth of 1 GHz, offers a high gain of 9.19 dBi. Its compact array, cost-effectiveness, and broad impedance and radiation coverage position it as a viable candidate for 5G and future communication applications.

Complementary split resonant ring inspired wide-angle frequency-scanning patch array leaky-wave antenna with open-stopband suppression

In this paper, a wide-angle scanning and dual-linearly polarized leaky-wave antenna (LWA) is proposed based on symmetrical complementary split resonant ring (CSRR) feeding lines. The CSRR excites high-dispersed spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) and is inspired to enlarge the scanning angle of the circular patch array antenna. The coupling between CSRR and circular patch determines the unit cell dispersion characteristics of LWA, and the coupling between CSRR and circular patch is controlled by designing their respective periods, p/b, to suppress the open-stopband and reduce the grating lobe, The value of p/b controls the frequency range of the open-stopband. Two parallel CSRR feeding lines are located on the bottom layer of the antenna and feed the array antenna of 11 circular patches above the feeding layer with both differential and common modes excitations. The two modes switch with 1-bit phase shifters on the two parallel feeding lines fed with a Wilkinson power splitter and electronically switch dual-linearly polarized radiations. The proposed scenario of the LWA prototype is validated through simulations and experiments. According to the measurements, horizontally polarized radiation achieves large beam scanning angle from −59.5° to +40° in the frequency range from 8 to 11 GHz with common mode excitation. And vertically polarized radiation scanning the main beam from −47° to +41° in the frequency range from 7.8 to 10.8 GHz with differential-mode excitation. The measured peak gains of the two polarizations are 14.4 dBi and 14.2 dBi, respectively, and the cross-polarization ratios are above 21 dB.

Design of A New Hexagonal Patch Antenna Array

In satellite TV broadcasting, the general public's enthusiasm for this multimedia communication application is unprecedented, and demand is growing all the time. To meet this growing need for satellite reception, future generations of equipment will call for increasingly powerful yet discreet antennas. Our research focused on the design of a 2x1 planar antenna array with hexagonal-shaped patches operating in the Ku-band, basically at the frequency of 11.7 GHz. The original-shaped radiating element is designed using a methodical approach based on printed antenna theory and simulations.