Patas Research Articles

Intestinal absorption, exocrine pancreatic function and response to Vibrio cholerae infection in protein deficient patas monkeys ( Erythrocebus patas)

Six patas monkeys ( Erythrocebus patas) were fed a protein-free diet. Sixteen animals of the same species received a standard monkey diet. The protein-depleted patas showed reduced absorption of folic acid but not D-xylose, and 5 out of 6 had a decrease in the exocrine pancreatic function. Animals with reduced folic acid absorption and pancreatic enzyme production developed a longer lasting diarrhoea and excreted the microorganisms for a longer time when challenged with Vibrio cholerae.

Sedation of sheep and patas monkeys with ketamine

20 mg/kg ketamine appears to induce safe and satisfactory sedation in sheep and patas monkeys. No animals died and the recovery period in monkeys was uncomplicated.

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection occurred spontaneously in a group of patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas).

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection occurred spontaneously in a group of patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas).

Changes in facial color associated with pregnancy in patas monkeys. (With 1 color plate).

During pregnancy, female patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas pyrronotus) exhibit a characteristic set of bodily color changes. These changes, certain of which may be used as ‘pregnanc

The effects of interspecies infant interaction upon social behavior ofMacaca irus andErythrocebus patas

TwoMacaca irus and twoErythrocebus patas mother-infant pairs were used as experimental subjects to test the effects of interspecies interaction upon social behavior of monkeys. Cynomolgous and patas monkeys given intraspecies interation served as control animals. An unexpected result of this study is that mother-infant behaviors were more affected by interspecies interaction than were infant-infant behaviors. The results indicate that the importance one animal has for another in the development of social behavior depends upon two factors: (a) the behavioral repertoires of interacting animals must be similar and (b) each animal must respond “appropriately” to the other's behavior.

Induction of hepatitis B antibody in experimental animals by immunization with A-2 plaque virus.

A sero-conversion for hepatitis B antibody has resulted from immunization of patas monkeys, guinea pigs, and rabbits with the A-2 plaque virus. This agent was isolated in tissue culture from patient sera that were positive for hepatitis B antigen. The immune response was assayed with techniques of direct and indirect counter-immunoelectrophoresis, and immune electron microscopy.

Erythrocebus Patas—An Anatomically Suitable Primate Model for Reproductive Studies

Erythrocebus Patas—An Anatomically Suitable Primate Model for Reproductive Studies

Serological responses of patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) to vaccination against cholera and yellow fever.

Gateff (1), after examining sera from a small number of persons in Africa, stated that cholera vaccination (CV) may lower the yellow fever (YF) antibody titers and vice versa. Nonhuman primates respond with antibody formation to most vaccines used in man. Patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) are especially useful in the study of immunologic responses to antigens prepared from vibrios, as well as from yellow fever virus (2). Therefore, this species was used to see whether or not antagonism between CV and yellow fever vaccine (YFV) occurs in primates other than man.Patas monkeys. Patas monkeys of both sexes, weighing 4–8 kg and free from signs of disease as determined by clinical, hematological, urine, stool, clinical chemistry and blood culture examination, were used. Blood samples were collected before and periodically after inoculations. The sera were stored at —20° without a preservative.Vibriocidal antibody titer (VA) determinations. Vibriocidal antibody titer was determined by technique of Watanabe et a...

Infectivity of Plasmodium berghei and of Babesia rodhaini to various primates.

Plasmodium berghei was inoculated into various primates and the following species became infected: splenectomized Macaca arctoides (Asian); intact Cebus albifrons, C. apella, and Aotus trivirgatus (American); and splenectomized Erythrocebus patas, Cercopithecus pygerythrus, Cercocebus galentus, and Papio papio (African). The infections were all light and most of them were transient, but those in M. arctoides, C. galeritus, and P. papio lasted up to 78 days. Two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), one of them splenectomized, resisted infection. Babesia rodhaini also was inoculated into many of the above animals. Infections were produced in intact Cebus apella and in splenectomized Cercopithecus pygerythrus, Papio papio, and Pan troglodytes. The infections were subpatent and were demonstrated only by subinoculation into mice. Apparently these two parasites are less restricted in their range of possible hosts than was previously believed.

Pulmonary arterial pressure and structure in the patas monkey after prolonged administration of aminorex fumarate

An anorexigen, aminorex fumarate, has been considered to be a cause of primary pulmonary hypertension in Switzerland, West Germany, and Austria. Daily oral doses of aminorex were given to two patas monkeys for 347 days without producing any elevation of pulmonary arterial blood pressure. A subsequent pathological study revealed no evidence of hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease.

Comparative anatomy and histology of the cervix uteri in non-human primates

The uterine cervix of rhesus macaque, crab-eating macaque, stump-tailed macaque, pig-tailed macaque, marmoset, baboon, patas, and squirrel monkeys was studied macroscopically and microscopically. Distribution of spermatozoa and leukocytes in the lumen and within the crypts and clefts was studied in rhesus and marmoset uterine cervix. The cervical canal of baboon, patas, marmoset, and stump-tailed monkeys is straight or slightly bent. The presence of variably developed ventral and dorsal colliculi in rhesus, crab-eating, and pig-tailed macaques causes the dorsoventral sinuosity of the cervical canal. The cervix of all investigated specimens is fundamentally fibrous tissue and the amount of muscle fibers increases toward the uterine corpus. The cervical mucosa of baboon, marmoset, and patas monkeys contains a large amount of clefts and tubular tunnels of variable structure, length, width, direction, and degree of branching. The cervical mucosa of macaques contains a large number of crypts of complex structure, length, width and degree of branching. The cervical crypts in macaques are usually longer in the ectocervix; whereas, in the midcervix, mucosa contains small crypts, clefts and long tunnels. Squamo-columnar junction is located near the external os in baboon, patas, marmoset, rhesus, crab-eating, and pig-tailed monkeys. In squirrel monkey, squamous epithelium is continuous through the external os, covers the vestibule and external surface of the cervical colliculi. In stump-tailed macaque, squamo columnar junction is located in the vagina, 1–3 cm from the external os of the cervix. The vaginal wall between the squamo-columnar junction and the external os of the cervix is covered with heavily branched mucosa lined with columnar epithelium. Ciliated cells of cervical epithelium occur in 9 to 19%. A large number of spermatozoa and a relatively low number of leucocytes have been found within crypts and clefts of cervical mucosa. The results are discussed in relation to the function of the cervix in different stages of the cycle, during pregnancy and parturition.

Entopolypoides macaci, a Babesia-like parasite in Cercopithecus monkeys

A description is given of a Babesia-like parasite found in the erythrocytes of two Cercopithecus pygerythrus monkeys probably from East Africa. Morphologically it seems identical with a parasite found by Mayer (1934) in Macaca irus monkeys from Java and named by him Entopolypoides macaci. On the other hand, the present African type differs from the Javan one in that it does not readily infect M. irus or M. mulatta monkeys; and it might well be named provisionally E. macaci (cercopitheci). Morphologically, the early forms are fine rings with a large vacuole but the more mature parasites form several fine long processes which are best seen under phase-contrast illumination. The cycle in the erythrocytes probably ends by division into four new parasites and it takes 3 days to quadruple the number. There is no synchronicity, such as occurs with malaria. The parasite was passed by syringe into Erythrocebus patas, Papio papio and Cercocebus galeritus monkeys in which it produced a light parasitaemia if they were intact, or an intense one (up to 70% erythrocytes parasited) if they were splenectomized. In both cases the bouts of parasitaemia are prolonged for weeks, and they may continue with relapses apparently for years. A light transient infection was produced in one splenectomized Macaca mulatta and in one out of two intact M. irus monkeys, but not in one M. arctoides (splenectomized), one Cebus albifrons, one C. apella, two Aotus trivirgatus and two Pan troglodytes (one splenectomized). Apparently the parasite readily infected African lower primates, hardly infected Asiatic ones, and did not infect American ones. Even in susceptible splenectomized monkeys, in which it produced prolonged intense parasitaemia, the parasite causes little pathogenic effect beyond a moderate anaemia. Attempts were made to transmit it through Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor andersoni, Ornithodoros (sp.), Ornithonyssus bacoti and Aedes aegypti but they were unsuccessful. Probably the vector is an Ixodid tick. Chemotherapeutically the parasite was sensitive to a babesicidal compound, Imidocarb (3,3′-bis-(2 imidazolin-2yl) carbanilide) and to primaquine but not to chloroquine, pyrimethamine, pentamidine, Berenil or homidium.

The organization of cholinesterase-containing systems of the monkey spinal cord

The spinal cords of the baboon (Papio anubis), Cercopithecus aethiops and Erythrocebus patas monkeys have been studied histochemically by the ‘direct-colouring’ thiocholine technique for cholinesterases. Of the two cholinesterases, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a prominent feature in the monkey spinal cord. Pseudo-cholinesterase (ChE) is not. AChE is present in varying quantities, in the grey matter only, at all levels of the cord. Spinal white matter in the normal (unexperimented) animal did not reveal histochemically demonstrable AChE. In the dorsal horn, neurones of laminae I–III react moderately for the enzyme whilst those of laminae IV–VI appear to contain no AChE. Afferent inputs to the dorsal horn also contain no histochemically demonstrable AChE. In the intermediate grey matter there were discrete areas, for instance the nucleus dorsalis and the nucleus cervicalis centralis, containing cells staining weakly to moderately against a background of AChE negative neuropil. Staining of the vascular elements in these nuclei was atypical. Experimental evidence indicates that the dorsal spinocerebellar tract is an AChE projecting tract. A further interesting feature of the intermediate spinal grey matter is the structural ‘ladder’ design of the autonomic complex ( i.e. nuclei intermediomedialis and intermediolateralis) as revealed by their AChE content. The ventral horn contains a considerable number of stained and unstained cells. Four types of stained cells are distinguishable on the basis of cell size and staining intensity. These cell types are correlated as far as possible with physiologically indentified cell types of the ventral horn. A fifth type of cell with moderate AChE activity appears, on the basis of size and anatomical location, to correspond to the so-called ‘Renshaw cell’. The above results have been discussed in the light of existing knowledge of the structural and functional organization of the mammalian spinal cord. Possibilities for further research resulting from this study are emphasized.

Oral immunization with polyvalent streptomycin-dependent Escherichia coli vaccine.

Streptomycin-dependent Escherichia coli serotypes O 111, O 55 and O 26 were used to vaccinate young patas monkeys against these organisms by the oral route. Five administrations of 10(10) cells in 3-day intervals gave almost full protection to the animals against challenge with 9 to 11 minimal infective doses of homologous virulent organisms for at least 1 month, whether the three serotypes were administered singly or simultaneously.

Studies on the effects of bacteria on experimental schistosome infections in animals.

The initial discovery of the schistosomicidal effects of Klebsiella and E. coli on mice infected with S. mansoni is described. This antischistosomal effect was confined to Gram-negative organisms. The bacteria found to possess this property belonged to the genera: Klebsiella, Escherichia, Salmonella, Arizona, Enterobacter, Serratia and less frequently to the genera Providencia, Achromobacter and Flavobacterium. Of the 24 Gram-positive and 9 other Gram-negative organisms examined none had a lethal effect on the schistosomes. The activity of Klebsiella E.15 and E.10 against strains of S. mansoni from Egypt, Liberia and St. Lucia in mice and hamsters was similar. Klebsiella E.15 was also effective against an Egyptian strain of S. mansoni in monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and against a South African strain of S. mattheei in mice and hamsters. Activity is confined to mature schistosomes. Immature flukes of 3 weeks or less were unaffected. The rate of activity, the infection and death of the schistosome and the dose response relationship, i.e. the number of organisms given, the route of administration and the resulting kill of schistosomes are described. The precise mode of action on the schistosome is unknown. Living bacteria are essential to produce this effect. Dead bacteria of an active strain and extra-bacterial products were inactive. The effect of antibiotics on the bacterial infection of schistosomes and the interaction between the bacteria and the host are discussed. A freeze-dried preparation of Klebsiella E.10 when ampouled and kept under vacuum at 4°C for 30 months retained its viability and schistosomicidal activity. Some of the problems involved in contemplating the use of bacteria to control schistosomiasis are discussed. The possible inter-relationship between concomittant salmonellosis and schistosomiasis is briefly discussed.

Oral Immunization with Polyvalent Streptomycin-Dependent Escherichia coli Vaccine1

Streptomycin-dependent Escherichia coli serotypes O 111, O 55 and O 26 were used to vaccinate young patas monkeys against these organisms by the oral route. Five administrations of 10(10) cells in 3-day intervals gave almost full protection to the animals against challenge with 9 to 11 minimal infective doses of homologous virulent organisms for at least 1 month, whether the three serotypes were administered singly or simultaneously.

Placenta previa in a patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas).

Placenta previa in a primigravida Erythrocebus patas is described. The main clinical sign was massive vaginal hemorrhage in a gravid animal. A large oval monodiscoidal placenta was found implanted over the dilated internal os of the cervix during cesarean section. This is the first report of this condition in the patas monkey and the second account of its occurrence in a non-human primate.

Necator americanus Infection in Primates

Laboratory-bred and feral chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and young, laboratory-bred, patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) exposed to infective larvae of Necator americanus cultured from human feces developed patent infections in 42 to 54 days; adult, feral patas monkeys were refractory to infec- tion. Patent infections persisted for 16 months in the chimpanzee and for 10 mos. in the monkey with- out any indication of waning. Variation in egg output among animals exposed to the same number of larvae suggested that there was considerable variation in individual susceptibility. It was also evident that large numbers of worms, in some cases, will produce severe anemia in the host.

A comparative study of the adrenergic nerves to the anterior eye segment of some primates.

The distribution of adrenergic terminals to the anterior eye segment of humans, Cynomolgue monkeys, squirrel monkeys, owl monkeys, Cebus monkeys, vervets, tamarins, and baboons has been investigated. The cornea is normally devoid of adrenergic terminals, except in a plexus near the limbus. The trabecular meshwork contains varying numbers of adrenergic terminals: usually none in Cynomolgus monkeys, patas monkeys, vervets, and humans, although fibres have very rarely been observed in Cynomolgus monkeys, vervets, and humans; a few in owl monkeys, squirrel monkeys, and tamarins; and moderate numbers in Cebus monkeys and baboons. From the evidence, however, it seems premature to presume an adrenergic innervation of the trabecular mechanism regulating the outflow resistance. The dilatator pupillae is regularly supplied with numerous adrenergic terminals and in the iris stroma there is probably an adrenergic innervation of the melanophores. The sphincter pupillae regularly contains adrenergic terminals with notable species differences; most fibres occur in baboons and fewest in humans, with the remaining species forming a middle class. The ciliary processes in all species contain a moderate number of adrenergic terminals, presumably primarily associated with the epithelium. Intraepithelial adrenergic terminals have been observed on the pars plana of the ciliary body of humans, Cebus monkeys, vervets, baboons, and patas monkeys. The ciliary muscle of baboons and Cynomolgus monkeys contains numerous adrenergic terminals. Moderate numbers occur in Cebus monkeys and vervets, and still less in (in falling order) tamarins, squirrel monkeys, humans, and patas monkeys.

Learning of repeated and nonrepeated discrimination-reversal problems by patas monkeys.

Learning of repeated and nonrepeated discrimination-reversal problems by patas monkeys.