Past Positive Time Perspective Research Articles

Time Perspective and Entrepreneurs’ Alertness

Entrepreneurship scholars have much to gain from including time perspective in developing theory about entrepreneurs’ alertness. In this study, interviews with 22 French entrepreneurs revealed associations between their alertness and past-positive, present-hedonistic, and future time perspectives. Complementarily, a sample of 376 U.S. entrepreneurs provided evidence that their present-hedonistic and future time perspectives impacted their alertness; we found mixed support for the relationship between past-positive time perspective and entrepreneurial alertness. A replication analysis with 764 U.K. entrepreneurs corroborated support for our hypotheses.

시간관이 외상 후 성장에 미치는 영향에서 스트레스 대처전략의 매개효과

Objectives In the present study, we examined the mediating effects of the three stress coping strategies(seeking social support, problem-solving coping, and avoidance coping) in the relationship between the five factors of the time perspectives(past-positive time perspective(PP), past negative time-perspective(PN), present hedonistic time perspective(PH), present fatalistic time perspective(PF), future time perspective(F) and PTG in (under) grad-uate students with trauma.
 Methods The self-report questionnaires including Traumatic Events Questionnaire, Zimbardo Time perspective Inventory(ZTPI), Coping Strategy Indicator(CSI), Posttraumatic Growth Inventory(PTGI) were administered to 303 undergraduate and graduate students(215 women and 88 men).
 Results First, the coping strategy of seeking social support mediated the relationship between past-positive, past-negative, present hedonistic time perspective and PTG respectively. Second, problem-solving coping strat-egy showed significant mediating effects between all time perspectives except for the present hedonistic time perspective and PTG. Finally, there were no significant mediating effects of avoidance coping strategy in the rela-tionship between time perspectives and PTG.
 Conclusions The results of the present study suggest that the role of seeking social support and problem-solving coping strategies is important in the effect of time perspective on post-traumatic growth, and it should be the fo-cus of clinical intervention.

성인 남녀의 시간관이 외상 후 성장에 미치는 영향에서 회복탄력성의 매개효과

Objectives This study attempted to verify the mediating effect of resilience in the relationship between adult men and women’s time perspective and post-traumatic growth.
 Methods To this end, 450 adult men and women in their 20s and 50s who have experienced past trauma nationwide were analyzed.This study conducted frequency analysis, reliability analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis using sps 28.0, and hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to verify the mediating effect of resilience in the effect of time views on post-traumatic growth.
 Results The past negative time perspective and the present fatalistic time perspective showed a negative correlation with recovery elasticity, no significant correlation with post-traumatic growth, and post-traumatic growth showed a static correlation with recovery elasticity. In addition, the higher the past positive time perspective, present hedonistic time perspective, and future time perspective, the higher the post-traumatic growth, and resilience partially mediated the relationship between past positive time perspective, present hedonistic time perspective, and future time perspective.
 Conclusions These results suggest that time perspective are an important factor in predicting post-traumatic growth and that resilience can effectively increase the level of post-traumatic growth, and based on the relationship between these variables, it can be a basic data to help people suffering from negative changes after experiencing trauma.

The Mediational Role of Future and Past Time Perspectives in the Relationship Between Negative Affectivity and Sense of Coherence.

Sense of coherence (SoC) can promote positive coping, and one of its most prominent negative correlates is negative affectivity (NA). In the current study, we hypothesized that future and past time perspectives (TPs) will mediate the relationship between sense of coherence and negative affectivity, and the inverse relationship. The study was questionnaire-based, performed online. N = 719 participants aged 25-45 from the general Polish population took part. On the correlation level, NA was negatively related to future and past positive TPs, and positively to past negative TP. Future and past positive TPs were positively related to SoC, whereas the past negative TP was related negatively to SoC. Future and past TPs partially mediated the effect of NA on SoC. The indirect effect was the strongest for past negative TP and very weak for future and past positive TPs. The full model accounted for 52.9% of variance in SoC. Only past negative TP mediated the relationship between SoC and NA. The full model accounted for 29.8% of variance in NA. The results may serve as an inspiration to integrate time perspective aspects within the salutogenic approaches to understanding human behavior and psychological interventions.

Past-Positive time perspective predicts academic achievement via motivation, and procrastination might not be as bad as it seems

PurposeThe present research was based on an online questionnaire. A total of 256 undergraduate psychology students aged 18–44 (M = 23.61; SD = 0.57) from the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina took part in the study (137 women; 53.3%). A sociodemographic and academic survey and the locally adapted versions of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) and the Tuckman Procrastination Scale were used in this study. Participants were contacted by an email advertisement in which the main purpose of the study was explained, and the instruments remained open from September to November of 2021. Descriptive analyses – means, standard deviations and frequencies – were calculated using IBM SPSS v.25, and mediation and moderation analyses were conducted on PROCESS macro.Design/methodology/approachAcademic achievement has always been a concern in the high undergraduate's community. Numerous studies have addressed psychological aspects of students' academic life; however, a past-positive (PP) time perspective, a warm and sentimental view of past events that took place in someone's life, has not been profoundly contemplated. The fact that students might organize their activities, employ different strategies to fulfill their tasks and motivate themselves to pursue their academic goals based primarily on their past experiences calls the attention on conducting research on this time perspective dimension and its relationship with procrastination and academic motivation. It was hypothesized that the PP time perspective would positively predict academic achievement via the mediation of academic motivation in a way that the potentiate effect of PP time perspective on academic achievement would be increased in highly motivated students, but this effect would be reduced in less motivated students. Also, it was hypothesized that the relationship between motivation and academic achievement would be negatively moderated by procrastination such that academic achievement would increase with academic motivation; however, that increase would be attenuated by procrastination.FindingsAcademic achievement was positively associated with PP time perspective (r = 0.39; p < 0.01) and academic motivation (0.36; p < 0.01) and negatively associated with procrastination (r = −0.15; p < 0.05). Results showed that academic motivation mediated the relationship between PP time perspective and academic achievement (ß = 1.37; R2 = 0.21; p < 0.001). Additionally, procrastination moderated the relationship between academic motivation and academic achievement but only at the low (ß = 0.76; p < 0.001) and medium (ß = 0.44; p < 0.001) levels of procrastination, while at high levels of procrastination, that relationship was not statistically significant (ß = 0.11; p > 0.05).Originality/valueThis is the first study that examined the mediated role of academic motivation in the relationship between PP time perspective and academic achievement and that included the moderating role of procrastination.

Association between food addiction and time perspective during COVID-19 isolation.

PurposeThe concept of time perspective (TP) implies that a mental focus on past, present, or future affect a person makes decisions and take action. Inability to plan their life for a sufficiently long time perspective due to the COVID-19 pandemic appeared to have a pronounced impact on a human’s lifestyle influencing their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, including eating behavior. This study tested two hypotheses: (a) that during COVID-19 isolation, the incidence rate of food addiction is increased, and (b) people with present TP are more likely exhibited signs of food addiction (FA). MethodsThe final study sample included 949 people, mean age 21.8 ± 7.8 years (range: 17–71 years, women: 78.3%). Each participant indicated their personal data and completed Yale Food Addiction Scale and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory.ResultsThere was an increased incidence rate of FA (OR = 1.678, 95% CI = 1.324, 2.148, p = 0.000) during COVID-19 isolation. Individuals with balanced, future, and past positive TP were less likely to exhibit symptoms of FA. Persons with past negative, and present hedonistic TP were more likely to exhibit signs of FA.ConclusionThere was an increased incidence rate of FA during COVID-19 isolation. Persons with shortened time horizon are more likely to exhibit symptoms of FA.Level of evidenceLevel V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Associations among sleep-wake rhythm characteristics, time perspective and psycho-emotional state during COVID-19 isolation

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to evaluate the associations among time perspective, sleep-wake rhythm characteristics, and psycho-emotional state during COVID-19 isolation. The study was carried out from April 17 to 14 June 2020and involved 844 people aged 17 to 26 years (average age: 19.4 ± 1.8 years, women: 79.4%). Each study participant filled out the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire, and Beck Depression Inventory. There were significant changes in the sleep characteristics during isolation: sleep duration increased by 56 minutes, sleep efficiency decreased by 2.4%, sleep phase delayed by 53 minutes, while social jetlag decreased by 77 minutes. Individuals with balanced, future, and past positive time perspective had better sleep characteristics, and were less likely to exhibit symptoms of depression. Persons with past negative, present hedonistic and present fatalistic time perspective were more likely to have worse sleep characteristics, and exhibited signs of depression. The results of the study indicate that persons focused on long-term planning for their lives generally endured the COVID-19 isolation more easily.

Time Perspective, Hope and Self-Regulation among Preparatory Year University Students: Exploring the Connections

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between time perspective, hope and self-regulation among foundation year students at a Malaysian public university. A survey questionnaire on the three constructs was completed by 118 Malay students aged between 18 to 21. The findings showed a significant positive correlation between the future time perspective and self-regulation (r = 0.251, p = 0.007). However, the association is a weak one. Likewise, a significant relationship was found between hope and two of the temporal orientations, i.e., the future orientation (r = 0.399, p = 0.001) and the past positive at r = 0.271, p = 0.003., which is also considered a weak relationship. However, no significant association was observed between the past positive time perspective and students’ self-regulation. On the contrary, the past negative and present-fatalistic time orientations have a significant negative relation with hope at r = - 0.308, p = 0.001 and r = - 0.207, p = 0.028, respectively. A similar result was obtained for the association between self-regulation and the PN orientation at r = - 0.290, p = 0.002. It was also found that hope and students’ self-regulation are strongly correlated (r = 0.268, p = 0.004). In essence, the results imply that students with a high future time orientation are likely to have high levels of hope and self-regulation. Therefore, time perspective, especially the future orientation, and self-regulation skills could be important intervention factors for addressing students’ academic obstacles. The findings of this study are beneficial for counselors, educators, and supervisors in designing intervention programs to help students become more positive and optimistic individuals.

Personality Traits and Time Perspectives: Implications for Adolescents’ Mental Health and Mental Illness

This study investigated how adolescents’ Big Five personality traits are related to mental health (i.e., happiness) and mental illness (i.e., depressive symptoms and anxiety) and whether their time perspectives may be potential mediators of these relations. The sample included 235 high school students (54.5% girls), aged between 15 and 18 (M = 16.87, SD = 0.68). The results indicated that adolescents with higher emotional stability also reported higher levels of happiness and lower levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety, whereas those with high levels of extraversion or conscientiousness experienced higher happiness. Further, adolescents with low levels of past negative or high levels of past positive time perspectives also reported high levels of happiness and low levels of mental illness. Furthermore, high levels of present fatalist and low levels of present hedonist time perspectives were associated with low levels of happiness. Our findings provided evidence for the mediating role of the past negative and past positive time perspectives for the relations of extraversion, emotional stability and agreeableness with both mental health and mental illness. Finally, the present hedonistic time perspective mediated the relations of extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness with happiness, whereas the present fatalist time perspective mediated the relation between emotional stability and happiness. Our study highlights the importance of time perspectives as mediational factors for the relations of the personality traits with adolescents’ mental health and mental illness.

Differences in the Psychological Profiles of Elite and Non-elite Athletes.

One of the main goals of sport psychology is to identify those psychological factors that are relevant for sport performance as well as possibilities of their development. The aim of the study was to determine whether the set of specific psychological characteristics [generalized self-efficacy, time perspective, emotional intelligence (EI), general achievement motivation, and personality dimensions] makes the distinction between athletes based on their (non)-participation in the senior national team, that is, their belonging to the subsample of elite or non-elite athletes depending on this criterion. According to the group centroids it can be said that elite athletes are characterized by a positive high score in self-efficacy, emotionality, present fatalistic time perspective, past positive time perspective, and openness to experience. They are also characterized by low past negative time perspective, emotional competence, and future time perspective. Non-elite athletes have the opposite traits. The results have been discussed in the context of their application in the process of talent selection and development in sport as well as the development of life skills in athletes.

Postrzeganie czasu i poczucie dobrostanu w adaptacji do starości

Time Perception and Psychological Well-being in Adapting to Old Age The subject of the studies was to indicate whether there is a relationship between the time perception of older people and their psychological well-being. The study included 238 persons aged 60 years and older. To collect data, the following tools of psychological measurement were applied: Psychological Well-Being Scale (SDP) and The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZPTI). It has been proven that the past positive time perspective is the one that best characterizes a given group. Numerous statistically significant relationships between particular time perspectives and psychological well-being have been demonstrated, both in their global area and in their individual dimensions. Słowa kluczowe: d

Grateful people are happier because they have fond memories of their past

Past studies demonstrated that grateful people report higher well-being. Research has rarely examined the mechanisms that explains this relation. In three studies (N = 787), we proposed that time perspectives may be one reasons why grateful people report higher well-being. Studies 1 and 2 used a cross-sectional design with adults and students that demonstrated a unique association between trait gratitude and well-being, which is largely explained by the past positive time perspective. Study 3 used a brief longitudinal design in a more ethnically diverse student sample and found that trait gratitude predicted life satisfaction one-month later, in part, because the grateful people reported more past positive time perspective. In short, these findings were consistent across diverse samples and remained even after controlling for the Big Five personality traits. The discussion focuses on the implications that these results have for the gratitude and time perspective literature.

Célok, tervek és tanulási stratégiák serdülők és fiatal felnőttek körében

A középiskolai és felsőoktatási sikeresség szempontjából lényeges tényező a fiatalok jövőre vonatkozó gondolkodásának, valamint az ezzel összefüggésben álló tényezőknek a megismerése. Vizsgálatunk célja középiskolások és egyetemisták időperspektíváinak, célorientációinak, tanulási stratégiáinak és halogatásának összehasonlítása, továbbá ezek összefüggéseinek, valamint az eredményességgel való kapcsolatuknak a feltárása volt. Kutatásunkban a Zimbardo-féle Rövidített Időperspektíva Kérdőívet (Zimbardo és Boyd, 1999; 2012, magyarul Orosz és mtsai, 2015), az Aktív-passzív halogatás kérdőívet (Choi és Moran, 2009, magyarul Szabó, 2012), a 3×2 Teljesítés-Cél Kérdőívet (Elliot és mtsai, 2011, magyarul Urbán és mtsai, 2014) és a Tanulási stratégiák kérdőívet (Pintrich és mtsai, 1991, magyarul D. Molnár, 2013) használtuk. A mérőeszközök megfelelő pszichometriai jellemzőkkel rendelkeznek mindkét korcsoportban. A középiskolások körében gyakrabban megfigyelhető a jelen hedonista és a jelen fatalista időperspektíva, míg az egyetemisták esetén a jövő-orientált és múlt pozitív orientáció idődimenzió jelent meg határozottabban. Az adaptív célok és tanulási stratégiák követése jellemzőbb a hallgatók körében, ugyanakkor a kevésbé hatékony memorizáló tanulási stratégia követése is erősebb. Elemzéseink szerint a feladat-célok függenek össze a legszorosabban a tanulással kapcsolatba hozható vizsgált egyéni jellemzőkkel, így a tanulási stratégiák egyes skáláival vagy a teljesítménnyel való elégedettséggel. Emellett a célok és az időperspektívák kapcsolatának vizsgálata ugyancsak megerősítette, hogy a feladat-célok adaptívabbak a szelf-céloknál, mivel az előbbiek erősebb összefüggést mutattak az egyértelműen pozitív jellemzőként számon tartott jövő-orientációval.

균형적 시간관이 대학생의 궁극적 행복감에 미치는 영향:사회적 유대감의 매개효과

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of balanced time perspective on undergraduate student’s flourishing, and see the mediating effect of social connectedness. For this purpose, we conducted online and offline surveys of 205 undergraduate students at universities across the nation in Korea and the results were analyzed using SPSS 23.0. First, through one-way ANOVA, future-positive time perspective group or balanced time perspective group’s flourishing were higher than group with past-positive time perspective or restrictive time perspective. For social connectedness, balanced time perspective group and other three groups showed different result. Thus, balanced time perspective group showed higher social connectedness. Second, positive predictors of undergraduate students’ flourishing are school life satisfaction, academic achievement satisfaction, balanced time perspective and social connectedness. Lastly, social connectedness partly mediate the relationship between balanced time perspective and flourishing. Thus, it shows that undergraduate students’ balanced time perspective has direct influence on flourishing as well as indirect influence through social connectedness.

Adolescents’ subjective well-being: The role of adolescents’ and mothers’ time perspectives

This study investigated the relations between adolescents’ and their mothers’ time perspectives and adolescents’ subjective well-being. The sample included 104 adolescents (72.1% girls), aged between 15 and 17 years and their mothers ( M = 42.67, SD = 5.66). Adolescents completed scales measuring their life events, time perspective, depressive symptoms and life satisfaction. Mothers also fill in a scale assessing their time perspective. The results showed that adolescents who reported higher levels of negative events in their life also reported higher levels of depressive symptoms and lower levels of life satisfaction. Moreover, adolescents’ depressive symptoms were significantly positively associated with their past negative time perspective, but significantly negatively correlated with past positive time perspective. Further, adolescents’ life satisfaction was negatively associated with their past negative but positively with past positive time perspectives. Concerning maternal time perspective, only fatalist present perspective was significantly negatively related with adolescents’ life satisfaction. The findings provide evidence about the role of the adolescents’ and mothers’ time perspective in explaining the adolescents’ subjective well-being.

Особенности субъективного восприятия психологического времени пациентов, проходящих лечение от алкогольной и наркотической зависимостей

Климанова Светлана Георгиевна, клинический психолог, младший научный сотрудник отделения лечения больных алкоголизмом; Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский психоневрологический институт им. В.М. Бехтерева (Санкт-Петербург), svetlanagk@mail.ru Трусова Анна Владимировна, кандидат психологических наук, доцент кафедры медицинской психологии и психофизиологии; Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет; научный сотрудник отделения лечения больных алкоголизмом, Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский психоневрологический институт им. В.М. Бехтерева (Санкт-Петербург), аnnа.v.trusovа@gmаil.соm Березина Анна Андреевна, магистрант факультета психологии, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет (Санкт-Петербург), aneta.berezina@gmail.com Мустафина Кристина Альбертовна, студент, факультет психологии, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет (Санкт-Петербург), sayoceana@gmail.com Шамаева Алина Нурдиевна, студент, факультет психологии, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет (Санкт-Петербург), ashamaeva16@gmail.com Гвоздецкий Антон Николаевич, аспирант, медицинский факультет, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет (Санкт-Петербург), comisora@yandex.ru S.G. Klimanova1, svetlanagk@mail.ru A.V. Trusova1,2, аnnа.v.trusovа@gmаil.соm A.A. Berezina2, aneta.berezina@gmail.com. K.A. Mustafina2, sayoceana@gmail.com A.N. Shamaeva2, ashamaeva16@gmail.com A.N. Gvozdetsky2, comisora@yandex.ru 1 St. Petersburg Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation 2 St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation

Does your approach to time matter for your learning? The role of time perspectives on engagement and achievement

Time perspectives have been found to be related to a wide range of psychological phenomena. However, in the educational context, there remains to be a lack of research on how they relate to important academic outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this research was to examine how time perspectives are related to educational outcomes such as engagement, its opposite disaffection and achievement. A model positing time perspectives as antecedents, engagement and disaffection as mediators, and academic achievement as an outcome was proffered. Filipino university students were recruited to answer relevant questionnaires. Results showed that future and past-positive time perspectives were positively associated with engagement and negatively associated with disaffection. Past negative and present fatalistic time perspectives were associated with disaffection. Interestingly, present fatalistic time perspective was related to both positive (engagement) and negative (disaffection) outcomes. A cultural explanation was proposed. Moreover, engagement positively predicted academic achievement, while disaffection negatively predicted it. Implications for integrating research on individual differences in time perspectives and academic outcomes are discussed.

A Matter of Time: Why Some People Plan for Retirement and Others Do Not

This study explored time perspective (TP) as a predictor of retirement antecedents (retirement planning) and consequences (adjustment, well-being, and life satisfaction). Utilizing a 3-wave longitudinal study with 367 retirees, the stability of TP was explored to determine whether it is best represented as a state or trait. Between 79% and 93% of the variance in TP can be explained by trait rather than state. Present hedonistic, past negative, and future oriented predicted retirement planning. Outcomes of retirement were positively predicted by retirement planning, and past positive TP, and negatively predicted by past negative, present fatalistic, and present hedonistic TP. Implications for the design of retirement interventions were explored acknowledging the stability of TP and the influence of different TPs on planning and adjustment.

Living in the past? Time perspective and spirituality as predictors of successful rehabilitation in problem drinkers

Time perspective (TP) refers to an individual’s way of relating to the past, present and future. Although there is evidence that TP is a valid predictor of negative health–related behaviours, little is known about its role in rehabilitation. This study examined relationships between TP orientations and three indices of rehabilitation (length of abstinence, compulsive desire to drink alcohol, and anxiety) in a sample of 101 recovering alcoholics (52 per cent male) attending Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). The role of spirituality in predicting rehabilitation outcomes was also examined. Findings revealed that past negative, present hedonistic and present fatalistic oriented TPs were associated with poorer rehabilitation outcomes, whereas past positive TP was related to better outcomes. Spirituality related to specific TP dimensions and appeared to be a protective factor in the successful management of problem drinking. How the findings of this study might inform the development of interventions to aid rehabilitation in problem drinkers is discussed.