Passivation Tendency Research Articles

Peningkatan Hasil Belajar PA-Katolik Melalui Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) pada Peserta Didik Kelas III Fase B di SD Negeri 06 Emang Bemban

This research aims to improve the learning outcomes of students in the subject of Catholic Religious Education (PA-Katolik) through the implementation of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model for third-grade students in Phase B at SD Negeri 06 Emang Bemban. In the learning process, students often exhibit a passive tendency due to various factors, such as unengaging teaching methods, lengthy explanations, or a lack of understanding of the presented material.In light of this situation, this study was conducted to identify the characteristics of the students and seek solutions to enhance their engagement in learning. By employing the PBL model, the research findings indicate a significant increase in student activity in each cycle conducted. Through this approach, it is expected that better and more engaging learning outcomes can be achieved.

Effect of Laser Energy Density on the Properties of CoCrFeMnNi High-Entropy Alloy Coatings on Steel by Laser Cladding

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have emerged as a novel class of materials with exceptional mechanical and corrosion properties, offering promising applications in various engineering fields. However, optimizing their performance through advanced manufacturing techniques, like laser cladding, remains an area of active research. This study investigated the effects of laser energy density on the mechanical and electrochemical properties of CoCrFeMnNi HEA coatings applied to Q235 substrates. Utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD), this study confirmed the formation of a single-phase face-centered cubic (FCC) structure in all coatings. The hardness of the coatings peaked at 210 HV with a laser energy density of 50 J/mm2. Friction and wear tests highlighted that a coating applied at 60 J/mm2 exhibited the lowest wear rate, primarily due to adhesive and oxidative wear mechanisms, while the 55 J/mm2 coating showed increased hardness but higher abrasive wear. Electrochemical testing revealed superior corrosion resistance for the 60 J/mm2 coating, with a slow corrosion rate and minimal passivation tendency in contrast to the 55 J/mm2 coating. The comprehensive evaluation indicates that the HEA coating with an energy density of 60 J/mm2 exhibits exceptional wear and corrosion resistance.

Dependence of molybdenum content on the cavitation corrosion synergy and wear failure of laser cladded CoCrFeNiMnMo high entropy alloy coatings

The CoCrFeNiMnMo high entropy alloy (HEA) coatings with various Mo contents (0.1, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0 in atomic ratio) were prepared by laser cladding, aiming at determining the optimum Mo content and the effect of Mo on the microstructure and properties of CoCrFeNiMnMox HEA. The synergistic cavitation failure-corrosion impact of the coatings was also studied in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. Experimental results showed that HEA coatings were only composed of FCC matrix and the grains were refined gradually with the increase of Mo contents. Meanwhile, the corrosion resistance of the coatings increased first and then decreased. The CoCrFeNiMnMo05 possessed the highest corrosion resistance as indicated by the highest polarization resistance, strongest passivation tendency and lowest carrier concentration. The wear resistance of the coatings was significantly higher than that of the substract. The enhanced wear resistance was contributed to the grain refinement and solid solution strengthening. After 8h cavitation failure, the CoCrFeNiMnMo05 showed the lowest mean depth failure of 0.05 μm as it maintains the highest self-healing ability and integrity of passive film during the synergistic effect of cavitation failure and corrosion. In this study, the optimum Mo content was determined and the effect of Mo on the microstructure and properties of CoCrFeNiMnMox HEA was described.

Investigating battery black mass leaching performance as a function of process parameters by combining leaching experiments and regression modeling

The current paper investigates the leaching phenomena of industrially produced Li-ion battery waste in hydrometallurgical recycling processes. Specifically, it studies the leaching reactions of NMC111-type (LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2) black mass, as well as the statistical behavior of cathode material leaching yields under varying process conditions. The investigated process variables include reductive agent concentrations (Fe2+, Cu, H2O2) as well as process temperature, whereas S/L ratio (200 g/L) and initial acidity (2 M H2SO4) were kept constant. At lower temperatures (T = 30 °C), copper was found to act as the predominant reductant, enabled by the presence of sufficient solution iron concentrations (≥0.4 g/L Fe). Conversely, at higher temperatures (T ≥ 50 °C), the reductive capability of aluminum was substantially increased due to its decreased tendency for passivation. In contrast to copper, dissolved iron did not notably affect the reductive behavior of aluminum. The efficiency of metallic reductants initially present within the black mass was high, reaching cathode metal leaching yields above 90 % at 70 °C. A predictive leaching model for black mass leaching yields was built via regression analysis and can be used to indicate pregnant leach solution (PLS) composition – via leaching yields – after two hours of processing as a function of the investigated process variables. The model showed leaching temperature to be the most impactful parameter, while also indicating a higher reductive efficiency of copper when compared to equimolar additions of H2O2. As a case example, LFP (LiFePO4) cathode powder was also investigated as an alternative reductant/catalysis species (Fe2+) source in the system and was found to increase cathode metal leaching yields almost as much as FeSO4 while also resulting in a remarkable increase in Al dissolution in the process.

Effect of N2 partial pressure on ZrN coating orientation and tribocorrosion behavior and mechanism

The ZrN coatings were prepared using multi-arc ion plating (MAIP) under different N2 partial pressures ranging from 10 % to 80 %. A comprehensive analysis of the microstructure, electrochemical behavior, and tribocorrosion properties of these coatings showed a gradual deposition rate decrease with rising N2 partial pressure. Analysis using GIXRD revealed higher N2 pressure led to a shift in crystal orientation from (111) to (200), initially increasing corrosion resistance but later declining. At 70 % N2 pressure, the ZrN coating exhibited the lowest values of capacitance Cpo (8.89 μF cm−2) and double-layer capacitance Cdl (1.14 × 10−7 F cm−2), with the highest values for the two-time constants τ recorded as 0.274 s and 5.749 s. The tribocorrosion behavior correlated closely with the corrosion performance, with the ZrN-70 % coating demonstrating superior tribocorrosion resistance and a minimal wear rate of 4.25 × 10−5 mm3/Nm. While the ZrN-80 % coating exhibited the lowest wear rate of 2.67 × 10−5 mm3/Nm, but was more susceptible to friction and corrosion synergy, causing localized failure. The outcomes reveal crystal texture significantly affected on the electrochemical and tribocorrosion characteristics of the coatings, primarily attributed to the robust passivation tendency and stability of the passivation film associated with the (200) crystal orientation. The dominant wear mechanism identified involves the interplay of adhesive, abrasive, and corrosion-erosion wear processes. Based on these results, ZrN coatings prepared using MAIP are expected to emerge as candidate materials for critical friction components in marine equipment or other corrosion-erosion environments.

MZ세대와 기성세대 유치원 교사들 간의 특성에 대한 상호 인식 탐구

Objectives The purposes of this study were to explore the perceptions of MZ Generation and established generation teachers towards each other, focusing on their experiences and thoughts from their own perspectives in early childhood education institutions.
 Methods To achieve this, six teachers belonging to the MZ Generation born between 1990 and 1997 and currently working at A and B public kindergartens located in Seoul, and five teachers belonging to the established Generation born between 1965 and 1980 were selected as research participants. Data collection was conducted through interviews from June to July 2023, and qualitative analysis was performed.
 Results Upon examining the research results, first, the established generation teachers perceived MZ generation teachers as having the following characteristics: working until the exact hour, valuing fairness and having a clear sense of responsibility, prioritizing autonomy and efficiency, thinking digitally, and self-motivated to explore and try new things. Second, MZ generation teachers perceived the established generation teachers as having the following characteristics: having a passive tendency to follow the instructions of supervisors, thinking that experience is equivalent to ability, and valuing relationships and communication.
 Conclusions This study suggests significance as it aims to understand the characteristics of teachers from different generations in early childhood education institutions to address intergenerational conflicts in the teaching culture and provide basic data for communication and collaboration.

Externalization of Indian federalism: Understanding the role of West Bengal and Tripura on India’s policy toward Bangladesh

ABSTRACT In a federal political system like India, the role of the federal units bordering the neighboring countries becomes crucial in foreign policy-making toward neighboring countries. It is expected that when similar political parties or coalition partners remain in power in both the center and the states, federal politics does not hinder policy-making toward neighboring countries. Moreover, foreign policy being a central subject, federal units any way reflect passive tendencies, especially in the case of governments with the same party affiliations. Both these simplifications are contested in this paper by citing instances of the role of West Bengal and Tripura, India’s two federal units bordering the neighboring country of Bangladesh, at different historical junctures, in which similar political parties in the center and the state resulted in more friction than when different political parties were in office in matters of India’s foreign policy-making toward Bangladesh. The paper argues that instead of federalization of foreign policy, where federal units have an influential role, this particular experience suggests an externalization of federalism, where an external variable (Bangladesh) influences internal federal dynamics to the extent that domestic electoral politics force the political parties of the two federal units to give importance to the neighboring country in taking positions on foreign policy-making. The immediate context of fifty years of the India-Bangladesh relationship and question about over-centralization during the latest phase of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) regime in India push the authors to take up Bangladesh as a case to contest the given of Indian federalism in foreign policy making.

Intentionality as Tendency and Intentionality as Consciousness-of

In this paper, I argue that according to Edmund Husserl “tendency” does not designate a specific class of intentional experiences but rather, on par with “consciousness-of,” a universal mode of intentionality essential for any constitution of sense. In doing so, I explicate Husserl’s distinction between intentionality as tendency (Tendenz), which he describes as a striving (Streben), and intentionality as consciousness-of (Bewusstsein-von), which he describes as a presentation (Vorstellung) of an intentional object. Then, I discuss Husserl’s problematic way of relating these two universal modes of intentionality. Although he claims that intentionality as tendency presupposes intentionality as consciousness-of, I argue that the universal validity of this presupposition is put into question by the consideration of drives (Triebe), which Husserl describes as passive tendencies that originally lack any consciousness of the end strived toward, and, hence, do not seem to presuppose any presentation of it. I show that the lack of intentionality as consciousness-of poses two major problems in Husserl’s account, in that it makes drives seemingly unintelligible as (i) strivings and as (ii) motivated experiences. Lastly, to find a possible solution to these problems and better clarify the relation between intentionality as tendency and intentionality as consciousness-of at the level of drives, I explore Edith Stein’s account of drives as aimless strivings governed by experiential causality (Erlebniskausalität), discussing its advantages and potential drawbacks, as well as its compatibility with Husserl’s account.

Effect of synergistic cavitation erosion-corrosion on cavitation damage of CoCrFeNiMn high entropy alloy layer by laser cladding

The CoCrFeNiMn high entropy alloy (HEAs) clad layer was prepared on the surface of 304 stainless steel using coaxial powder feeding laser cladding. The effects of laser energy density on the macroscopic residual stress, crystallographic characteristics, microhardness, corrosion resistance and cavitation erosion (CE) resistance of HEAs clad layer were studied. With the decrease of laser energy density from 45 J/mm2 to 36 J/mm2, pore defects and abnormal coarsening of microstructure in HEAs cladding layer can be effectively avoided, the average grain size can be refined to 74.3 ± 1.7 μm, the average Schmidt factor is 0.43, which also shows the highest dynamic passivation tendency and corrosion resistance in artificial seawater. After 10 h-CE, the carrier density ND in the passivation film of HEAs clad layer can be as low as 3.24 ± 0.08 × 1022 cm−3, and the lowest mean depth erosion rates (MDER) is 0.68 ± 0.07 μm/h, which is much lower than that of 304 stainless steel substrate (4.23 ± 0.13 μm/h). The excellent CE resistance of the HEAs clad layer is attributed to the fact that its grains can effectively resist the plastic deformation and the surface passivation film can maintain a relatively high degree of integrity and continuous level after long aging CE, which has a considerable application prospect in marine engineering.

Unpredictable Electrochemical Processes in Ti Dental Implants: The Role of Ti Ions and Inflammatory Products.

Peri-implantitis is a substantially prevailing condition. A potential risk factor for peri-implantitis is Ti implant corrosion. During inflammation, substantial quantities of reactive oxygen species (ROS) secretion and local acidification occur. Little is known about the interaction between the inflammatory and corrosion products on Ti surface corrosion. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the synergistic effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lactic acid, and Ti ions on Ti corrosion. Twenty-seven commercially pure Ti samples were polished (Ra ≈ 45 nm) and divided into 9 groups as a function of electrolyte: (1) artificial saliva (AS) as control (C), (2) AS + Ti ions 20 ppm (Ti), (3) AS + lactic acid (pH = 5.5) (L), (4) AS + lactic acid + Ti ions 20 ppm (TiL), (5) AS + H2O2 0.5 mM (HP0.5), (6) AS + H2O2 1.0 mM (HP1.0), (7) AS + H2O2 0.5 mM + Ti ions 20 ppm (HP0.5Ti), (8) AS + H2O2 0.5 mM + lactic acid (HP0.5L), and (9) AS + H2O2 0.5 mM + Ti ions 20 ppm + lactic acid (HP0.5TiL). Electrochemical tests were performed following ASMT guidelines. Based on Tafel's method, current density (icorr) and corresponding potential (Ecorr) were acquired from potentiodynamic curves. Using electrochemical intensity spectroscopy (EIS), Nyquist and Bode plots were derived. Using a modified Randles circuit, charge transfer resistance (Rct) and capacitance (Cdl) were estimated. Based on open-circuit potential data, groups C and Ti had the lowest potentials (around -0.3 and -0.4 V vs SCE, respectively), indicating a lower passivation tendency compared to the other groups. From potentiodynamic curves, groups HP0.5 and HP1.0 increased icorr the most. From EIS data, groups HP0.5 and HP1.0 demonstrated the lowest impedance and phase angle on the Bode plot, indicating the highest corrosion kinetics. Based on EIS modeling, the combination of Ti ions, lactic acid, and H2O2 (group HP0.5TiL) significantly decreased Rct (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the concurrent presence of Ti ions, lactic acid, and H2O2 in the vicinity of the Ti surface increased the corrosion kinetics. High corrosion may produce more Ti products in the peri-implant tissues, which may increase the potential risk of peri-implantitis.

The Influence of the Tantalum Content on the Main Properties of the TixTa9Nb8Zr2Ag Alloy

This study presents the influence of different contents of tantalum alloying elements on the mechanical and electrochemical properties of TixTa9Nb8Zr2Ag alloys and their corrosion resistance in a 3% NaCl solution. These alloys exhibit a structure with more than 80% of the beta phase, a Young’s modulus between 82 and 55 GPa close to human bone, and good corrosion resistance, with a corrosion rate between 5 and 47 μm y−1. Furthermore, the excellent corrosion behavior of the TixTa9Nb8Zr2Ag alloy with 10 and 15% tantalum content is highlighted, revealed by a nobler corrosion potential, low corrosion rate, and a high passivation tendency in a 3% NaCl solution. The results reported in this work allow us to consider that titanium alloys TixTa9Nb8Zr2Ag with 10–20% Ta could be a valid alternative for use in orthopedic surgery, and the level of tantalum can be customized depending on the nature of the treated bone and the complexity and difficulty of the implant machining, i.e., of the required optimum hardness.

Comparative, real-time in situ monitoring of passivation phenomenon in the copper electrorefining process based on wavelet series

Electrochemical noise signals can be analyzed to predict the passivation tendency of anodes in electrorefining. An industrial case study began with the sampling of six different casting anodes. Potentiostat/Galvanostat analysis was used to record voltage-time changes through electrorefining at intensified current density (220 mA.cm−2). Wavelet series were used to analyze electrochemical noise signals. Those samples with a higher average contribution of low-frequency signals, with average values of 0.172, 0.173, and 0.173, had long passivation times of 3451, 3693, and 4640 s, respectively. Experimental measurements were carried out using the copper refinery's industrial current density (30 mA.cm−2) as a test bed, and excellent matching was obtained by registering the data.

The effect of Ni201 transition layer on the corrosion, wear and synergetic cavitation erosion-corrosion behavior of CMT-Monel K500 coating

The Monel K500 modified coating with Ni201 as the transition layer was prepared on the 304 stainless steel substrate by cold metal transfer (CMT) technology. Different from the Monel K500 coatings with direct deposition, the Ni201 transition layer can effectively block the diffusion of Fe and other elements in the substrate and avoid the deterioration of corrosion resistance of Monel K500 coating caused by galvanic corrosion in artificial seawater, which showed the highest polarization resistance and the strongest passivation tendency. In addition, the diffusion of Ni atoms in the transition layer compensated and stabilized the alloy element composition of the Monel K500 coating, making it have a finer microstructure and show higher microhardness and wear resistance. After 10 h- cavitation erosion (CE), the Monel K500 coating with transition layer showed the lowest mean depth erosion rates (MDER) of 2.2 ± 0.09 μm/h as it maintains the highest self-healing ability and integrity of passive film during the long-term synergistic effect of cavitation erosion and corrosion (SCEC). The introduce of the Ni201 transition layer can effectively improve the corrosion-cavitation and wear properties of CMT-Monel K500 surface modified coating, and then effectively prolong the service life of seawater overflow components such as butterfly valves, pump bodies, hydraulic turbines and heat exchangers, which has great application potential in the field of tribo-corrosion in ocean engineering.

Interfacial bonding of low-pressure plasma-sprayed Fe-based amorphous coating on 8090 Al–Li alloy

ABSTRACT Fe-based amorphous coatings (AMC) are deposited on 8090 Al–Li alloy using low-pressure plasma spraying. Coating’s microstructure and interfacial characteristics are investigated. The coating is mainly amorphous in structure. Some crystalline phases were observed between the two splats. The corrosion current density of this coating is two orders of magnitude less compared to 8090. The coating has high density as the average porosity is less than 0.5%. Because of partial melting and quick cooling of the 8090 alloy in the process of molten droplets deposition, there is an amorphous transition zone formed at the interface of AMC/8090 Al–Li alloy, which indicates localized metallurgical bonding. In electrochemical testing, the coating shows an obvious passivation tendency, and crystallization between splats is the main cause of corrosion. Owing to the low oxygen content, the coating exhibits excellent wear resistance.

Prolong passivation of a novel Fe-based amorphous coating derived from high P pig iron

Strong passivation tendency and excellent corrosion resistance of amorphous coatings on mild steel prepared from a newly developed novel composition (Fe66.59C11.70P7.58Mn0.37Si2.86Cr1.72Mo0.92B8.26, (atom percent) are reported. The composition is a derivative of high P containing Pig iron, and atmospheric plasma spray technique was used for coating. Current-transient response at passivating potential for each coating and MS was recorded to predict the passive tendency of the coatings. The corrosion monitoring of a coating was executed for about 3 months in a 3.5 (weight /volume%) NaCl solution at free corrosion potential to understand its corrosion immunity. Extensive impedance measurements were carried out to understand the passivation and the nature of passive film on coated samples. The monitoring experiment indicates requirement of prolong duration to achieve the passivation for lean chemistry glass coating. The Fe substituted chromate, borate, and phosphate phases on all the coatings are attributed to the excellent passivation of coatings.

Enhanced wear and corrosion resistances of AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy coatings via high-speed laser cladding

In this study, an AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) coating was prepared on the surface of AISI 1045 steel by high-speed laser cladding (HLC). The microstructure, phase composition, element distribution, microhardness, wear, and corrosion resistance of the coatings were analyzed, respectively. It was found that a metallurgical bond was formed, the mail microstructure were the fine columnar and equiaxed dendrites, and the phase composition of the coating was a single-phase bulk cubic-centered structure (BCC/B2). Moreover, the elements of the HLC coating were evenly distributed without obvious segregation. Compared to conventional laser cladding (CLC), the efficiencies of cladding and processing quality were higher. The scanning speed of CLC was 10 mm/s with some pores and overburning on the surface of the coating. However, the scanning speed of HLC increased by 30 times to 300 mm/s, and the surface roughness of the HLC coating was 39.83% lower. The dilution ratio of the HLC coatings was 4.6%, which was 3 times lower than that of 13.4% by CLC. It also leads to a significant decrease in the grain size, element transition zone, and heat affected zone. As a result, the hardness of the coating increased by 100 HV, the friction coefficient decreased by 0.15, the wear weight loss was reduced by 9.85%, the self-corrosion potential increased by 84 mV, and the self-corrosion current density was one order of magnitude lower. Therefore, the potential application of HLC is suggested to effectively improve the wear and corrosion resistances of HEA coatings. Coatings were prepared by both conventional laser cladding (CLC) and high-speed laser cladding (HLC). The intersection of the laser beam and the powder stream in CLC was on the surface of the substrate, but in HLC it was slightly elevated above the surface of the substrate. Since 65% of the laser energy was used to melt the powder, and only a small amount of laser energy was used to melt the substrate, the area of the coating pools, the heat affected zone, and the dilution rate were reduced. The HLC coating was denser and finer, with consistent dendritic development in the same direction, and its roughness was only 60.17% of that of the CLC coating. Under the same test circumstances, the surface microhardness of the HLC coating rose by 100 HV, while the coefficient of friction and weight loss decreased. Furthermore, abrasive wear characteristics were more obvious. The grain boundaries of the HLC coating were enriched with Ni and Cr, and the area of the passivation film was increased. The passivation tendency of the coating became more evident as the arithmetic mean equilibrium potential increased. • HLC had a scanning speed of 300 mm/s, which was about 30 times faster than CLC. • The surface roughness of the HLC coating was 39.83% lower. • The HLC coating was denser and was also composed of a single-phase BCC/B2 structure. • The microhardness, wear and corrosion resistances of the HLC coating were enhanced. • AlCoCrFeNi HEA coating was mainly strengthened by fine grain strengthening.

Electrochemical response and passivation affinity of Fe-based amorphous HVOF coatings prepared from pig iron on mild steel

The present work discusses the passivation tendency and corrosion resistance of a novel Fe66.59C11.70P7.58Mn0.37Si2.86Cr1.72Mo0.92B8.26 amorphous coating prepared from pig-iron deposited on mild steel using a high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray process. A quantitative assessment of the micromorphological features developed on each coating after the fabrication has been provided. The polarization response, current-transient at the potential in the passive zone, and gravimetric evaluations after 30 days of the salt-fog test using 3.5 w/v % NaCl solution were recorded to understand the overall corrosion behavior of the HVOF coatings. A steady-state electrochemical impedance measurement was also performed. The spectroscopic examination of the corrosion product was performed to understand the nature of passivation, and it revealed the formation of protective iron-chromate and phosphate phases on all the coatings. The synergistic effect of these protective phases and iron-based protective rust phases is believed to be the primary reason for the strong passivation of the coatings. Also, it has been proposed that the corrosion rates calculated from dynamic polarization response should not be considered as final assessment for corrosion resistance of the coatings. Rather, long term corrosion assessment is important to understand the benefit of amorphous coatings with lean chemistry of passive elements, like Cr.

Choices of (in)action in obesity: Implications for research on treatment and prevention.

The obesity epidemic has crossed social-demographic barriers and is a matter of significant concern. Why do individuals fail to restrain from eating high-calorie foods and fail to follow treatment routines that reduce the risk of health complications? These questions have been addressed through behavioral and brain imaging studies on prefrontal cortex inhibitory mechanisms. Failure to inhibit undesirable behaviors has become a hallmark of obesity. In many life situations, obesity risk is increased by inaction (e.g., not taking blood pressure medication, not following a healthy diet). Risk by inaction has been defined as passive risk-taking, and it is correlated with traits such as procrastination, future time perspective, and cognitive avoidance. To the present, passive tendencies, specifically in the context of risk-taking behaviors, have not been addressed in the obesity literature. We introduce a framework in which active and passive risk-taking behaviors are integrated within the scope of bidirectional models of obesity that describe the brain as both the cause and the consequence of obesity vulnerability. The present perspective aims to foster new research on treatment and prevention, and also on the neurobiology of passive behaviors in obesity and other metabolic conditions.

Criminal Victimization: Women and Fintech Financing from the Theory of Lifestyle Exposure

Women in the digital era are one of the most vulnerable parties to become victims. Not only as victims of physical violence but also users who have the highest number. There are various reasons why women are currently very active in using various digital platforms or applications on the market, one of which is online loan applications (financial technology). They use the application for various purposes, such as to meet personal basic needs, finance household life, to buy trending goods that are expensive. In the end, because these various goals caused new problems for them, namely debts with high interest accompanied by various threats from irresponsible parties. This article was written using a normative method that aims to review the extent to which the role of women who are victims of the rise of various fintechs, both licensed and illegal in terms of victimology. Here it can be seen that women have a role in the occurrence of financing agreements through Fintech, although the role of women has a passive tendency, but women have a role in the occurrence of fintech financing agreements which ultimately lead to digging holes, closing the hole from the loans they have received. In addition to these problems, women based on the theory of lifestyle exposure are also at risk of becoming victims of immoral crimes in digital media when they are bound by fintech financing agreements in the form of distributing the identity and personal photos of the victims.

Corrosion behavior in Ringer solution of several commercially used metal alloys

Purpose This paper aims to analyze the corrosion behavior in Ringer solution of six commercially used Ni-based alloys that are present and commonly used as metallic biomaterials. Design/methodology/approach The specimens were received in the form of cylindrical ingots and were cut to get five samples of each brand with a cylindrical shape of 2 mm height to conduct the study. In this scientific research, the following techniques were used: open circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization studies, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Findings The study findings revealed the passivation tendency of the different specimens. Additionally, when the materials were compared, it was discovered that the decisive factor for high corrosion resistance was the chromium concentration. However, with similar chromium content, the stronger concentration in molybdenum increased the resistance. According to the results obtained in this investigation, the biological safety of the dental materials studied in Ringer solution was considered very high for specimens 1 and 2, and adequate for the other samples. Originality/value Metal alloys used as biomaterials in contact with the human body should be deeply investigated to make sure they are biocompatible and do not cause any harm. The corrosion resistance of an alloy is the most important characteristic for its biological safety, as all problems arise because of the corrosion process. There is scarce investigation in these Ni-based dental biomaterials, and none found in these commercially used dental materials in Ringer solution.