Passive Registration Research Articles

Empanelment of the Population to the Primary Medical Care Institution of Sri Lanka: A Mixed-Methods Study on Outcomes and Challenges.

The registration of individuals with designated primary medical care institutions (PMCIs) is a key step towards their empanelment with these PMCIs, supported by the Primary Health Care System Strengthening Project in Sri Lanka. We conducted an explanatory mixed-methods study to assess the extent of registration at nine selected PMCIs and understand the challenges therein. By June 2021, 36,999 (19.2%, 95% CI-19.0-19.4%) of the 192,358 catchment population allotted to these PMCIs were registered. At this rate, only 50% coverage would be achieved by the end of the project (December 2023). Proportions of those aged <35 years and males among those registered were lower compared to their general population distribution. Awareness activities regarding registration were conducted in most of the PMCIs, but awareness in the community was low. Poor registration coverage was due to a lack of dedicated staff for registration, misconceptions of health care workers about individuals needing to be registered, reliance on opportunistic or passive registration, and lack of monitoring mechanisms; these were further compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic. Moving forward, there is an urgent need to address these challenges to improve registration coverage and ensure that all individuals are empaneled before the close of the project for it to have a meaningful impact.

Basic principles for building seismic monitoring systems in rockburst-hazardous coal seam mining

The main directions of development of seismic monitoring systems in underground mineral mining are analyzed. The expediency of passive registration of natural seismic activity is proved, which provides prediction of geodynamic phenomena by locating the centers of seismic events and determining their energy level. The methods of active seismic monitoring (seismic tomography, cross-borehole survey, recording of seismic signal from a rock-breaking tool) are technically more difficult to implement. The promising methods for processing seismic information are geolocation, neural network technology, cluster analysis, and integration with numerical stress–strain analysis of and changes in acoustic properties of rock mass. The configuration of the platform developed at VNIMI and the GITS seismic monitoring system, which includes from 6 to 12 three-component seismic sensors installed permanently in wells or on pedestals, is described. The detailed layouts of seismic sensors at recording points and in gateways in extraction panels are presented. The main technical characteristics of GITS are given: the signal frequency range is 0.1–1000 Hz, the minimum recorded signal level is 0.01 mV. The main test data of GITS in Komsomolskaya mine of Vorkutaugol are described: the average annual levels of seismic activity and energy of seismic events are found to be relatively stable; the relationship between seismic event with the maximum total energy and the alternating increment in the relative criterion is defined, and the local increase in the average energy of a single event in time from the moment the main roof caving is identified. Aimed to substantiate the regional and local prediction criteria of probability of geodynamic events caused by confining pressure, VNIMI implements integrated research in mines in different regions.

Reconciling competing mechanisms posited to underlie auditory verbal hallucinations.

Perception is not the passive registration of incoming sensory data. Rather, it involves some analysis by synthesis, based on past experiences and context. One adaptive consequence of this arrangement is imagination-the ability to richly simulate sensory experiences, interrogate and manipulate those simulations, in service of action and decision making. In this paper, we will discuss one possible cost of this adaptation, namely hallucinations-perceptions without sensory stimulation, which characterize serious mental illnesses like schizophrenia, but which also occur in neurological illnesses, and-crucially for the present piece-are common also in the non-treatment-seeking population. We will draw upon a framework for imagination that distinguishes voluntary from non-voluntary experiences and explore the extent to which the varieties and features of hallucinations map onto this distinction, with a focus on auditory-verbal hallucinations (AVHs)-colloquially, hearing voices. We will propose that sense of agency for the act of imagining is key to meaningfully dissecting different forms and features of AVHs, and we will outline the neural, cognitive and phenomenological sequelae of this sense. We will conclude that a compelling unifying framework for action, perception and belief-predictive processing-can incorporate observations regarding sense of agency, imagination and hallucination. This article is part of the theme issue 'Offline perception: voluntary and spontaneous perceptual experiences without matching external stimulation'.

Families in comparison: An individual-level comparison of life-course and family reconstructions between population and vital event registers

It remains unknown how different types of sources affect the reconstruction of life courses and families in large-scale databases increasingly common in demographic research. Here, we compare family and life-course reconstructions for 495 individuals simultaneously present in two well-known Dutch data sets: LINKS, based on the Zeeland province’s full-population vital event registration data (passive registration), and the Historical Sample of the Netherlands (HSN), based on a national sample of birth certificates, with follow-up of individuals in population registers (active registration). We compare indicators of fertility, marriage, mortality, and occupational status, and conclude that reconstructions in the HSN and LINKS reflect each other well: LINKS provides more complete information on siblings and parents, whereas the HSN provides more complete life-course information. We conclude that life-course and family reconstructions based on linked passive registration of individuals constitute a reliable alternative to reconstructions based on active registration, if case selection is carefully considered.

Observation in quantum physics: challenges for upper secondary physics students in discussing electrons as waves

Quantum physics is challenging for young students, but also a source of fascination. Observation is a key concept in order to understand how principles and experimental results in quantum physics differ from what we are used to in classical physics and everyday experiences. In this study we investigate how pre-university physics students understand the concept of observation in the case of the famous double-slit experiment with electrons and interpretations of its results. We found that a conception of observation as looking, meaning a passive registration, is prevalent among students. This causes serious problems in understanding quantum physics and leads to very unproductive speculations that links to mysticism. Some students considered observation as measurement involving some sort of apparatus, but very few expressed the key idea of measurement as interaction. We discuss how a more explicit discussion of what observation means in quantum physics can benefit students’ understanding of principles in quantum physics and their philosophical consequences.

High-Speed Visualization of Nanopowder Combustion in Air

The paper discusses the methods of high-speed imaging of high-temperature processes in a real time mode: passive registration in the own light, usage of laser illumination, and using the laser monitor. The visualization results of combustion in air of Al nanopowder and thermite Al-Fe2O3 mixture are presented. The perspectives of application of laser monitors in NDE are considered, particularly for the study of laser ignition of thermite mixtures and solid fuels.

Toward a comprehensive cancer registration in Germany.

This article presents the current status of the implementation of clinical cancer registration across all German federal states that started in 2013 and that is basis for setting up comprehensive clinical and population-based cancer registries (CRs). A nationwide definition of relevant cancers, a common model of passive registration, a standard basic set of data items as well as a sustainable funding are prerequisites for a standardized collection of cancer data in Germany. For the collected information, the tools and methods used for data collection and processing, for statistical analyses and reporting, the potential synergies of a comprehensive CR implementing the tasks of both a clinical CR and a population-based CR become evident. Many different tasks of clinical and population-based CRs have already been implemented in Germany. This includes usage of individual patient data for quality assurance and the certification of cancer centers or comparative analyses on the adherence to guideline recommendations. CRs further provided unselected data on the cancer burden in the underlying populations and actively contribute in a variety of ways to many collaborative research projects on cancer etiology, the effectiveness of screening programs or cancer care, or provide patient or outcome data for clinical or population-based studies. Although many tasks of clinical and population-based CRs have already been implemented, a number of great efforts still lay ahead. Major challenges include the harmonization of data collection, the development of required standards and methods for data processing and usage, but first and foremost, the collection of complete and valid data for the different tasks of comprehensive CRs.

Endocrine and associated consequences of conservative and chemo- and hormonal therapy in cancer treatment: opportunities and extent of the feasibility of correction.

Treatment of patients with malignant tumors, largely involves the use of chemotherapy, targeted therapy and endocrine therapy (anti-hormonal and hormonal drugs). Depending on the location and nature of the tumor, surgical interventions aiming to remove some endocrine organs (in particular, ovarian, testicular, thyroid and endocrine portion of the pancreas, etc.) can lead to disruption of their function. The objective of presented study is to focus our attention mainly on the effects (including the steroid and non-steroidal components) of anticancer treatment in the endocrine system and in the outcomes associated with hormonal and metabolic changes, clinical and phenotypic features. These effects are manifested not only by changes of laboratory and instrumental parameters, but also accompanied by changes in the clinical manifestations of the disease and the patient's subjective feelings. The therapy often has adverse effects, as the anticipated final results of influence of such processes as weight gain, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, lack of ovarian, adrenal, growth hormone and testicular function, osteopenia, hot flushes, chronic fatigue e.t.c., which often limits the success of treatment. Passive registration of such violations, and the silent watching them – is only one side of the problem rather frequent enough, the other side - are the questions about modern approaches of their correction and its feasibility. In part, this problem has a genetic basis, which, along with other indicators, can determine not only the response to anti-tumor therapy, but the severity of endocrine changes, their potential prognostic role, as well as the indications for their prevention and elimination. There are many clinically significant situations that are need to be analysed and discussed, such as: complete androgen blockade in prostate cancer patients, endocrine effects of adjuvant chemotherapy and hormonal therapy in breast cancer patients of reproductive and postmenopausal age, the expected increase of the frequency of performing of preventive salpingoovariectomies in carriers of mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, thyroid (in particular) and adrenocortical tropism of targeted therapy, consequences of high doses of corticosteroid support therapy, etc., that demonstrate the importance of this problem, considering these facts in clinical practice and the establishment of standards for the management of patients with these problems.

Undeclared Work: An Activity-Based Legal Typology

Undeclared work has been convincingly defined as ‘any paid activity that is lawful as regards its nature (i.e. is not criminal) but not declared to public authorities, taking into account differences in the regulatory system of Member States' (COM(1998) 219 final, 4). Such an activity-based definition has been chosen because ‘it allows for the inclusion of forms of undeclared work that are popular in Europe and which are excluded in enterprise and/or jobs-based definitions. Prominent examples include: the under-reporting of income by self-employed people and formal businesses, which are excluded in an enterprise-based definition; and “envelope wages”, whereby a formal employee receives part of their wage on a declared basis and the remainder on an undeclared basis. Both jobs and enterprise-based definitions omit these forms of undeclared work, since the worker is in a formal job and the work takes place in a registered enterprise’ (Williams, Renooy 2008, 5). Starting from this definition, the paper aims to: 1. conceptualise ‘paid activity‘; 2. identify active and passive registration and declaration duties, their object, their general and specific purposes and the public authorities involved; and 3. typify the breaches of legal duties of registration and/or declaration referring them to the juridical or physical person performing each activity.

Completing Life Histories with Imputed Exit Dates: A Method for Historical Data from Passive Registration Systems

Life histories can often be reconstructed from administrative sources and other documents that report specific events, like birth, death, visiting a physician, applying for insurance, or using a service. In a passive system, individuals are not under continuous surveillance, and subjects are only known to be present when an event occurs. When individuals move out of the registration area without reporting their movements, the censoring times for those life histories are unobserved. This paper describes a new technique for imputing missing exit dates. Our approach uses information from other events (e.g. births, marriages, deaths) affecting the subject and closely related individuals to estimate the distribution of times between last observed events and (unobserved) exits from the registration area. We take into account differences related to age, sex, marital status, and past migration history. The method is tested on data from nineteenth-century Belgium in which exit dates are explicitly reported. Abstract: Les biographies sont souvent construites a partir de sources administratives et d'autres documents qui temoignent d'evenements particuliers comme une naissance, un deces, une visite chez le medecin, une demande de contrat d'assurance ou le recours a un service. Dans un systeme d'« enregistrement passif », les individus ne sont pas observes de facon continue, mais lorsqu'un evenement se produit. Quand une personne quitte la zone couverte par le systeme d'enregistrement sans en faire la declaration, la date d'interruption de son histoire de vie reste inconnue. Cet article presente une nouvelle technique d'imputation des dates de sortie manquantes. Les informations concernant d'autres evenements (naissances, mariages, deces…) qui touchent l'individu ou ses proches sont utilisees pour estimer la distribution des durees ecoulees entre le dernier evenement enregistre et la sortie (non observee) de la zone etudiee. Sont ici prises en compte les differences d'âge, de sexe, de situation matrimoniale et de passe migratoire. La methode est ensuite testee sur un ensemble de donnees belges du xix e siecle ou figurent explicitement les dates de sortie d'observation. Abstract: Las historias de vida son construidas frecuentemente a partir de fuentes administrativas y de otros documentos que atestan de la existencia de acontecimientos particulares como un nacimiento, una defuncion, una visita al medico, la suscripcion de un contrato de seguro o el recurso a un servicio determinado. En un sistema de pasivo, los individuos no son observados de forma continua sino solo cuando el acontecimiento se produce. Si una persona abandona la zona cubierta por el sistema de registro sin declararlo, la fecha de interrupcion de su historia de vida es desconocida. Este articulo presenta una nueva tecnica de imputacion de las fechas de salida desconocidas. Las informaciones sobre los acontecimientos (nacimientos, matrimonios, defunciones…) que afectan al individuo o a sus familiares son utilizadas para estimar la distribucion del tiempo pasado entre el ultimo acontecimiento registrado y la salida (no observada) de la zona estudiada. Se toman en cuenta las diferencias de edad, de sexo, de situacion matrimonial y de pasado migratorio. El metodo utilizado es testado sobre una serie de datos belgas del siglo XIX en los que las fechas de salida de observacion son conocidas.

Diskurs und Sexualpädagogik: Der deutschsprachige Onanie‐Diskurs des späten 18. Jahrhunderts

This article treats the conflict‐laden relation of discourse analysis and the history of sexuality on various levels: at first it is shown how discourse analysis has become relevant for the history of sexuality in the wake of the transformation Foucault initiated. Continuing this discussion, the author outlines the theoretical connection between discourse and sexual experience. He thereby relies on Norman Fairclough's “text‐oriented discourse analysis”, a method that marries linguistic analysis and social theory, and thus facilitates research into the interactive kind of “sexuality”. The author deals with the linguistic, discursive and social practices of the German‐language pedagogical onanism discourse of the late eighteenth century along its respective dimensions. The texts of the late eighteenth century were more strongly oriented towards pedagogy and medicine compared with the religious–transcendental direction of the seventeenth century. Autobiographically infused texts on onanism served to demonstrate “real” case and life histories of onanists. Since the onanist was considered to be completely determined by his disease, one of the first “sexual subjects” emerged. Letters of consultation show that to some extent the consumers frequently adopted the existing model of onanism, but they also produced interpretations of their own. Precisely, those texts by onanists make evident that neither the concept of a passive registration of sexual discourses nor that of a one‐way communication can do justice to social reality. On the contrary, interplay between professionals and consumers developed. The “performance” of the texts could only succeed because scholars and onanists shared a common sociocultural “body” and could, therefore, understand, accept and sense within themselves the importance and meaning of onanism. The German‐language onanism discourse was part of the educationalist discussion throughout Europe in the eighteenth century, and yielded to the professional interests of a discipline on the cusp of becoming established.

Pain and consciousness: A constructivist approach

Functional brain imaging studies reveal the complexity of brain activity during pain. The marked explanatory gaps that separate such research from classical neurophysiology and perceptual psychology raise the challenge of integrating knowledge gleaned at multiple levels of investigation into a coherent multidisciplinary account of pain. A conceptual framework from consciousness research, grounded in the concept of self-organization, can address this challenge through nonlinear dynamical systems and related models. We propose a constructivist model that construes pain, not as the passive registration of sensory information that traditional research would presume, but rather an active process of generating and shaping awareness. If pain is a dynamic product of a self-organizing brain, then pain research needs a theoretical framework to address the observations that functional brain imaging yields.

Looking for the Muse in Some of the Right PlacesPatterns of Artistic Development: Comparative Studies of Talent. Constance Milbrath

Constance Milbrath, like many other psychologists and art educators, studies the development of artistically talented children (see, e.g., Golomb 1992; Rostan 1994, 1997; Winner 1996). She seeks to clarify the individual differences that distinguish artistically talented children from their less talented cousins. The detailed material that Milbrath presents will delight the reader with the children's life stories and the inventiveness and accomplishment of their drawings. Her thesis-restated throughout the book-is that artistically talented and less talented children follow different developmental paths because these two groups rely on two distinct ways of thinking about and responding to the visual world. The author produces evidence to show that visually talented children have a heightened figural sensitivity, while less talented children respond to and create images largely on the basis of or conceptual thinking. Referring to Piaget (1977), Milbrath defines these two sorts of thought processes: thought relates to the mental reproduction of objects, events and relationships experienced in the world, not to their transformation.... Operative thought acts on objects, events and relationships experienced in the world to modify or transform them (p. l l ) . (Page numbers for Milbrath citations may not be accurate as I read the advance proofs for this book.) Figurative thought is presented as the passive registration of transitory visual aspects of the world, while operative thought is presented as an active agent-modifying the raw data of sense perceptions and creating the basic building blocks of logical thought, and the ideas and concepts that underlie the image.

Completeness of case ascertainment in a Scottish regional cancer registry for the year 1992

To assess completeness of case ascertainment by the Scottish Cancer Registry for the year 1992, we assembled a collection of databases containing potential registrations (excluding non-melanoma skin tumours and non-invasive neoplasms) from 14 separate sources relating to the population covered by one of the five regional registries. Apparently missed registrations were identified by linkage of these databases to cancer registration records. Their eligibility for registration was determined by reference to medical records, or when these were unavailable, by reference to the local Community Health Index (to establish residency at the time of diagnosis) in conjunction with the text of the original pathology report and/or the original death certificate. Misclassifications of site or incidence year were not regarded as missed cases. Of 517 apparently missed cancer registrations, 66 cases (3.5% of the revised total number of registrations of malignant neoplasms other than non-melanoma skin tumours for the study area in 1992) should have been registered as new independent primary malignant neoplasms, giving an overall estimate of completeness of 96.5%. The fact that so many apparently missed registrations were not eligible for registration illustrates the limitations of passive registration. Ascertainment of cases by the Scottish Cancer Registry appears to be high for most sites and compares favourably to the figures reported by registries outside Scotland.

Completeness of case ascertainment in a Scottish regional cancer registry for the year 1992.

To assess completeness of case ascertainment by the Scottish Cancer Registry for the year 1992, we assembled a collection of databases containing potential registrations (excluding non-melanoma skin tumours and non-invasive neoplasms) from 14 separate sources relating to the population covered by one of the five regional registries. Apparently missed registrations were identified by linkage of these databases to cancer registration records. Their eligibility for registration was determined by reference in medical records, or when these were unavailable, by reference to the local Community Health Index (to establish residency at the time of diagnosis) in conjunction with the text of the original pathology report and/or the original death certificate. Misclassifications of site or incidence year were not regarded as missed cases. Of 517 apparently missed cancer registrations, 66 cases (3.5% of the revised total number of registrations of malignant neoplasms other than non-melanoma skin tumours for the study area in 1992) should have been registered as new independent primary malignant neoplasms, giving an overall estimate of completeness of 96.5%. The fact that so many apparently missed registrations were not eligible for registration illustrates the limitations of passive registration. Ascertainment of cases by the Scottish Cancer Registry appears to be high for most sites and compares favourably to the figures reported by registries outside Scotland.

Nonparametric Estimation under Censoring and Passive Registration

The classical random censorship model assumes that we follow an individual continuously up to the time of failure or censoring, so observing this time as well as the indicator of its type. Under passive registration we only get information on the state of the individual at random observation or registration times. In this paper we assume that these registration times are the times of events in an independent Poisson process, stopped at failure or censoring; the time of failure is also observed if not censored. This problem turns up in historical demography, where the survival time of interest is the life‐length, censoring is by emigration, and the observation times are times of births of children, and other life‐events. (Church registers contain dates of births, marriages, deaths, but not emigrations.) The model is shown to be related to the problem of estimating a density known to be monotone. This leads to an explicit description of the non‐parametric maximum likelihood estimator of the survival function (based on i.i.d. observations from this model) and to an analysis of its large sample properties.

Reading in the Foreign Language Classroom: Focus on Process

This article sets out to present techniques which any adult reader, regardless of text, method, language level or language, can apply to achieve comprehension of a text.' These techniques are predicated on the assumption that reading comprehension is a function of active analytical restructuring of information on the part of the reader, as opposed to the more commonly held assumption that reading comprehension represents the reader's passive registration of information in the mode presented in the text. The research and theory supporting the notion that reading comprehension results from analytical processing has a venerable tradition which is currently enjoying a renaissance.2 The most recent descriptions of the analytical reading process are emerging primarily in psycholinguistics and discourse analysis. In identifying the inadequacies in the passive reading model, this literature shares several fundamental assumptions which serve as significant points of departure for this paper. 1) Active control of isolated structures and vocabulary is no guarantee of reading comprehension. Such grammatical elements remain a collection of unrelated data until they are integrated into the communicative framework, the message of the text.3 2) The ability to translate from the foreign language to the native language is not, in itself, a guarantee of reading comprehension.4 3) The use of the interrogative question, the who, what, when and where questions, is not an efficient way to foster or check reader comprehension of a text because they isolate new bits of information and thereby remove them from their meaningful context.5 By focussing on detail with wh-questions, the textbook or teacher may actually interrupt the reader's efforts to put segments or details of the text into a meaningful whole. Only the analytical or inferential why question (why does the reader agree or disagree?) calls for reader interpretation of textual meaning. Hence students who can answer the who, what, when, where recognition questions are frequently unable to frame a response to the why question if it demands an analysis of information not specified, but only implied, in the text. 4) To categorize the reading task as a skill, unrelated to listening, speaking, and writing tasks, teaches and reenforces a distinction which may well be unproductive in a communicative setting.6 If reading is taught as a separate skill, classroom practice focusses on the isolated surface detail of the text (who, what, when and where questions). Only if reading is taught as a part of the total language learning process

Close Reading, Creative Writing, and Cognitive Development

WHATEVER THEORETICAL DIFFICULTIES ARISE from the current interest the reader of literature, this new emphasis can have a clarifying effect on our teaching. When we think of literary meaning as contained exclusively in the art work, it is too easy to view our students' difficulty perceiving that meaning as a sign of inherent imaginative poverty. When, instead, we stress the way presumably objective literary qualities are necessarily realized through a particular interpretive stance, actively adopted by the reader, we can see more clearly just what sort of thinking we are asking of our students and how their untutored conception of language stands its way. We become involved less with what we may take to be an exasperating incapability and more with an intelligible situation intellectual growth. I will suggest, fact, that both our students' untutored, and our sophisticated, stances toward language may be placed within a recognized scheme of cognitive development. Their sense of language as a passive registration of thought-as indeed identical with their thought-seems to be what Jean Piaget calls an egocentrism the process of using symbols for abstract reasoning. The literary critic's contrasting sense of artistic language as an active shaping of meaning out of the texture of language itself-sound, rhythm, suggestion, etc.-entails a radical de-centering of the reader's relation to the source of meaning. (In its most exalted forms, e.g., the art of Shakespeare, this openness to semantic possibilities becomes a virtual egolessness.) If this is so, when we teach students to understand literature we are involved not only teaching individual works for their unique meanings and contexts, but also with a process of human development, primarily cognitive or intellectual but, for this very reason, more broadly psychological as well. But, understandably enough, we may have some difficulty holding view the