Passive Personality Research Articles

Comparing universal jurisdiction in Europe and in Latin America: a vehicle for international justice or for colonial reckoning?

ABSTRACT A particular concern in recent years has been the limited options for prosecutions of persons responsible for atrocities in States not amenable to ICC jurisdiction. The need for accountability for atrocities builds on long histories of human rights and humanitarian law practice, both treaty-based and customary in nature, which has been driven also by the work of the ECtHR and the IACtHR mechanisms. At the domestic level, ever since the Pinochet decision, universal jurisdiction (UJ) has been considered a promising way to fill the lacuna. Indeed, some commentators have observed a resurgence in the use of UJ in recent years based on a number of trials of ex-ISIS and Syrian regime members in European courts. Yet UJ as it has been practised has serious limitations. While there are exceptions, many European states are steadily turning the exercise of UJ into the application of extraterritorial jurisdiction based on active or passive personality, especially in relation to their former colonies. In Latin America too, there have been some recent examples of investigations and prosecutions on the basis of ‘pure’ UJ, but the vast majority of exercises of jurisdiction are in furtherance of extraditions, particularly at the behest of former colonial powers. This article compares the recent uptick in European and Latin American usages of UJ, concluding that to date both regions still exhibit little appetite for pursuing ‘pure’ UJ. It warns that significant colonialist pressures in both regions threaten to limit this crucial mechanism for international justice.

ARTISTIC AXIOLOGY OF THE IMAGE OF THE «NEW KAZAKH WOMAN» IN ABAY’S POETRY

The main leitmotif of this study is the artistic existence of the "new kazakh woman” in the creative context of Abai, their features and axiological character, which have their own gender consciousness. In addition, the content and semantic meaning of the category “value” is analyzed in revealing the axiological facets of Kazakh women, embodied by the poet. The author draws attention to the spiritual world of the kazakh woman and the ontological aspect of female consciousness, which first appears in Abai’s discourse, beyond the stereotypes and cultural clichés of women that once existed in kazakh literature. For centuries, beauty, grace, and external portraiture have been glorified as a way of conveying individuality, personal facets of a kazakh woman and mental phenomena in her spiritual world. Also in the national literature, the emancipatory point of view of Abai, who was the first to sing of women's liberation and women's happiness, is considered. In the literary, cultural, historical context, the asocial realities of kazakh women and their “changed” behavioral strategies are considered, which violate the generally accepted standards of traditional society in Abai’s poetry and introduce new views, new values. It also formulates the artistic world of female characters who openly express love passions and intimate desires in Abai’s works, and a poetic position illustrating feminist traits in accordance with the female worldview. The “new kazakh woman” created by Abai boldly challenges the established conventions of patriarchal society, protesting against the stereotypical views imposed on him (everyday, family, life). Realizing the meaning of her life, her “I,” she manifests herself in the image of the desire to act, to live as she wants for herself. The purpose of the study was also to determine the women's problem in Abai's work, which was previously considered in various aspects, the evolution of their social, psychological, aesthetic and artistic image and the novelty of the poet in interpreting the female theme. Therefore, the article consistently differentiates a new image of the Kazakh woman, who in the previous literary discourse has transformed from a spiritually weak, passive personality into a versatile, mature, active personality.

Jurisdictional Creep: The UN Cybercrime Convention and the Expansion of Passive Personality Jurisdiction

Jurisdictional Creep: The UN Cybercrime Convention and the Expansion of Passive Personality Jurisdiction

Comparing Pears to Apples: Unlike Dogs, Cats Need Habituation before Lab Tests.

Research on the socio-cognitive skills of different species often benefit from comparative experiments, however, the ecology of the species and development of the individuals may differently determine how they react to the same test situation. In this study, our aims were twofold: to observe and compare the spontaneous behaviour of companion cats and dogs in the same novel environment, and to habituate them (if needed) to the novel environment in the presence of their owners and an unfamiliar experimenter. The behaviour of 62 family cats, 31 experienced (which had the opportunity to meet strangers and explore unfamiliar places) and 31 inexperienced cats, and 27 family dogs was compared in an unfamiliar room. The subjects' behaviour was coded during the first five minutes in the presence of two passive persons, their owners, and an unfamiliar experimenter. Then, based on a set of rules, first the owner, and then the experimenter tried to initiate interactions with the subjects and the subjects' willingness to interact was evaluated. To pass the habituation test, subjects were expected to play with the experimenter or accept food from them. All dogs passed the test on the first occasion, while almost 60% of the cats failed. The cats' experience did not play a significant role, in fact, younger cats passed more easily. We found marked differences between dogs and cats in all behavioural variables; compared to dogs, cats spent more time crouching and close to their box, while less time exploring or close to the owner. We did not find a difference in the cats' behaviour based on their experience. Our results support the hypothesis that unlike dogs, cats need extensive habituation in a novel environment. This could partially be explained by the difference in the ecology and/or domestication process of the species, although developmental effects cannot be excluded. Our findings have fundamental consequences not only for the considerations of the testability of cats and on the interpretation of their data collected in the laboratory, but in a more general sense on developing comparative experiments.

Effort-based decision making and self-reported apathy in frequent cannabis users and healthy controls: A replication and extension

ABSTRACT Introduction Amotivational syndrome is a term used to refer to lack of motivation and passive personality related to chronic cannabis use. Given mixed findings, the current study aimed to replicate and extend previous research on frequent cannabis use, motivated behavior, and self-reported apathy. Method Cannabis users (on average, ≥3 days/week of cannabis use over the past year), and healthy controls (≤1 day/month of cannabis use over the past year) completed the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES), and the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT). Repeated measures analysis of covariance was used to 1) examine the effects of group, reward magnitude, probability, and their interaction on hard task selections on the EEfRT, and 2) examine between-group differences on the AES, controlling for alcohol use and depressive symptoms. Results There were significant main effects of reward magnitude, probability, and an interaction between reward magnitude and probability on hard task selection (p’s < 0.05). Specifically, as reward magnitude and probability of winning the reward increased, participants were more likely to select hard tasks on the EEfRT. Relative to healthy controls, cannabis users were significantly more likely to select hard tasks on the EEfRT (F(1,56) = 6.49, p = 0.014, ηp 2 = 0.10). When controlling for alcohol use and depressive symptoms, no significant group differences in self-reported apathy were present (p = 0.46). Conclusions Cannabis users exhibit a greater likelihood of exerting more effort for reward, suggesting enhanced motivation relative to healthy controls. Thus, the current results do not support amotivational syndrome in adult frequent cannabis users. Despite some harms of long-term cannabis use, amotivation may not be among them.

Digital Competencies and Technologies of New Sincerity in the Web 4.0 Era

The problem of social aggression of young people that are immersed in digital communication has become the subject of this study. The authors did not confine to the state of the depressing condition of the ethical sphere in digital communication. They wanted to find out the underlying causes of the social antagonism and the conflict. One of the most important reasons for social destruction is the lack of clear space-time coordinates for a virtual subject. It leads to the use of the passive personality by the technologies themselves. A man turns into material for algorithms, and his psychophysics becomes a continuation of impersonal technology. This situation characterizes the formation of a new era of Web 4.0, which the authors call counter communication. Interactivity is a thing of the past. Technologies of new sincerity come to its place. Outrageousness, detabooing, use of eroticism are forms of communicative use of a virtual subject who, in the modern communicative space, is in a state of unrelenting tension, which only changes its mode in connection with all new reasons for exaltation. The study of the psyche of young people completely immersed in the virtual world has become a confirmation that virtual ethics is moving further and further from the traditional ethical principles. Their social skills, as well as social protection, were the lowest among the various groups of young people. Communication for them ultimately turns into a persistent search for entertainment, into a striving for a hedonistically comfortable environment, into denial of socially significant topics and problems.

Jurisdiction Of A Country’s Air Territorry In International Law Perspective

The sovereignty of a country is no longer absolute or absolute, but at certain limits it must respect the sovereignty of other countries, which are regulated through international law. This is what became known as the relative sovereignty of the state. In the context of international law, a sovereign state must essentially obey and respect international law, as well as the sovereignty and territorial integrity of other countries. The problem in this research is How is the JURISDICTION of a country's airspace? What are the principles of air law adopted by nations in the world (internationally)? How is the JURISDICTION of a country's airspace in the perspective of international law? Its basic function is to show the way to solve research problems. The airspace contained above the land area, inland waters, and territorial sea is included in the jurisdiction of a country. This can be seen from article 1 of the Chicago Convention 1944 concerning International Civil Aviation: "State sovereignty in the air space above its territorial area is complete and exclusive sovereignity". This provision is one of the main pillars of international law governing air space. The principles of international air law include the principle of airspace sovereignty, the principle of JURISDICTION of air space, and the principle of responsibility. The principles in jurisdiction are the principle of territorial, national, passive personality, protection or security, universality, and crime according to applicable legal criteria. In relation to state jurisdiction in airspace, very closely related to law enforcement in the airspace. With jurisdiction, the country concerned has the authority and responsibility in the air to carry out law enforcement in air space.

Real time ear recognition using deep learning

Automatic identity recognition of ear images represents an active area of interest within the biometric community. The human ear is a perfect source of data for passive person identification. Ear images can be captured from a distance and in a covert manner; this makes ear recognition technology an attractive choice for security applications and surveillance in addition to related application domains. Differing from other biometric modalities, the human ear is neither affected by expressions like faces are nor do need closer touching like fingerprints do. In this paper, a deep learning object detector called faster region based convolutional neural networks (Faster R-CNN) is used for ear detection. A convolutional neural network (CNN) is used as feature extraction. principal component analysis (PCA) and genetic algorithm are used for feature reduction and selection respectively and a fully connected artificial neural network as a matcher. The testing proved the accuracy of 97.8% percentage of success with acceptable speed and it confirmed the accuracy and robustness of the proposed system.

Ways to involve passive students in active physical education

Learning passive person’s relation to physical culture shows that the dominative factor at person’s motivative sphere is the desire of omitting learning and training process; it is explained with ther help of various reasons conditioned as a rule imperfection of person’s social and psychological relations as well as unknowledge of the more important role of moving activities for a health.&#x0D; An absence at students of a readiness to moving activities is shown at various forms: motivative refuse from doing tasks because of a pain, fatigue; partititional doing moving activities; an absence of important interests and desires at collective actions (games); domination of individual motives of a behaviour. To overcome these negative nuances a teacher has to know reasons of their appearance.&#x0D; When learning reasons of appearance of passive relation to moving activities there are such three groups of students: those who has theoretical positive relation to physical exercises; those who is indifferent to moving activities; those who has negative relation to learning and training process and collective actions.&#x0D; A lot of teachers underline special role of relation of human itself to various kinds of activities. Activities itselves does not promote developing moving activities and not already provide overcoming negative relations to physical exercises. It is possible if all educational work at higher educational establishment and requirements of teacher are directed to positive relation to each person’s action.

Cats (Felis catus) Show No Avoidance of People Who Behave Negatively to Their Owner

Humans evaluate others based on interactions between third parties, even when those interactions are of no direct relevance to the observer. Such social evaluation is not limited to humans. We previously showed that dogs avoided a person who behaved negatively to their owner (Chijiiwa et al., 2015). Here, we explored whether domestic cats, another common companion animal, similarly evaluate humans based on third-party interactions. We used the same procedure that we used with dogs: cats watched as their owner first tried unsuccessfully to open a transparent container to take out an object, and then requested help from a person sitting nearby. In the Helper condition, this second person (helper) helped the owner to open the container, whereas in the Non-Helper condition the actor refused to help, turning away instead. A third, passive (neutral) person sat on the other side of the owner in both conditions. After the interaction, the actor and the neutral person each offered a piece of food to the cat, and we recorded which person the cat took food from. Cats completed four trials and showed neither a preference for the helper nor avoidance of the non-helper. We consider that cats might not possess the same social evaluation abilities as dogs, at least in this situation, because unlike the latter, they have not been selected to cooperate with humans. However, further work on cats’ social evaluation capacities needs to consider ecological validity, notably with regard to the species’ sociality.

Сравнительный анализ выраженности свойств, лимитирующих профессиональную психологическую пригодность сотрудников органов внутренних дел

The article discusses the results of a comparative study of intensity of personality traits that limit the professional and psychological fitness of internal affairs officers and determine the prognosis factors for one's individual development in this field. Within the scope of the study we compared the applicants' parameters of motivational profile, emotional and volitional self-control, personality characteristics as well as their mental faculties. As a result, certain reliably significant traits have been found which limit one's possibilities for effective professional performance. The results obtained in the comparative and factor analysis made it possible to establish a combination of determining factors that limit one's professional and psychological fitness. A factor structure of limiting traits has been revealed, making up more than 60 per cent of total variance. It is represented by low self-control, poor mental faculties, addictive behavior, poorly developed feeling of justice, passive personality orientation, anxiety-depressive disorders and social immaturity of personality.

Assessment of the Quality of Life in Patients with Epilepsy in the Populous Region of Baku

An article establishes assessment of quality of life, severity of seizures and emotional condition 117 patients with epilepsy, over the age of 18 (35.13±1.19) with different form epilepsy what started from 0 to 69 years (14.22±1.26) in the Machtagа village. How showed analyzes of the survey results, the patients sub clinic 62 (52.9%) and clinic 29 (24.8%) pronounced measure depression and anxiety from scale Ziqmond and high measure severity of seizures from national hospital seizure severity scale (NHS3) (20-27 scores bу 54 (46.1%), (3-9 scores by 40 (34.2%) patients, adversely affecting to their quality of life, assessment by questionnaire «QOLIE-10» (27.1±0.3). Social status research revealed a high patients unemployment rate (82 (70.1%) p=0.911). Between 70 (59.8%) disability patients most had secondary group (р=0.938). The number of lower secondary education and uneducated patient prevailed among native (28 (36.8%)/7 (9.2%)) and nonnative (11 (26.8%)/4 (9.8%)) village population (р=0.547). In population research 65 (55.6%) patients were married, 52 (44.4%) patients were alone (р=0.386). During the study it was revealed influence of ethnocultural characteristics patients to measure quality of life. A form of expression of religious beliefs, which, in the form of a clear implementation of the established religious rules, had a positive effect on the quality of life of patients from the hunhar and kechan mehelle, and mysticism in relation to religion, a form of upbringing in a family without encouraging intellectual development, and even prohibitions on obtaining an education, contributed to the formation passive personality with disabilities among patients from seidler mehelle, which affected their QOL negatively.

A deep learning approach for person identification using ear biometrics

Automatic person identification from ear images is an active field of research within the biometric community. Similar to other biometrics such as face, iris and fingerprints, ear also has a large amount of specific and unique features that allow for person identification. In this current worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 situation, most of the face identification systems fail due to the mask wearing scenario. The human ear is a perfect source of data for passive person identification as it does not involve the cooperativeness of the human whom we are trying to recognize and the structure of ear does not change drastically over time. Acquisition of a human ear is also easy as the ear is visible even in the mask wearing scenarios. Ear biometric system can complement the other biometric systems in automatic human recognition system and provides identity cues when the other system information is unreliable or even unavailable. In this work, we propose a six layer deep convolutional neural network architecture for ear recognition. The potential efficiency of the deep network is tested on IITD-II ear dataset and AMI ear dataset. The deep network model achieves a recognition rate of 97.36% and 96.99% for the IITD-II dataset and AMI dataset respectively. The robustness of the proposed system is validated in uncontrolled environment using AMI Ear dataset. This system can be useful in identifying persons in a massive crowd when combined with a proper surveillance system.

Discursive construction of the patient in online clinical cancer pathways information.

To explore how the patient is constructed and socially positioned in discourses of web-based pathways information available to people with cancer in Norway. Mixed qualitative and quantitative design, using Corpus-Assisted Critical Discourse Analysis. The study, conducted in January 2020, examined the language of one general and six specific web-based cancer pathways information brochures. The approach combines analysis of word frequencies and concordance lines using corpus analysis software to identify the 'linguistic fingerprint' or 'aboutness' of the text prior to further qualitative critical discourse analysis. The analysis identified three core discourses which constructed the patient differently: (a) a participating active person, in a brief, inclusive discourse; (b) a passive person lacking knowledge or perception of their situation in dominant, medical and interprofessional expert discourse; and (c) reduced to a disease and a code in the pathways discourse. This study offers insight into the construction of patients in online clinical pathways information for cancer treatment. The analysis revealed how governance systems such as New Public Management and its demands on efficiency and productivity influence the cancer pathways. The World Health Organization has promoted a person-centred approach, emphasizing the importance of participation and a partnership of equals. A person-centred approach to care was not evident in the discourse of the online documents. The dominant ideology of these pathways was paternalistic with patients constructed as passive persons who get standardized treatment. This study gives new insight that can be valuable for nurses, other healthcare professionals and the government. The lack of a person-centred focus in the cancer pathway information could have a negative impact on the patient's health outcomes by promoting a culture of inattention to the patients' needs and wishes among practitioners. The results may provide a stimulus for discussion about the role of patients in cancer treatment.

Using Mobile Sensors to Study Personality Dynamics

Abstract. Research interest in personality dynamics over time is rapidly growing. Passive personality assessment via mobile sensors offers an intriguing new approach for measuring a wide variety of personality dynamics. In this paper, we address the possibility of integrating sensor-based assessments to enhance personality dynamics research. We consider a variety of research designs that can incorporate sensor-based measures and address pitfalls and limitations in terms of psychometrics and practical implementation. We also consider analytic challenges related to data quality and model evaluation that researchers must address when applying machine learning methods to translate sensor data into composite personality assessments.

The Reach of the Realm

In The Realm of Criminal Law, Antony Duff argues that the criminal law’s realm is bounded by territory. This is because a polity decides what it cares about in crafting its civic home, and it extends its rules and hospitality to guests (non-citizens). I question whether the most normatively attractive conception of a Duffian polity would be bounded by territory, or whether it would exercise far more extensive jurisdiction over its citizens wherever in the world they may be (active personality) and over harm to its citizens/interests wherever in the world the attacks occur (passive personality).

A jurisprudential analysis of the concurrent criminal jurisdiction over cross-border telecom fraud crime

PurposeThe issue of concurrent jurisdiction over cross-border crimes has become common in a globalizing world, while the rigid compliance with territoriality and active personality jurisdiction has created a legal vacuum for cross-border crimes in many situations. The jurisdiction dispute between mainland China and Taiwan over cross-border telecom fraud crimes is a good example. In recent years, the Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China cracked down a series of cross-border telecom fraud crimes against mainland residents and extradited suspects to mainland China. Given a certain proportion of Taiwan residents in criminal gangs, the Taiwan side raised jurisdiction objections, arguing that mainland China had no right to exercise jurisdiction over Taiwanese criminals. The essence of the jurisdiction dispute between two sides is the concurrence of Taiwan’s right to exercise active personality jurisdiction and the mainland’s right to exercise passive personality jurisdiction. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the connotation of different jurisdiction principles (namely, territorial, active personality, protective and passive personality jurisdiction) and reinterpret their prioritization of applicability from a jurisprudential perspective, and thus, enhance the theoretical basis for resolving the issue of concurrent jurisdiction over cross-border crimes.Design/methodology/approachBy reviewing the historical trajectory of major jurisdiction principles since the 1920s, and studying the specificities of the case in this context, this paper argues that territorial jurisdiction and active personality jurisdiction have presumed priority but not an absolute priority for resolving the issue of concurrent jurisdiction. The applicability of protective and passive personality jurisdiction could precede the former provided the jurisdictions of territoriality or active personality are inadequate, incompetent or lack of motivation to combat crimes, which harm other jurisdictions.FindingsThe developmental trajectory and contemporary connotation of major jurisdiction principles suggests that the legitimacy of the mainland’s exercise of passive personality jurisdiction over Taiwan criminal suspects lies in the urgent need to recover mainland victims’ significant property loss, the incompetence of Taiwan in detecting and prosecuting telecom fraud crimes committed by Taiwanese residents and targeting mainland victims and that the mainland has guaranteed the Taiwan side’s right to be timely informed and fully participate in its exercise of criminal jurisdiction over crimes involving Taiwan suspects.Originality/valueCurrent literature on jurisdiction doctrines mainly uses a historical or descriptive approach to reveal the attitudes of different countries toward jurisdiction principles, which helps little in resolving the issue of concurrent jurisdiction over cross-border crimes in an era of globalization. This paper uses an interpretative approach, reinterprets the contemporary connotation of different jurisdiction principles and redefines the criteria for determining their prioritization in the context of the specificities of a case. It is expected to update the academic literature for resolving concurrent jurisdiction, fill the legal vacuum for combating cross-border crimes created by rigid compliance with territorial jurisdiction, and meanwhile relieve concerns about abuse of extraterritorial jurisdiction as it provides concrete standards for weighting the applicability of jurisdiction principles.

WiDet: Wi-Fi based device-free passive person detection with deep convolutional neural networks

To achieve device-free person detection, various types of signal features, such as moving statistics and wavelet representations, have been extracted from the Wi-Fi Received Signal Strength Index (RSSI), whose value fluctuates when human subjects move near the Wi-Fi transceivers. However, these features do not work effectively under different deployments of Wi-Fi transceivers because each transceiver has a unique RSSI fluctuation pattern that depends on its specific wireless channel and hardware characteristics. To address this problem, we present WiDet, a system that uses a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) approach for person detection. The CNN takes the 2-dimensional wavelet coefficients as input, and extracts effective and robust detection features automatically. With a large number of internal parameters, the CNN can record and recognize the different RSSI fluctuation patterns from different transceivers. We further apply the data augmentation method to improve the algorithm robustness to wireless interferences and pedestrian speed changes. To take advantage of the wide availability of the existing Wi-Fi devices, we design a collaborative sensing technique that can recognize the subject’s moving directions. To validate the proposed design, we implement a prototype system that consists of three Wi-Fi packet transmitters and one receiver on low-cost off-the-shelf embedded development boards. In a multi-day experiment with a total of 163 walking events, WiDet achieves 95.5% of detection accuracy in detecting pedestrians, which outperforms the moving statistics and the wavelet representation based approaches by 22% and 8%, respectively.

Persuading God: Rhetorical Studies of First-Person Psalms by Davida H. Charney (review)

Reviewed by: Persuading God: Rhetorical Studies of First-Person Psalms by Davida H. Charney Jason M. H. Gaines Davida H. Charney. Persuading God: Rhetorical Studies of First-Person Psalms. Hebrew Bible Monographs 73. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2017. xii + 156 pp. doi:10.1017/S0364009419000564 This slim monograph begins with the author's modest note that she does not have a biblical studies "card to carry in my wallet" (ix); rather, Charney is a scholar of rhetoric, and she applies her skills in rhetorical analysis to a series of psalms in order to understand if, why, and how ancient Israelites worked to persuade God. Despite her lack of formal training in biblical studies, or perhaps because of it, she offers insightful, sensitive, and important new findings valuable to biblical scholars and interested lay audiences alike. "Arguing with God," she claims, "is a key theme in the Hebrew Bible." While the ancient Greeks wrestled physically and rhetorically with other Greek citizens, the Israelites wrestle physically (in the case of the patriarch Jacob) and rhetorically (in her chosen text corpus of first-person psalms) with God. When these psalmists attempt to persuade God to intervene in their lives, they engage in rhetoric, "the art/faculty of choosing from among the available means of persuasion in any given situation" (1–2). Even further, Charney deduces rhetorical situations or starting points that originally prompted the compositions. She claims accurately that these situations "are necessarily speculative, but they are not undisciplined" (9); she does not pursue the form-critical practice of attributing psalms to particular biblical episodes or cultic observances. [End Page 441] Some elements of rhetorical criticism chafe against more traditional historical and literary biblical study. For example, Charney argues that "the task of a rhetorical approach is to spell out how apparent digressions actually build a connected line of argument in a given psalm and contribute to a coherent and persuasive reading of the text as a whole" (8). However, is that strategy prudent if any given psalm may be composite, corrupt, or part of a larger corpus? Perhaps a digression is editorial or scribal rather than original. Charney does not present her understanding of the composition and/or canonization of the psalms either individually or in larger groups, an unfortunate omission. In chapter 1, Charney argues that praise is the most important currency Israelites have at their disposal for persuading God; God reciprocates by answering and protecting his people. Inspired both by Moshe Greenberg's conception of prayer-praise and Aristotle's formulation of epideictic rhetoric, she solves a possible paradox of rhetorical studies: if persuasion is concerned with changing hearers' attitudes, what changes when an Israelite praises God if that society already accepts God's value? She concludes that Israelites themselves need to praise God in order to engage continually with God. Praise can function as a "negative currency" with God in instances of death (which would cause the speaker's praise to cease), quid pro quo (praise will only continue if God rescues), and taunting (would God want an enemy to doubt God's power?). Case studies of four psalms follow, most notably Psalm 16, where Charney utilizes both lexical and rhetorical evidence to propose that the psalm's speaker is "a clear-eyed realist, not an unshakable priest" (32). Her examination of the short Psalm 131, a praise-free exception that proves her rule, failed to convince this reviewer: even if the speaker be "an extraordinarily passive person with little to say for himself" (37), how expressive and haunting (if unpersuasive) those few words remain. In chapter 2, Charney's case study of Psalm 4 exemplifies the benefits of combining rhetorical and biblical studies. In terminology belonging to the former field, "amplitude" is a strategy whereby speakers allocate material in a text based on the views of their audience. "Looking for where writers have devoted the most space is an important clue to the point they consider most important or most controversial" (40). Psalm 4 is often read as a speaker's defense against a false accusation. However, Charney shows that the bulk of the psalm rebukes opponents and tries to persuade them to return to faithfulness. She views...

Modeling Personality vs. Modeling Personalidad

Sensor data collected from smartphones provides the possibility to passively infer a user's personality traits. Such models can be used to enable technology personalization, while contributing to our substantive understanding of how human behavior manifests in daily life. A significant challenge in personality modeling involves improving the accuracy of personality inferences, however, research has yet to assess and consider the cultural impact of users' country of residence on model replicability. We collected mobile sensing data and self-reported Big Five traits from 166 participants (54 women and 112 men) recruited in five different countries (UK, Spain, Colombia, Peru, and Chile) for 3 weeks. We developed machine learning based personality models using culturally diverse datasets - representing different countries - and we show that such models can achieve state-of-the-art accuracy when tested in new countries, ranging from 63% (Agreeableness) to 71% (Extraversion) of classification accuracy. Our results indicate that using country-specific datasets can improve the classification accuracy between 3% and 7% for Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. We show that these findings hold regardless of gender and age balance in the dataset. Interestingly, using gender- or age- balanced datasets as well as gender-separated datasets improve trait prediction by up to 17%. We unpack differences in personality models across the five countries, highlight the most predictive data categories (location, noise, unlocks, accelerometer), and provide takeaways to technologists and social scientists interested in passive personality assessment.