Passive Optical Network Technology Research Articles

University campus network planning and design based on GPON technology

With the continuous development of Internet applications, in order to meet the increasing demands of teachers and students for the campus network in teaching, scientific research, office work and daily life, it is necessary to build a network environment that can meet the needs of smart campuses and future new applications. This paper makes an in-depth analysis of the current situation of campus networks, uses Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) technology to upgrade and transform the existing network, reduces the cost of switching equipment and maintenance difficulty, improves the network transmission rate, increases the upper limit of campus network user access, and effectively solves the problem of separation between wired and wireless networks.

Perspectives on and the road towards 100 Gb/s TDM PON with intensity-modulation and direct-detection

We assess the status of current generation 25G and 50G time division multiplexed passive optical network (TDM PON) technologies based on leveraging the cost efficiencies of the Ethernet intra-datacenter ecosystem. As a first step towards 100G TDM PON, we predict the real-world impact of a flexible modulation enhancement to 50G PON, whereby four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) symbols can be transmitted at the same symbol rate as 50 Gb/s PAM2, but only where excess margins permit. We find that sufficient margins are likely to exist to allow for a majority of future 50G PON optical network units to operate at 100 Gb/s PAM4. Next, we look at the options for a 100G PON capable of supporting the full loss budget and reach requirements. There is no technical risk if coherent technology is adopted, but intensity-modulation and direct-detection (IM-DD) will provide lower complexity, lower cost, and lower power dissipation. We evaluate this option and conclude that by following IM-DD Ethernet optics to 100 GBd, single wavelength IM-DD will continue to be feasible for 100G PON and will be a strong contender for the next generation of PON after 50 Gb/s.

Construction of Fiber Optical Communication System Infrastructure for 3T (Terdepan, Terluar dan Tertinggal) Areas Using Fiber to the Area Network System

Distribution of telecommunications in Indonesia, the government is aggressively building telecommunications network facilities, especially for 3T areas (Frontier, Outermost and Disadvantaged). Because there are still many areas that have not received access to telecommunications services, the Fiber to The Area (FTTA) network is the right solution to meet the needs of the community in economic, environmental and technical aspects. This design will provide an expansion of Fixed Broadband services around the Tanjung Lesung Special Economic Zone (SEZ), Pandeglang Regency, Banten. Later this fiber optic access network will use a Fiber To The Area (FTTA) network topology that connects the CO (Central Office) as a Metro Ethernet and DWDM hub with the Mini OLT Shelter as an Optical Line Terminal (OLT) hub supported by NG-PON (Next-Generation) PON (Passive Optical Network) technology with 2 Stage architecture which involves two stages of sending information signals through optical fiber. This design must first be designed on Google Earth to determine the fiber optic cable path and to determine the feasibility of performance on the system the author uses several test components including: Link Power Budget (LPB) testing, Rise Time Budget (RTB), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), Quality Factor (Q-Factor) which is simulated on optisystem to be able to provide performance values that match the eligibility standards at PT Telkom Indonesia.

Perancangan dan Analisis Jaringan FTTB Berbasis Teknologi GPON Pada Bangunan Hotel

This paper presents the design and implementation of a Fiber To The Building (FTTB) network infrastructure based on Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) technology in a hotel cluster building located in West Sumatra, Indonesia. GPON technology was selected for its cost-effectiveness and efficiency in the distribution area, particularly when the terminal bandwidth is set at ≤500 Mbps. The waterfall method was utilized in the network's design. The results were tested and analyzed across three Open System Interconnection (OSI) layers: the physical layer, represented by the link power budget; the datalink layer, represented by the Traffic Container (T-CONT); and the network layer, represented by the QoS network performance. The link power budget showed a minimum received power of -16.41 dBm on the downlink and -18.95 dBm on the uplink, with a power margin value above zero. T-CONT has been implemented with the fixed bandwidth value set to provide a bandwidth guarantee meeting the minimum requirement of 1.1 Mbps. The network performance of the FTTB GPON demonstrated excellent performance, as per Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Network (TIPHON) standards, recording a latency of 1.18 ms, jitter of 0.18 ms, and zero packet loss

Series Editorial: Optical Communications and Networks

In the first issue of the Optical Communications and Networks Series in 2023, we have selected six fascinating articles reporting on recent advances in optical communications and networking. They address free-space optical (FSO) communications including visible light communication (VLC), intelligent fiber-optic communications leveraging machine learning (ML), passive optical network (PON) technology for industrial networks, and dynamic optical path provisioning for alien access links.

Enabling Next-Generation Industrial Networks with Industrial PON

Traditional industrial networks primarily focus on onsite device operation and worker safety. They do not engage in the ongoing digital transformation with remote control machinery and big data processing. The next-generation of industrial networks is expected to offer high-speed connectivity, intelligent management, and flexible architecture to adapt to technology advances and business competitions. Data from the environment, machinery, and offices should be collected and analyzed to support automated procedures related to an industry. In this article, a network architecture based on the passive optical network (PON) technology, the so-called industrial PON, is proposed to enable the next-generation industrial networks. It manages the network resource via a three-layer structure. Recent industrial PON implementations deployed by a Tier 1 operator are investigated in detail to evaluate the solution feasibility and network performance. Results demonstrate that the industrial PON can connect various business assets, provide data exchange to automate industrial processes, and manage the business to improve production efficiency.

Fiber to The Home (FTTH) Network Design Using Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) Technology Using Link Power Budget and Rise Time Budget Analysis in Cibeber Village Tasikmalaya

Fiber optic is a transmission medium that can transmit information with large capacity. One of the developments in local fiber access networks is FTTH (Fiber to The Home). The construction of the FTTH network uses Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) technology so that it can provide broadband services to customers with a wider range. This research was studied by designing FTTH based on GPON technology in Cibeber Village, Manonjaya District. The existing condition of the FTTH network in Cibeber Village is that there are 2 Optical Distribution Points (ODP) for 20 customers with each ODP having 10 subscribers. From the results of the location survey by measuring the distance to each customer, the furthest distance to the customer for the two ODPs was obtained, so that 2 new ODPs were needed for the design. From the design of the new optical network infrastructure, it has been analyzed using the link power budget and rise time budget method based on the customer with the farthest distance before the addition of ODP has a Power Receive sensitivity of -16.631 dBm to -15.631 dBm on the uplink and -16.644 dBm to -15.574 dBm on the downlink, these results are in accordance with the expected standard, which ranges from -8 dBm to -27 dBm. In calculating the value of the rise time budget for customers after the addition of ODP, it has a value of 0.2044 ns to 0.2039 ns on the uplink and 0.2188 ns to 0.21574 ns on the downlink. This value is still below the standard time limit set by PT. Telkom Indonesia 0.56 ns for uplink and 0.292 ns for downlink. So based on this the results of the design are feasible to implement.

Field Trial of Network Slicing in 5G and PON-Enabled Industrial Networks

Driven by recent technology advances in fifth generation (5G) wireless networks and optical communications, fundamental changes are taking place in traditional industrial networks to evolve with enhanced automation, improved monitoring, and smart interconnectivity. These changes call for updating the current network to provide service agility, intelligence, and scalability. Network slicing creates independent and logical networks on the same physical network to meet the requirements of various services. It enables an industrial network to offer tailored services as the business evolves to stay competitive. In this article, we propose a novel abstraction model of end-to-end network slicing for future industrial networks. The model enables multi-service applications over a converged industrial network with access from both 5G and passive optical network (PON) users. Performance of this model is investigated via a field trial in China Telecom's deployed 5G and PON networks for a manufacturing company. Field trial results demonstrate that the 5G and PON technologies can jointly meet the service requirements of industrial network services. The proposed network slicing model improves service quality.

Optical Distribution Network Design Using PSO

Fiber To The Home (FTTH) network based on the Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) technology is considered a technology option capable of spreading high-speed Internet. However, the high project cost may make its deployment unfeasible. Given this challenge, we use Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to propose an Optical Distribution Network (ODN) design in FTTH network. The ODN is a region that links the Central Office (CO) and the User Network (UN), that is, a strategic region that needs additional attention. In the literature so far is rare to find a technical-economic analysis of the ODN problem. Therefore, the novelty of this letter is to adapt the PSO, an efficient and fast strategy to be applied to multivariable functions, within an ODN design with technical and economic criteria. Using system-level simulations, we attest that the proposed algorithm achieves 12% cost reduction from the conventional way.

DESIGN OF A PERMITTED NETWORK USING FIBER-OPTIC-BASED SOLUTIONS MATHEMATICAL MODELING

The main goal of the research is to increase the speed of exchange in broadband subscriber access networks, primarily using PON technology, since the needs of subscribers are constantly growing and modern structures can no longer provide them. This article discusses the PON technology, types of WDM technology, equipment designed for communication networks using WDM, designs and parameters of WDM multiplexers. The possibility of implementing WDM-TDM hybrid multiplexing in existing PON systems is considered. Conclusions are drawn about the relevance of the use of this technology in order to modernize existing access networks. The rapid development of technologies for the production of electronic optical devices and optical fibers made it possible in the mid-80s to use fiber to connect individual users and organizations. The launch of the first distribution networks was carried out using point-to-point topologies, but a few years later the technology of passive optical networks (PON) was created, which allows organizing point-to-point topologies.

Customer Edge Downstream Detection for Automatic Restoration Scheme in FTTH-PON Distribution Network

Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) networks are seen as the most future-proof technology to offer increasing bandwidth to customers. By utilizing passive optical network (PON) technology, they provide flexibility and capability to carry higher bandwidths as compared to the legacy copper-based access network. Optical performance monitoring could potentially enable higher stability, reconfigurability, and flexibility in a self-managed optical network. This paper will describe the specific fiber impairments that affect the quality of service for fiber-to-the-home networks. The impairment needs to be monitored and restored. The proposed solution will utilize a photodiode and optical switch as the main components, can easily be integrated with the ONU through the optical interface, and will be referred to as ‘PROMO’. With this scheme, the protection and restoration mechanisms are archived through the detection and availability of the downstream signal from the OLT. The results show that the received power, BER values, and maximum Q factor are acceptable for both simulation and experimental conditions in the case of normal and protection conditions.

SDN East–West cooperation in a converged fixed-mobile optical access network: enabling 5G slicing capabilities

The new 5G service requirements will force operators to rethink the deployment of infrastructure and management tools. The reuse of passive optical network (PON) technology to connect antenna sites has attracted the attention of some operators, as the high availability of some 5G services, as well as ubiquitous radio coverage in a denser network, could be ensured with minimum deployment efforts. In this case, the implications of each 5G slice instance deserve to be clarified in a PON infrastructure, and a fixed-mobile converged management system in optical access networks (ANs) will be necessary for operators. Some class of service (CoS) algorithms must be developed to ensure that different and heterogeneous services are properly transported through optical fibers in a fixed-mobile converged scenario. Many organizations are considering the use of transmission containers (T-CONTs) (the indicator of the bandwidth distribution in the PON uplink) for PON slicing, but the CoS for mobile traffic in a PON has not yet been defined. In parallel, the new AN management solutions are mostly focused on software-defined network (SDN) northbound/southbound interfaces between orchestrators and abstraction entities. However, if an end-to-end 5G slice instance must be dynamically applied in a fixed-mobile converged architecture, the coordination between mobile and residential management systems is necessary. We propose a disaggregated optical line terminal (OLT) with an SDN controller that leverages the advantages of virtualization technologies and the currently deployed OLT. We propose an East–West interface between fixed and mobile SDN controllers and have successfully implemented a 5G slicing proof of concept in access transport networks using this interface. We succeeded in reducing uplink latency and jitter by 25%–50% thanks to a smart optimization of T-CONTs, which could be interesting for ultrareliable and low-latency communications applications. A discussion of T-CONTs for slicing is also given based on experimental measurements.

A hybrid bandwith allocation algorithm for EPON-WiMAX integrated networks based on auction process

Integration of Ethernet passive optical network and WiMAX technologies is viewed as a great solution for next-generation broadband access networks. In the systems adopting this strategy, weighty bandwidth allocation schemes are fundamental to fulfill the quality of service and fairness requirements of different traffic classes. Existing proposals to overcome the bandwidth allocation problem in EPON/WiMAX networks dismiss collaboration between the self-interested EPON and WiMAX service providers. This study presents a novel EPON-based semi-dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm to allow the integration process. In the proposed algorithm depending on the auction process, the optical line terminal runs an auction to adequately post the optical network unit bandwidth that distributes the most elevated bidders based on the measurement of the accessible bandwidth. Simulation results demonstrate massive upgrades compared with fair sharing using dual-service-level agreements, limited-service interleaved polling with adaptive cycle time methods, bandwidth allocation strategy using Stackelberg game, and bandwidth allocation strategy using coalition game regarding the quality of service parameters such as throughput and time delay. This will be extremely helpful for optical system upgrading and improvement with minimal effort.

Architectural Design and Life Cycle Management of Network Slicing for Software-Defined Optical Access Networks

Optical access networks (OANs) with passive optical network technology have been globally deployed on a massive scale, serving as the fundamental information infrastructure of teleCommunication networks. Some telecom service providers are re-architecting their networks based on cloud central office with software-defined networking and network functions virtualization capabilities to provide service agility, intelligence, and scalability. In this article, we present a synthesized analysis of the inherent value and practical use cases of access network (AN) slicing in the context of software-defined OANs. A novel hierarchical abstraction model and a workflow of end-to-end network slicing are presented to illustrate the support of multi-service and multi-tenancy applications over a converged OAN platform by enabling automatic life cycle management of AN slicing. Two successful trials utilizing the model and the workflow are also demonstrated.

DESIGN FIBER TO THE HOME GIGABIT PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK UDAYANA UNIVERSITY, SUDIRMAN CAMPUS

To find out the need for fiber optic access network devices from NOC to rooms at Udayana University, Sudirman Campus, fiber to the home network design was made with Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) technology. Selection of GPON technology to reduce the number of ports on OLT and the number of fiber cores compared to the existing technology using point to point. Assuming the bitrate in each room is 21 Mbps and 291 rooms to be served, it takes 5 OLT ports on the NOC. Feeder Cable Network consists of 5 cores distributed to each location using 3 units of 1: 4 splitter, 4 units of 1: 8 splitter, 6 units of 1:16 splitter, 1:32 splitter of 6 units. To maintain service quality, 16 amplifiers are needed. The required fiber cable length is 2.5 km. The quality of service is tested using the Optisystem simulator. The result is that at the closest distance the PRx value is -14.059 dBm, with BER 6.13608 e-103, Q Factor 21.511. Meanwhile, at the farthest distance, the PRx value is -14.105 dBm, with BER of 1.52751 e-120, and Q Factor 23.3159. The results obtained still meet the ITU-T G.984.2 standard

Design, implementation and evaluation of a Fiber To The Home (FTTH) access network based on a Giga Passive Optical Network GPON

Requirements such as high bandwidth and capacity for high speed internet, High Definition Television “HDTV” and Voice Over Internet Protocol “VOIP”, lead to the proposals for Fibre To Home FTTH Access Network. FTTH based on Giga Passive Optical Network (GPON) technology is one techniques that can provide triple play services at a reasonable cost. It uses only passive equipment except at the central office and the customer premises. Most telecom operators now use FTTH networks based on GPON due to its flexibility in handling extended technologies and services in the future. For a GPON technology, a maximum of 128 uses can be included in a network with maximum reach of 60 ​km and maximum distance between consecutive optical network terminals of 20 ​km as per G.984.6 ITU-T specification. GPON uses 2.44 Gbps downstream and 1.24Gbps upstream data transmission.

A Review of immigration obstacles to PON-FTTH and its evolution around the world

The require a bandwidth of every person will be increased from 16 Mbit/s to 50 up to 100M bit/s in the next 5 years in most of the growing counties. To solve this problem, FTTH may be the appropriate solution in a wide range. We experimentally investigate the deploy of PON-FTTH based on different kinds of passive optical network technology (E-PON, G-PON and VCSEL) and study the Obstacles of PON-FTTH Immigration after comparing it with older service (XDSL). Then analysis the reason on why these technologies chose by some country not others and why the technological need in Europe different with need in Africa and America. We discussed the solutions in telecommunications networks and or the economic aspect of projects all over the world, we found that GPON is more appropriable for accomplishment PON-FTTH than other networks. Thus GPON has been chosen for Europe, America and middle east. Choosing GPON techniques is decided by many factors include the infrastructure that was made before, the people demand for service and how much service they need because the need in Europe different with need in Africa and American and so on. Finally, we will suggest the appropriate solution in the energy savings, cost effective, higher security, and side of service transparency over other access networks for the future demand.

A Timing, Trigger, and Control System With Picosecond Precision Based on 10 Gbit/s Passive Optical Networks for High-Energy Physics

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments will have their timing, trigger, and control (TTC) system upgraded as a consequence of the need for higher bandwidth and components which are obsolete. In this article, we present a TTC based on passive optical networks (PONs). TTC-PON is a point-to-multipoint bidirectional TTC system based on the 10 Gbit/s International Telecommunications Union (ITU) XG-PON technology and modern field-programmable gate array (FPGA) devices. Each master can handle up to 64 slaves through a fully passive network, delivering a fixed-phase recovered clock to all the destinations with less than 5-ps jitter. TTC-PON pushes the limits of the PON technology by exploiting cutting-edge custom protocols on top of the commercially available XG-PON optical modules. It can potentially reuse the current optical fiber infrastructure already installed in the experiments and allows for high flexibility in terms of partitioning, which can ease future upgrades of the TTC network. The system features a picosecond-level on-the-fly phase monitoring for each slave's recovered clock by exploiting the bidirectionality of the network. In addition, a full set of link-quality monitoring tools was developed, allowing real-time performance monitoring. An overview of the tailored protocols will be given together with the details on the system implementation, operation, and performance. A discussion on the characterization campaign of more than 1000 optical modules delivered to the first implementation of the TTC-PON system will be drawn.

ALICE Central Trigger System for LHC Run 3

A major upgrade of the ALICE experiment is in progress and will result in high-rate data taking during LHC Run 3 (2022-2024). The LHC interaction rate at Point 2 where the ALICE experiment is located will be increased to 50 kHz in Pb–Pb collisions and 1 MHz in pp collisions. The ALICE experiment will be able to read out data at these interaction rates leading to an increase of the collected luminosity by a factor of up to about 100 with respect to LHC Runs 1 and 2. To satisfy these requirements, a new readout system has been developed for most of the ALICE detectors, allowing the full readout of the data at the required interaction rates without the need for a hardware trigger selection. A novel trigger and timing distribution system will be implemented, based on Passive Optical Network (PON) and GigaBit Transceiver (GBT) technology. To assure backward compatibility a triggered mode based on RD12 Trigger- Timing-Control (TTC) technology, as used in the previous LHC runs, will be maintained and re-implemented under the new Central Trigger System (CTS). A new universal ALICE Trigger Board (ATB) based on the Xilinx Kintex Ultrascale FPGA has been designed to function as a Central Trigger Processor (CTP), Local Trigger Unit (LTU), and monitoring interfaces. In this paper, this new hybrid multilevel system with continuous readout will be described, together with the triggering mechanism and algorithms. An overview of the CTS, the design of the ATB and the different communication protocols will be presented.

Highest Cost First-Based QoS Mapping Scheme for Fiber Wireless Architecture

The combination of a high-speed wireless network with passive optical network technologies has led to the evolution of a modern integrated fiber wireless (FiWi) access network. Compared to broadband wireless networks, the FiWi network offers higher bandwidth with improved reliability and reduced maintenance costs due to the passive nature of passive optical network (PON). Since the quality of service (QoS) is a baseline to deploy high-speed FiWi broadband access networks, therefore, it is essential to analyze and reduce the typical problems (e.g., bandwidth and delay) in the high-speed next-generation networks (NGANs). This study investigates the performance of a fiber wireless architecture where a 10-Gigabit-capable passive optical network (XGPON) and fifth generation of wireless local area network (WLAN) (i.e., IEEE 802.11ac) are integrated. Both technologies take benefits from each other and have pros and cons concerning the QoS demands of subscribers. The proposed work offers a very flexible QoS scheme for the different types of services of 5G WLAN and XGPON with the help of the highest cost first (HCF) algorithm, which leads to reduced upstream delays for delay-sensitive applications. The simulation results show that the HCF algorithm boosts the performance of the dynamic bandwidth assignment (DBA) scheme and results in up to 96.1%, 90.8%, and 55.5% reduced upstream (US) delays for video: VI(T2), background: BK(T3), and best effort: BE(T4) traffic in enhanced-distributed-channel-access (EDCA) mode. Compared to earlier work, the HCF and immediate allocation with the colorless grant (IACG) DBA combination results in the reduction of up to 54.8% and 53.4% mean US delays. This happens because of 50% to 65% better bandwidth assignment by the IACG DBA process due to efficient mapping by the HCF algorithm.