Passive Neglect Research Articles

Research on the Role of Family Education in Preschool Education

With the continuous development of education, the importance of preschool education is becoming more and more apparent. Despite the increasing interest in preschool education, the role of family education is still underutilized. This study focuses on this phenomenon, analyzes the role of the family in preschool education, and points out two problems: the neglect of family education and the wrong intervention of family education. Family education generally has active neglect and passive neglect. Mistakes in homeschooling methods can also limit students’ free development. Based on this, this paper puts forward the following suggestions. Parents and other family educators should pay attention to improving their educational concepts and improving teaching methods. Schools should pay attention to improving the children’s education system and strengthen home-school cooperation. The government and society should also take the initiative to create a healthy network and social environment to provide a good environmental foundation for students’ physical and mental health.

Flowers of Deception

Using the lens of affect, this article argues that understanding the sensibilities and allegiances of postcolonial experts is vital to determining who constitutes the expert’s “public” and, thus, who benefits from state interventions and who doesn’t. Following environmental sustainability initiatives in the wake of a parasitic infestation of tobacco in Andhra Pradesh, I analyze experts’ concern for landowning farmers in contrast to their passive neglect and active resentment of landless laborers. The article draws parallels between the experts’ pedagogies and the parasite’s deceptively attractive bloom, which hides complex entanglements between parasite and plant beneath the soil surface. I show that a postcolonial emotional regime idealizes landowning farmers and renders invisible the experts’ and farmers’ common cultural milieu of landownership and collective dependence on caste-based labor. Invoking nostalgia for a lost past, experts’ pedagogies are productive, subsidizing monoculture while neoliberalizing farmers’ subjectivities. By their absenting, laborers face climate precarity and the reproduction of resentment against them.

Attentional biases to faces with direct versus averted gaze in children without and with autism spectrum disorder: A dot-probe paradigm

Previous research utilized a variety of paradigms to demonstrate attentional biases to faces with direct versus averted gaze in typical development (TD) and no such bias in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, little is known about whether the biases can be observed during automatic processing stages in TD and whether the lack of such bias in ASD is due to passive neglect or active avoidance of direct gaze. Therefore, we employed a dot-probe paradigm and manipulated stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) to measure response times to probes replacing faces with direct gaze compared to faces with averted gaze in children without and with ASD. There was no evidence of attentional bias in either group when stimuli were presented during the automatic processing stage (200 ms SOA). However, during the controlled processing stage (1000 ms SOA), an attentional bias to faces with direct versus averted gaze was found in control children but not in those with ASD. The results indicate that the facilitation of direct gaze on facial attention occurs during controlled rather than automatic processing stages in TD individuals. In contrast, children with ASD respond indiscriminately to direct and averted gaze during both stages of cognitive processing, supporting the gaze indifference hypothesis. For TD children but not for children with ASD, direct gaze is an adaptively informative or socially salient signal.

Defining Crimes Against Companion Animals in Finland – Passive Neglect and Active Maltreatment

ABSTRACT Our aims were to describe the specific features of animal welfare offenses against companion animals in Finland, to study whether evidence provided by veterinarians was associated with the outcome of these cases, and to explore the sanctions and other legal consequences following these crimes in Finnish courts. Our data comprised 948 judgments in animal welfare offenses in Finland between January 2011 and May 2021. We used chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests and binary logistic regression analysis to examine them. Most offenses included neglect of animals, extending to complete abandonment. We identified two distinguishable offense types that differed by offender’s age, gender, and offense location: large-scale and violent offenses. Large-scale offenses, defined as recurrent or long-lasting and involving at least 15 animals, were often located in small municipalities and led frequently to the animals’ death. They were typically committed by middle-aged or elderly women and their family members who rarely confessed to the charges even partially, which may refer to animal hoarding. In contrast, violent offenses were often committed by young men also charged with other crimes and targeted against other people’s animals, which is in line with previous research on intentional animal cruelty. The official veterinarians’ contribution to the criminal procedure varied according to the offense type. The assessment of the severity of the animal welfare offenses, imposition of a ban on the keeping of animals, and the forfeiture of the animals appeared to pose a challenge to the prosecutors and judges. We argue that to prevent and expose crimes against companion animals, we need to recognize the diverse nature of animal welfare offenses, strengthen the education of and cooperation between authorities, and efficiently utilize the ban on the keeping of animals as a precautionary measure to prevent further offenses.

A Retrospective Analysis of Typologies of Animal Abuse Recorded by the SPCA, Hong Kong.

Simple SummaryStatistical data are necessary to inform public debate on effective animal protection legislation. This retrospective study of 254 animal cruelty complaints recorded by the SPCA (Hong Kong) between 2013 and 2019 identified the gender and age of abusers, their relationship with the owner of the animal (where the owner was not the suspect) and the circumstances of the abuse. Animals are primarily at risk of harm from their male owners and owners’ family members. Most cases involved traumatic physical injury to dogs, with 30% of cases involving animals being killed by the defendant or having to be euthanised within 24 h of rescue, due to the level of cruelty inflicted upon them. The second most common typology of abuse involved neglect, with 27% of cases involving animals that had died from neglect or required euthanasia within 24 h of rescue. Most neglect cases involved animals being abandoned inside private premises without food/water. Abuse motivated by commercial profit was dominated by the breeding of dogs and cats for the pet trade. Dogs collected from strays were the most commonly hoarded species. Recognising the types of abuse and the species most at risk can inform legislation intended to protect animals.We conducted a retrospective study of 254 suspected cruelty offences recorded by the Hong Kong Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) between January 2013 and December 2019. Cases were categorised into four types of abuse: active maltreatment, passive neglect, commercial exploitation and hoarding. Attributes of defendants, relationship with the owner of the animal (where the owner was not the defendant) and the circumstances of the abuse (species of animal, number of animals involved, type of harm, need for medical care, number of animals seized) were recorded for each case. The majority of prosecuted cases involved traumatic physical injury to dogs, with 30% causing the death of animals. The second most common type of harm prosecuted was neglect, with 27% of cases causing death. The majority of neglect cases involved dogs abandoned inside private premises without food/water. The median number of animals hoarded was 47, with dogs the most common species. The majority of hoarders had collected their animals from strays. The largest hoarding cases (>100 animals) were operating as animal rescue shelters. Strategies to address cruelty to animals in Hong Kong can be informed by an understanding of which species are at greater risk of harm and in what circumstances this harm might occur.

Pathways to and Consequences of Surrogate Decision-Making for Older Adults

With a burgeoning aging population, there is a growing need for surrogate decision makers, yet oversight of and guidance for them remains inadequate. People needing surrogate decision makers are an especially vulnerable population because they rely on others for care and/or are unable to advocate for themselves. Their vulnerability leaves them susceptible to elder abuse (e.g., physical, sexual, psychological abuse; active and passive neglect; financial exploitation), which affects approximately five million older Americans each year. Personal, financial, and societal impacts can be devastating and are estimated to cost billions annually. The issue of abuse, neglect and exploitation by surrogates has been highly visible nationally, evidence indicates that some surrogate decision makers perpetrate abuse. One purpose of this symposium is to discuss ways in which surrogates do and do not make decisions for older adults. Ramsey-Klawsnik and Burnett present data at the systemic level to illustrate how self-neglect sequelae can result in placement under surrogate decision-making authority of either well-intended or opportunistic others. Bolkan, Teaster, Ramsey-Klawsnik, and Gerow present findings from a six-state study on surrogate decision maker victims and perpetrators who were substantiated in Adult Protective Services cases. Zhao, Katz, and Teaster show, using a survey of M-Turk participants, how a general population makes and is comfortable with surrogate decisions. Discussant Shawn Meyers will pull together the findings by exploring their translation to judicial best practices for making determinations regarding surrogate decision makers and the effects of their decisions on the surrogate as well as collaterals.

The “Invisible Student”: Neglect as a Form of Medical Student Mistreatment, a Call to Action

The mistreatment of trainees is known to lead to burnout, loss of empathy, and career changes. Medical students in particular are vulnerable to mistreatment due to their lack of seniority and frequent transitions to new teams. Traditionally, initiatives to eliminate medical student mistreatment have focused on preventing their victimization surrounding verbal, physical, and sexual misconduct. While initiatives to eliminate these types of behaviors are exceedingly important, the most common form of mistreatment that is reported by medical students is not these active forms of abuse. Instead, students on their clinical rotations more frequently report the covert "obstruction of learning" or "exclusion from the medical team" as the most common form of mistreatment experienced. Though the passive neglect of a medical student is not seemingly as serious an offense as active abuse, it can certainly have an impactful, lasting negative effect on student development, morale, and career choice. In this perspective, we recognize the importance of observational learning as a component of medical education, but state that the neglect or exclusion of a medical student should not be considered acceptable and should be labeled what it is-a form of mistreatment. We additionally provide examples for how to prevent medical student neglect by establishing a supportive and inclusive teaching environment.

The Climatorial Imperative

Climate change has become reality. Climate stability accounts for the most challenging global governance goal. In the very many contemporary writings about global warming, the discussion has been centred around the negative impacts of climate change. The burden of climate change has been thematised and cost-sharing strategies heatedly debated. The need for fairness in sharing the burden of climate change has been argued to consider national economies, the world society but also balance inbetween generations. A warming global earth was recently revealed to hold advantages (Puaschunder, 2017a, b). Based on state-of-the-art welfare function measurements and economic productivity parameters, the economic gains and productivity-efficiency benefits from a warming earth were recently captured (Puaschunder, 2017a, b). Contemporary Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measurements served as basis for estimations about the productivity of the agriculture, industry and service sectors around the warming globe. Results naturally build the intellectual basis for the climatorial imperative – advocating for the need for fairness in the distribution of the global earth benefits among nations based on Kant’s (1983/1993) imperative to only engage in actions one wants to experience themselves being done to oneself. Passive neglect of action on climate mitigation is argued as an active injustice to others. Countries passive or agnostic about global warming mitigation that reap benefits from a warming earth should therefore be obliged to finance international aid for those that are directly and negatively impacted by climate change – for instance, grant automatic asylum to climate refugees. In addition, building on common and international law, those countries that have better means of protection or conservation of the common climate should also face a greater responsibility to protect the earth (Puaschunder, 2016). All these efforts should alleviate the contemporary global governance predicament that seems to pit today’s generation against future world inhabitants in a trade-off of economic growth versus sustainability. Deriving respective policy recommendations and incentives to spread the prospective global warming gains for the wider climate change community around the globe and over time is aimed at ensuring that the shared benefits of climate change reach all contemporary and future world inhabitants around the globe in an economically efficient, legally sound and ethically equitable but also practically feasible way.

The Climatorial Imperative

Climate change has become reality. Climate stability accounts for the most challenging global governance goal. In the very many contemporary writings about global warming, the discussion has been centred around the negative impacts of climate change. The burden of climate change has been thematised and cost-sharing strategies heatedly debated. The need for fairness in sharing the burden of climate change has been argued to consider national economies, the world society but also balance inbetween generations. A warming global earth was recently revealed to hold advantages (Puaschunder, 2017a, b). Based on state-of-the-art welfare function measurements and economic productivity parameters, the economic gains and productivity-efficiency benefits from a warming earth were recently captured (Puaschunder, 2017a, b). Contemporary Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measurements served as basis for estimations about the productivity of the agriculture, industry and service sectors around the warming globe. Results naturally build the intellectual basis for the climatorial imperative – advocating for the need for fairness in the distribution of the global earth benefits among nations based on Kant’s (1983/1993) imperative to only engage in actions one wants to experience themselves being done to oneself. Passive neglect of action on climate mitigation is argued as an active injustice to others. Countries passive or agnostic about global warming mitigation that reap benefits from a warming earth should therefore be obliged to finance international aid for those that are directly and negatively impacted by climate change – for instance, grant automatic asylum to climate refugees. In addition, building on common and international law, those countries that have better means of protection or conservation of the common climate should also face a greater responsibility to protect the earth (Puaschunder, 2016). All these efforts should alleviate the contemporary global governance predicament that seems to pit today’s generation against future world inhabitants in a trade-off of economic growth versus sustainability. Deriving respective policy recommendations and incentives to spread the prospective global warming gains for the wider climate change community around the globe and over time is aimed at ensuring that the shared benefits of climate change reach all contemporary and future world inhabitants around the globe in an economically efficient, legally sound and ethically equitable but also practically feasible way.

Sunny Side Up! From Climate Change Burden Sharing to Fair Global Warming Benefits Distribution: Groundwork on the Metaphysics of the Gains of Global Warming and the Climatorial Imperative

Climate change has become reality. In the very many contemporary writings about global warming, the discussion has been centred around the negative impacts of climate change. The burden of climate change has been thematised and cost-sharing strategies heatedly debated. The need for fairness in sharing the burden of climate change has been argued to considering national economies, the world society but also balance inbetween generations. In the current frustration over the neglect of interest in ratifying intergovernmental climate agreements, the question arises whether the incentive structure of burden sharing models is appropriate to move the very many we need for climate stabilization. Only for these reasons, the following article sheds novel light on global warming from an almost unprecedentedly covered angle: The benefits of a warming earth! Considering climate change only as problematic is challenged as unidimensional. The article therefore pursues a more creative approach to overcome the obstacle of climate change. While the contemporary climate negotiations may be stuck in the one-sided grilling to share burden lowering participation motivation; unravelling the unprecedentedly described benefits arising from a warming earth may help build a more whole-rounded participatory incentive structure. State-of-the-art welfare function measurements and economic productivity parameters become the basis for conclusions about a fair spread of the gains and benefits from a warming earth. Contemporary Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measurements serve as basis for estimations about the productivity of the agriculture, industry and service sectors around the world in a changing temperature. Based on the cardinal temperatures for the agriculture, industry and service sectors productivity, the average temperature per country around the world as well as climate projections of the year 2100 under the business as usual path, this article reveals for the very first time climate winners and losers around the world. Overall and simply seen from a narrow-minded GDP perspective, the world will macroeconomically benefit more from climate change until 2100 than lose. Winning and losing from a warming earth is significantly positively correlated with the Paris COP 21 emissions country percentage of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) for ratification, leading to the conclusion that the countries that have the longest time horizon regarding a warming earth also lack motivation to mitigate global climate change. The paper concludes with introducing the climatorial imperative – advocating for the need for fairness in the distribution of the global earth benefits among nations based on Kant’s imperative to only engage in actions one wants to experience themselves being done to them. Passive neglect of action on climate mitigation is an active injustice to others. While the method to measure the gains from climate change can certainly be refined in future studies, this article is meant as very first preliminary step to open a gate to legal codifications and policy work to settle for a right, just and fair distribution of benefits from our common warming mother earth. The introduction of the gains from climate change is a novel approach that should solely be seen in connection to the imperative to distribute the gains in a fair manner among all world inhabitants. Focusing on gains may serve as means to hopefully draw attention to climate change of agnostic market actors or those who shy away from action given the overall negative connotation of climate change burden sharing and economic productivity loss aversion.

Perforation als Leitbild für die schrumpfende Stadt?

AbstractThe term “perforation” refers to the dissolution of urban structures as a result of the successive and unplanned emergence of brownfields due to shrinkage. The debate on perforation in Eastern Germany is located within the shift of planning paradigms – from cautious urban regeneration to urban restructuring – that occurred at the turn of the millennium. This debate on the perforated city, initiated by the city of Leipzig, marked precisely the renunciation of the goal of preservation and restoration of historic housing stock in favor of passive neglect and active demolition. It was an attempt to react openly and flexibly to a situation of permanent weak demand and ongoing disinvestment. One can identify three different uses of the term “perforation” by the city of Leipzig during the initial stage of urban restructuring: (1) as a pictographic description of situations and ongoing processes; (2) as a field of experiments; and (3) as a research approach. During urban restructuring in Leipzig, perforat...

Theriocide: Naming Animal Killing

In this essay I recommend ‘theriocide’ as the name for those diverse human actions that cause the deaths of animals. Like the killing of one human by another, theriocide may be socially acceptable or unacceptable, legal or illegal. It may be intentional or unintentional and may involve active maltreatment or passive neglect. Theriocide may occur one-on-one, in small groups or in large-scale social institutions. The numerous and sometimes intersecting sites of theriocide include intensive rearing regimes; hunting and fishing; trafficking; vivisection; militarism; pollution; and human-induced climate change. If the killing of animals by humans is as harmful to them as homicide is to humans, then the proper naming of such deaths offers a remedy, however small, to the extensive privileging of human lives over those of other animals. Inevitably, the essay leads to a shocking question: Is theriocide murder?

Child homicide and neglect in France: 1991–2008

The aim of this study is to investigate epidemiological characteristics of the victims and the offenders in children homicide cases and to propose preventive measures. We retrospectively investigated homicides and deaths by neglect involving children aged 15 or less, which have been autopsied in the Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine of the Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Garches, France, during the 18-year period from 1991 to 2008. Cases included were analyzed for victims’ age and gender, victim-assailant's relation, death cause and scenery, and offender's motivation. For the purposes of the study, victims were divided into four age groups: new born; infants (1–23 months); young children (2–5 years); and children (6–15 years). During the study period, 70 victims of homicide or fatal neglect were identified, which equates to a child homicide prevalence of 0.56 per 100,000 children per year. Slightly more than half of the victims (51.4%) were less than 1 year old. Neonaticide prevalence was 0.12 per 100,000 births with an equal distribution between genders. Neonates were most likely to be killed by their mothers while fathers were the most frequent assailants in both infants and children groups. Stepparents were involved in only one case. Familicide cases where children and spouses are killed were perpetrated only by fathers. The leading cause of death was blunt trauma (especially head trauma). In the neonaticide group, half of the victims died from passive neglect whereas gunshots were predominant in the children groups.

Culture and self-construal as predictors of relational responses to emotional infidelity: China and the United States

This research examined how American and Chinese participants differ when they respond to situations involving the emotional infidelity of their dating partners. It also assessed how different self-construal types influence relational response strategies. Four of the six culture-level hypotheses were supported. Overall, US respondents tend to prefer exit and anger voice responses more so than Chinese respondents. Comparatively, Chinese respondents tend to prefer loyalty, passive neglect, and third-party help responses. Both cultural groups, however, tend to use integrative voice responses to a high degree. This research marks a first attempt to modify and extend the existing Exit-Voice-Loyalty-Neglect (EVLN) relationship typology.

Ethics Commentary: Ethical Use of Power in High-Risk Situations

Ethics Commentary: Ethical Use of Power in High-Risk Situations

Genomics Education for Health Care Professionals in the 21st Century

RECENT GENOMIC DISCOVERIES HAVE BROUGHT ABOUT far-reaching advances in understanding the molecular basis of human health and disease. The vision for the future of genomics research developed by the National Human Genome Research Institute suggests more discoveries are likely to occur over the next few decades. These insights have helped reveal remarkable and unexpected complexities of human biology; however, this scientific reality has slowed the immediate translation of genomic discoveries to health benefits. Nevertheless, the early implementation of genomic medicine has brought clinically important advances that rival any other period of discovery in the history of Western medicine. For example, in 1990 the genetic and molecular basis was understood for fewer than 2% of the estimated 7000 suspected mendelian conditions; in 2011, approximately 40% of mendelian conditions have a known molecular basis. This 20-fold increase in disease-gene discovery has had immediate benefits for myriad affected individuals and families who now have access to accurate diagnostic testing, and the horizon holds hope for novel treatments in many cases. Likewise, advanced genomic technologies are helping to unravel the multifaceted nature of cancer and common complex conditions, such as heart disease and diabetes. More than a thousand newly identified genetic variants have been shown to be associated with such conditions, and many of these variants point to previously unsuspected biological pathways. Although much work remains, these discoveries offer promising avenues for clinical applications informed by genomic discoveries. The appropriate use of such applications will require that clinicians be sufficiently versed in genomics to understand when it should be applied and to communicate the potential limitations and benefits to their patients. Calls for enhanced genomics education for health care professionals predate completion of the Human Genome Project. Despite this, recent evidence suggests that large segments of the physician community are not adequately trained to make appropriate use of genomic advances. This lack of training has not escaped the public’s attention: a national poll of 1000 US adults revealed that 90% lacked confidence in their clinician’s ability to understand and use genomic information. Past efforts to enhance the genomics literacy of health care professionals have often taken the form of a push of information from the genomics community to other professional groups. The underlying assumption of these efforts has been that spontaneous interest in additional genomics education would follow. The push approach has met with reasonable success in the nursing and physician assistant communities. For example, the nursing profession has internally developed genomics education competencies, which have now been broadly adopted across 50 organizations. Linking these competencies with program accreditation and individual certification has been a major driver for the incorporation of genomics into the training and continuing education of the nursing profession. However, the push approach to genomics education has not been particularly successful in physician communities. The reasons for this are complex, but can be distilled into 4 interrelated issues. First, physicians are relentlessly practical. Until recently, most genomic advances were relevant to a very small subset of clinicians; this is changing rapidly. Second, the initial fruits of genomic medicine, such as testing for hereditary cancer syndromes, arrived at a time when the health care ecosystem was under great stress. This virtually guaranteed that any new idea, unless simple and easily adopted, would face passive neglect (if not outright active resistance). Third, the clinical application of genomics does not have a tradition of adherence to the precepts of evidence-based medicine. The first forays of genomics into clinical medicine related to rare genetic diseases, for which it is often impossible to undertake large, prospective, placebocontrolled, blinded trials of diagnostics and therapeutics. Therefore, as new genomic technologies have emerged, the genomics community has often accepted them as beneficial based on little direct clinical evidence. The rapid pace of genomic discovery has compounded the problem, because clinical trials can take years to complete. Often a lack of robust evidence has impeded adoption of genomic ad-

Speaking up and stepping back: Examining the link between employee voice and job neglect

How does an employee attempts (or lack thereof) to improve or change work related circumstances influence one's ability to do one's job? This longitudinal study sought to examine this question by testing the relationship between employee voice and two distinct forms of job neglect (active and passive neglect) among child welfare workers at baseline (time 1: n = 359) and six month follow-up (time 2: n = 187). Path analysis results revealed significant yet unexpected relationships between employee voice and the forms of job neglect. At time one, results showed that as employees voiced, they engaged in active neglect; yet this relationship shifted over time. In that, employees who exercised voice at time 1 were less likely to engage in active job neglect at time 2. With respect to passive neglect and voice, employees who indirectly limited their work effort at baseline were more likely to speak up at time 2. This study examines this unique finding and the role that both employee voice and job neglect play as workers attempt to manage dissatisfying work conditions or promote positive organizational change.

Combating Elder Abuse Through a Lawyer/Social Worker Collaborative Team Approach JASA Legal/Social Work Elder Abuse Prevention Program (LEAP)

I have been a prisoner to this. When it stopped, I felt as if I had been reborn. Ms. S, JASA LEAP client Every year an estimated 2.1 million older Americans are victims of physical, psychological, or other forms of abuse and neglect (United States Census Bureau, 2000). This statistic may not tell the whole story, however, because for every case of elder abuse and neglect that is reported to authorities, experts estimate that there may be as many as five cases that have not been reported. Recent research suggests that elders who have been abused tend to die earlier than those who are not abused, even in the absence of chronic conditions or life-threatening disease (National Center on Elder Abuse, 2005). Within the greater New York area, over the past few years there has been an exponential growth in the scope of the problem, a societal awareness of the problem and interventions developed to deal with elder abuse in general. Since 1990 the Jewish Association for Services for the Aged, JASA, has established innovative interventions to prevent and assist in situations of elder abuse, an increasingly pervasive and signifi- cant issue. In this article, we focus on JASA's Legal/Social Work Elder Abuse Program (LEAP). BACKGROUND JASA was established and incorporated in 1968 by the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of New York to identify and respond to the needs of the frail, the poor, and isolated elderly regardless of race, religion, or ethnicity. JASA's mission is to sustain and enrich the lives of the aging in the New York metropolitan area so that they can remain in the community with dignity and autonomy, and the agency has developed a comprehensive, integrated network of services that provides a continuum of community care. Among JASA's service divisions are case and group services, housing, legal services, mental health, and home care. The agency sponsors more than 100 different programs, and its elder abuse programs are central to its mission. Beginning in 1995, with funding from the United Jewish Association (UJA)-Federation, JASA established the JASA/LIJ Elder Abuse Program, linking JASA's community services to the hospital services of Long Island Jewish Hospital and Elmhurst Hospital to identify and intervene in elder abuse cases. Concurrently, the attorneys working in JASA's Legal Services for the Elderly in Queens (LSEQ) were referred cases on elder abuse issues. In 1998, JASA introduced the Legal/Social Work Elder Abuse Program (LEAP) as a small pilot program in Queens to join together social workers and attorneys in support of abused senior citizens. As they cooperated on cases, social workers and attorneys began to discuss challenges they faced in their intervention strategies. The most difficult situations involved cases where victims had to be counseled to take legal action against their abusers when the sources of abuse or exploitation were their children or spouses. These victims experienced profound shame and a desire to protect their abusers despite their own suffering. With the intervention and support of the LEAP team, clients were able to overcome these challenges and stop the abuse in their lives. The elder abuse definition used by JASA LEAP is that elder abuse is any form of mistreatment that results in harm or loss to an older person. Abuse and neglect can be categorized as follows: * Physical, sexual, emotional/psychological, financial, self-neglect, passive neglect (the withholding of goods or services without conscious intent to inflict physical or emotional distress). Often this is conducted by a well-meaning caretaker who is unable to meet the older person's needs. * Active neglect (the willful deprivation of goods or services necessary to maintain physical or mental health). Between 1 and 2 million Americans 65+ have been abused by someone they depended on for care or protection. In domestic settings, only 1 in 14 incidents is reported. …

AIDS stigma in health services in the Eastern Caribbean

Stigma obstructs HIV/AIDS prevention and care worldwide, including in the Caribbean, where the prevalence of AIDS is second only to sub-Saharan Africa. To contextualise the experience of AIDS stigma in health services in Grenada and Trinidad and Tobago, we conducted eight focus groups with 51 people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA), families, and service providers. Quasi-deductive content analysis revealed consonance with Western and Northern conceptualisations of AIDS stigma wherein stigma is enacted upon marginalized populations and reinforced through psycho-sociological processes comparing 'in' and 'out' groups. Socially constructed to be physically contagious and socially deviant, PLHA are scorned by some service providers, especially when they are perceived to be gay or bisexual. PLHA and providers identified passive neglect and active refusal by hospital and clinic staff to provide care to PLHA. Institutional practices for safeguarding patient confidentiality are perceived as marginally enforced. Interventions are needed to reduce provider stigma so the public will access HIV testing and PLHA will seek treatment.

The mental health service crisis of neoliberalism — An antipodean perspective

Major transformations in forms of governance of the liberal state have been wrought over the course of the last century, including the rise of neoliberalism and ‘new public management.’ Mental health too has witnessed change, with pharmacological treatment displacing residential care, a shift to community-based services, mainstreaming with general health care, and greater reliance on civil society institutions such as the family or markets. This article considers whether mental health law, and its court/tribunal ‘gatekeepers’ have kept pace with those changes. It argues that the focus of the liberal project needs to shift to measures which will better guarantee access to mental health services, and keep a more watchful eye on both ‘hidden’ coercion of people on community treatment orders, and passive neglect of human need.