Passive Learning Style Research Articles

Assessing and Improving the Quality of Undergraduates in Preschool Education Programs in China: The Course Experience

This study examined the current status of course satisfaction among Chinese preschool undergraduate students and the prediction of five influencing factors on students satisfaction: teacher instruction, course management, course setting, course environment, and course resources. The findings revealed that: 1. the mean value of course experience was M=3.861 (out of 5); 2. there were differences in the satisfaction of undergraduate students' course experience by different background variables; 3. course, course resources, and loyalty had significant predictive power on undergraduate students' satisfaction with course experience; 4. instructor instruction (TI) did not significantly predict students' satisfaction with course experience (SCES) (p> 0.001); 5. Faculty instruction (TI) in this study had the highest mean satisfaction score (M = 4.191) and the mean satisfaction score was only (M = 3.861). The results show that the current status of course satisfaction among Chinese preschool undergraduates is at an moderate level, and there is more space for improvement; although students' satisfaction with teacher instruction (TI) is high, effective teacher instruction does not have a substantial impact on the acquisition of SCES or general competencies, and this passive learning and teaching style leads to a lack of independent learning and active participation among Chinese preschool undergraduate students.

Afghan EFL Teachers’ Perceptions Toward Challenges They Encounter in Implementing CLT in Their Classes

This study aimed to identify the challenges that Afghan EFL teachers encounter when implementing Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) in their classes. The study utilized a descriptive quantitative research design, employing a survey questionnaire. A total of 25 EFL teachers from different public universities of Afghanistan participated in this study. The results revealed that in teacher-related challenges, insufficiency in spoken English, lack of training in CLT, shortage of time for developing communicative materials, and lack of knowledge about the culture of the target language are the primary obstacles to the application of CLT. Additionally, challenges in student-related factors such as low English proficiency, passive learning styles, and lack of motivation were identified as critical difficulties hindering the implementation of CLT in their classes.

LECTURERS’ AND STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS PAIR WORK AND GROUP WORK ACTIVITIES IN SPEAKING LESSONS AT THE ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES DEPARTMENT, HANOI UNIVERSITY

Pair work and group work are considered useful in improving speaking skills. This study aims to examine the opinions of 148 students and 33 lecturers at the English for Specific Purposes Department, Hanoi University in using pair work and group work activities in speaking lessons. A combination of questionnaires and a semi-constructed interview was administered to discover theadvantages of pair work and group work and challenges faced by students and lecturers in speaking classes. The findings revealed that pair work and group work offered many benefits to students including learning from their peers, expressing themselves more often, becoming more confident, and improving their teamwork skills. Those activities also reduced teacher talking time as students had more time to speak. However, difficulties such as mixed-level classes, shortage of vocabulary and grammatical structures, lack of confidence, and students’ passive learning styles prevented them from participating in pair work and group work activities. Students, thus, were recommended to strengthen their English vocabulary and structures by actively participating in out-of-class activities. Instructors should also carefully prepare appropriate content and give more explicit instructions.

On the Causes of CHC Students' Passive Learning Style with Confucian Ideology of Ruling by Li (Rites)

This paper aims to interpret the passive learning styles of students who come from CHC countries from the perspective of the Confucian ideology of Ruling by Li (Rites) and to prove the mediating mechanism of banking education in this process. Starting with the passive learning style presented by students in CHC countries, this paper is committed to studying the reasons behind its formation and the role played by the traditional cultural background of CHC countriesConfucian ideology of Ruling by Li (Rites). In addition, it tries to prove that banking education plays an indispensable role as a "bridge" between them. Meanwhile, in combination with the critical pedagogy of Paulo Freire, the author gives some thoughts and discusses the relationship between freedom and authority in CHCs education mode. Through grounded theory and critical interpretation of Freires critical pedagogy, this paper finds the intermediary mechanism that banking education plays in this process as well as tries to put forward constructive suggestions.

“The king will be corrupt too!” Teaching thinking in bible studies

Bible studies are one of the foundations of Israeli education. Nevertheless, this content area has been neglected for many years and it is now bordering on crisis. Passive learning style and classroom discussions that lead to predetermined conclusions are prevalent in Bible classes in both elementary and high schools. In this article, we present the Teaching Thinking in Bible Studies Initiative that seeks to facilitate active Bible studies where students construct the meaning of the text autonomously. The initiative also encourages students to use core thinking strategies when reading the Bible. Our model proposes a Bible lesson directed at well-defined thinking goals that unfold throughout the lesson, and that includes explicit discussions of thinking processes and strategies. The first section of this article explores theories and research, identifying the characteristics and principles of teaching thinking, and reviews previous studies about Bible education. In the second, we present the initiative's pedagogical principles and the structure of a thinking-based Bible lesson. In the third section, we provide two examples of teaching thinking in Bible lessons focused on argumentation and asking questions. Finally, in the discussion, we examine how our initiative corresponds and adds to other initiatives and the teaching thinking literature.

Issues with Communicative Language Teaching Implementation in Saudi Arabia Concerning the Government Policy, Teachers, and Students: Two Decades of Research

This paper focuses on the most significant empirical studies on the topic of challenges facing the communicative language teaching approach in Saudi Arabia. The communicative language teaching method has been used for more than two decades in Saudi Arabia and research conducted during this period offers some insight into the main challenges of the implementation. The main goal of this paper is to synthesize findings from research studies conducted in the past and by doing so, suggest the possible avenues for tackling these challenges. Four broad categories of challenges have been adopted from Li’s (1998) comprehensive framework in an attempt to structure the challenges under meaningful labels. This, in turn, enabled us to categorize the challenges according to their source which helped our understanding of how to resolve them. The findings suggest that the most frequently observed policy-related challenges are the current exam system, overcrowded classes, no AV equipment, and low quality of in-house training programs for teachers. Teacher-related challenges mostly relate to conflicting ideas about CLT, low confidence in these methods, preference for the traditional learning model, focus on developing skills that feature in the exams, and deficiencies in teachers’ English. Student-related challenges are found to be their low-level proficiency, passive learning style, lack of motivation to learn the target language, and fear of their marks being negatively affected if they are paired with weaker peers during communicative activities. This paper concludes that these challenges are all interconnected, and a systematic approach is essential in trying to tackle these with the government intervention being a potential first step.

Engineering Students’ Interaction in Online Classes via Google Meet: A Case Study During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Online or distance learning has become an internationally commonly-used alternative during the COVID-19 pandemic, so video conferencing and online learning platforms been created to meet this need. The study aims to examine engineering students’ interaction via Google Meet, their satisfaction as well as suggestions to enhance their interaction when they studied on this platform, which was based on Moore’s framework of interaction namely learner-content, learner-learner and learner-teacher interaction. A 5-point Likert scale and a semi-structured interview were utilized under the participation of 115 engineering students at a private university. The findings indicated that participants’ interaction and satisfaction were perceived at a positive level, but not very high. Among three of types of interaction, engineering students’ interaction with their teachers was slightly higher than the other two types. Several reasons were disclosed as passive learning styles, lack of physical interaction, and needs of private communication. To improve students’ interaction, it is suggested that more physical classroom activities should be included in every online lesson. Engineering students should then become more proactive to prepare lessons in advance. It is also a reference for Google Meet developers to add some features for private breakout rooms and messaging as suggested by the participants. In general, it is implied that both teachers and students would consider those interaction types from students’ perspectives to maintain an effective learning environment during the pandemic.

Relationship Between Teachers' Teaching Modes and Students' Temperament and Learning Motivation in Confucian Culture During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Because of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the traditional didactic teaching method that is practiced in Confucian culture, an Eastern cultural model, is being challenged by multiple alternative teaching modes. In Western cultures, the teaching behavior of teachers is dependent on their ability to influence the temperament of students; in contrast, teachers in Eastern cultures are influenced by changes in external environment (i.e., social policy). This phenomenon can mainly be explained by the tendency of students in Eastern cultures to adopt a passive learning style because of Confucianism. On the basis of Confucian culture and literature review, we conducted a Chinese-language questionnaire survey of temperament scales and learning motivation, and 724 effective questionnaires were collected and used to explore the relationship between students’ temperament and learning motivation under three teaching modes, namely, online teaching, traditional offline classroom teaching, and online–offline mixed teaching. Conclusions drawn were as follows. (1) In a Chinese Confucian cultural system, the passive learning style of students and its relationship with the surrounding collective culture creates the temperament characteristics of sanguinity and phlegmatism. (2) Influenced by the traditional Confucian values of benevolence and honesty, students with a melancholic temperament do not focus on their learning motivations. Furthermore, changes in external information, to which such students are sensitive, cause them to give up opportunities easily. (3) Similarly, students with a choleric temperament are sensitive and prone to fluctuating emotions, and they tend to be affected by changes in their external environment. (4) Although students have a strong learning motivation under the traditional offline teaching mode, a paradox in individual cognition exists because of differences between Chinese and Western cultures. Therefore, students generally prefer the online–offline mixed teaching mode to the traditional single teaching mode. This study explored factors that influence students’ learning motivation, namely, individual temperament and educational environment (e.g., teaching modes), and provides a reference for the future development of post epidemic education.

Effect of flipped classroom approach in the teaching of a hematology course.

The flipped classroom is a teaching strategy used to enhance the engagement of students in the learning process. Replacing didactic lectures with active learning strategies through flipped classroom sessions fosters independence and the opportunity for students to engage in different passive learning styles. Although many studies of the flipped classroom approach have been conducted with medical students, few have focused on the effect of flipped classroom sessions on students in other medical professional fields. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the flipped classroom approach on the performance of medical laboratory science students in a hematology course and their perception of the flipped classroom as an active learning strategy. In addition, students' perceptions regarding the flipped classroom as an active learning strategy were assessed. Of two cohorts in hematology courses, cohort 2 attended flipped classroom sessions, whereas cohort 1 underwent traditional class sessions. Students' learning outcomes, achievements and performance on examinations in hematology courses were assessed. In addition, a satisfaction survey was distributed to the students to evaluate their perception of the flipped classroom as a student-centred learning strategy. Students in cohort 2 performed significantly better in the knowledge and cognitive domains than did those in cohort 1 (p < 0.001). Cohort 2 students completed the course successfully with an average grade of 81%, and few students received low grades; in comparison, cohort 1 students completed the course with an average grade of 73%, and 7 students received a grade of F. Of students in cohort 2, 83% believed that the flipped classroom provided a better understanding of the subject matter and appropriate knowledge and skills. The results indicate the effectiveness of flipped classrooms as an active learning style in enabling students to obtain desirable knowledge and improve their academic performance. Moreover, students zrecognized that the flipped classroom as an active learning style was more beneficial than the traditional teaching approach.

EFL Learner Autonomy: Iranian University Instructors’ Beliefs vs. Actual Practices

During the past few decades, creating autonomy in language learners has been considered as a milestone in the success of language learning programs. Most of EFL/ESL teachers apparently do not belittle the significance of autonomous learning because adding to one’s knowledge is the learners’ duty. However, knowing how many teachers value this concept and take practical steps to promote it in class is equally important. The answer to this question would result in understanding the differences between teacher beliefs and teacher practices regarding the fostering of autonomous learning in the class. To learn these issues, the present mixed-methods study made use of a questionnaire in the quantitative phase, and open-ended questions along with interviews to serve as the qualitative data. Analysis of the data indicates all teachers acknowledge the significance and necessity of promoting autonomy for learners in EFL classes. However, the quantitative data reveal a statistically significant difference between what they believe in and what they actually do in practice. The qualitative data also indicates that such a difference exists and suggests that it is caused by students’ passive learning styles and low levels of motivation and the pressure that the teaching demands place on the teachers. Several implications are provided regarding how EFL teachers can foster autonomy for learners in their teaching process.

Factors Affecting the Application of Communicative Language Teaching CLT in Syrian Schools

The main purpose of CLT is to help EFL learners to communicate with other Englishlanguage speakers. Practicing speaking and communication is limited in Syrian educationalinstitutions. Hence, to improve the communicative skills of learners, the CLT approach of the teachinglearning process is highly recommended. The study aims to identify the challenges that negatively affect the valid application of CLT in Syrian public schools in Aleppo governance. The study employed a fully quantitative research design. A survey questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument. A number of 50 English language teachers from 25 schools were randomly selected. The collected data were analysed descriptively using SPSS (25) software. Teachers despite their awareness of the importance of CLT, faced many challenges. The results showed four types of challenges namely; teachers-related challenges: lack of training, lack of authentic materials, lack of English cultural knowledge. Students related challenges: low proficiency, passive learning style, lack of motivation. Education system-related challenges: lack of support, too large classes, unsuitable curriculum. Finally, CLT related challenges: lack of effective and efficient assessment instrument, lack of teaching materials. The study provided a comprehensive approach towards better implementation of CLT in the EFL context. Implications and recommendations were discussed in light of the findings.

Impact of a Heutagogical, Multimedia-Based Teaching Concept toPromote Self-Determined, Cooperative Student Learning inClinical Radiology.

To date, didactic lecturing is a common method of university medical training. However, higher levels of competence to solve complex issues are hardly to be achieved with a largely passive learning style. We established and evaluated a heutagogical blended learning concept to investigate self-determined learning with a multimedia-based, interactive approach in the lecture room to teach clinical radiology. In the 2019/2020 winter semester, we included 266 medical students in their fourth academic year in our prospective, observational study. Students participated in a series of 11 radiological lectures given by 10 lecturers. They were requested to prepare for lectures by watching learning videos. During the lecture, students had to answer key-feature questions (KFQ) in small groups and to jointly submit their answers by means of an audience response system (ARS). After each lecture and the exam, we conducted surveys and compared results with a historical control group. A focus group interview with lecturers was performed after conclusion of the lecture series. The students' overall impression of the "flipped classroom" concept and their examination grades were superior to historical controls (overall impression: 1.5 [95 % CI 1.4-1.6] vs. 2.7 [95 % CI 2.5-2.9] rated on a scale from 1 to 6, p < 0.001; examination grades: 1.8 [95 % CI 1.7-1.9] vs. 2.0 [95 % CI 1.9-2.0] rated on a scale from 1 to 5, p < 0.001). Most students agreed that learning videos (76.6 %), ARS (88.5 %), KFQ (76.5 %), and solution-oriented small group discussions (83.7 %) were useful. Lecturers stated an improved convergence of demands on learning and clinical competence. However, they also emphasized an increased initial effort for implementation. Students rated the overall benefit from the heutagogical "flipped classroom" concept as high. Examination grades improved. According to lecturers, the "flipped classroom" concept better matched later professional demands than traditional lectures. · The benefit of the "flipped classroom" concept for radiological lectures was rated high by students.. · Most students were satisfied with the multimedia and interactive elements of lectures.. · Lecturers considered heutagogical learning demands as appropriate for later clinical requirements.. · Teichgräber U, Ingwersen M, Mentzel H et al. Impact of a Heutagogical, Multimedia-Based Teaching Concept to Promote Self-Determined, Cooperative Student Learning in Clinical Radiology. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; 193: 701 - 711.

A course-based and formal structured mentoring programme with Chinese university students

ABSTRACT This paper reports the design, delivery, and evaluation of a mentoring programme which aimed to promote critical thinking and problem-solving skills in Chinese university students. Several new elements in this mentoring programme distinguish it from many previous such programmes within the context of higher education. These new elements include anchoring on a course which allowed junior year students to mentor senior year students, an equal emphasis on learning by both mentors and mentees, and the specific objectives promoting transferrable generic skills rather than discipline-specific knowledge. Evidence from quantitative and qualitative data analyses suggests that a mentoring programme of this kind can be implemented successfully with Chinese learners, provided that it is well structured. Our experience sheds new light on how this type of programme can be designed and implemented non-traditionally in higher education and will have a broader appeal to educators in higher education teaching learners with passive learning styles.

Gamification design to improve student motivation on learning object-oriented programming

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a skill that must be mastered by students to survive in information technology industry competition. The problem that occurs during OOP learning is that some students are not motivated during the class because of a passive learning style and the lack of understanding from previous programming classes. Based on these problems, this study aims to design gamification to increase student’s involvement and motivation in OOP learning. Gamification provides an element of pleasure obtained in the game so that it stimulates the activeness and creativity of students. This research applied the Marczewski Gamification Framework. To find out student’s motivation in learning OOP, the Hexad Gamification Questionnaire test was used. The test results showed that 43% of students have the type of achiever. The game mechanics used in this gamification design are for achiever types of users such as levels, challenges and achievements with game elements such as points, badges and trophies. The results showed that the Marczewski Gamification Framework has been implemented in gamification design according to the functional needs of users. This research contributes to the use of gamification in increasing student motivation in learning OOP programming.

A Study of Technology Integration in Physical Education

이 논문는 테크놀로지융합 체육교육 활용방안에 관해 논하기에 목적이 있다. 지난 10년 동안 테크놀로지는 눈부신 발전을 이루어 왔다. 약 10년 전 만해도 생소했던 스마트폰과 급속도로 성장한 무선인터넷은 현대인들의 삶에 커다란 변화를 가져왔으며 교육 패러다임의 변화도 불러일으켰다. 교육학자들은 교육환경 안에서의 테크놀로지 활용은 일방향적이고 지식전달 형태였던 기존의 교육방식을 탈피해 향상된 학생-학생, 교수-학생 간의 상호활동을 통해 좀 더 능동적 학습을 촉진시킬 수 있다고 밝혔다. 체육 분야에서의 일부 선행연구들은 테크놀로지 융합 체육수업은 학생들의 동기, 체육지식, 신체활동량에 긍정적인 영향을 준다고 하였다. 이러한 사회적 변화에 맞추어 대한민국 정부는 교사들의 테크놀로지 융합교육을 격려하였지만 여전히 테크놀로지는 체육수업에서 자주 활용되지 않고 있는 상황이다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 체육교사들의 테크놀로지 활용을 격려하기 위해 체육수업에서 활용될 수 있는 다양한 테크놀로지를 소개하고 교육학적으로 적절한 활용방안에 대해 논하였다.The purpose of this article is to discuss a variety of educational technologies and their possible application strategies into physical education(PE) classes. For the last few decades, there has been a rapid growth in technology. The rapid development of smart phone and wireless network has changed not only many aspects of human life but also the ways to teach and learn in the field of education. Educational scholars have suggested that use of technology in education can move away from traditional education system (passive learning style) and facilitate student-student and teacher-students interaction which in turn results in active learning style. Researchers in the field of PE have found that technology use in PE can increase motivation, knowledge about physical activity and sports, and physical activity levels. In respond to this, Korean government have encouraged teachers to implement technology into their teaching and learning, but there has been a lack of technology use by PE teachers. Therefore, this article discussed a variety of educational technologies and their possible use in PE classes to encourage PE teachers to implement them to use in their PE classes.

The implementation of the Japanese Dental English core curriculum: active learning based on peer-teaching and learning activities

BackgroundEducation in Japan and other Asian countries advocates the stereotypical passive learning style where students are limited in their breadth of knowledge dismissing anything not imparted by their teachers. With globalized education, professions are becoming very competitive, embracing student-centeredness compelling them to introduce active learning activities. A study funded by Japan’s Ministry of Education conducted a needs analysis, proposed a solution, and implemented an active learning approach. Since the latter is still new in the Japanese teaching-learning environment, this current study aimed at assessing the willingness of undergraduate students of dental medicine to participate in active learning activities rather than the typical passive-style teaching-learning educational process.MethodsThree active implementation-learning activities, namely International Group Discussions (IGD), Student-Teacher Experience (STE) and Role Play Activities (RPA) were included in the Dental English course in a classroom setting at a dental school in Japan. Students had to choose between participating in the activity or taking the final examination. Two hundred and three third-year undergraduate dental students participated over a 5-year period from October 2013 to March 2017. For IGD, the researchers assigned students to a topic and grouped them with visiting international exchange students. For STE, researchers gave students teacher-prepared presentation slides on basic dental topics, which they presented in front of their classmates. For RPA, students had to do prepared role-play and impromptu role play. Peer and teacher feedbacks of the activities were given to all students. At the end of the course, the students evaluated the active learning activities and wrote their comments in a free entry survey.ResultsAll 203 students participated in the active learning activities confirming the changing learning needs of Japanese students in this dental school. The most common comment was that the class was interesting, fun, an easy-to-understand way to learn dental terms, and a safe way to express themselves in the English language.ConclusionThe majority of Japanese students preferred the active learning style. The study revealed that students reported greater engagement and better learning with proper guidance and time to prepare for the activities.

Exploring Professional Learning Styles of Beginning Physical Education Teachers in Learning Community

Learning communities in education are constructive communication networks for all teachers. Their purpose is to promote professional development, especially for new teachers. Using grounded theory, this paper explores various learning styles identified among newly admitted teachers while participating in learning communities. Nine novice male physical education teachers currently involved in learning communities were selected. Data collection included document analysis such as classroom materials and teaching journals as well as in-depth interviews. The analysis methods such as selective coding, open coding, and axial coding (Strauss and Corbin 1998) were used to analyze the collected data. Through the grounded theory research method, three different learning styles of ten beginning teachers were instantiated: (1) potential learning style, (2) passive learning style, and (3) active learning style. Although beginning teachers develop their own unique styles of professional learning, their activities in learning communities can contribute to their professional development and learning-over-the-continuum.

A Longitudinal Study on the L2 Word Depth Knowledge (Meaning and Collocation) Development in China from Dynamic Systems Theory Perspective

This study, adopting a longitudinal approach, traces the dynamic word knowledge development of two essential dimensions (meaning and collocation) both receptively and productively in Chinese context. Seven freshmen students (from the same class in a university in Guangzhou) of different language levels were selected to be observed of their English word knowledge development over one year’s time. The results suggest that word knowledge develops with slowdowns and recessions and the dimensions of knowledge develop in an unbalanced way, an indication of the dynamic and complex nature of language learning. Receptive knowledge shows a much more active development than productive knowledge as it grows faster but with more losses as well. Collocation though always shows poorer acquisition results in the two tests, demonstrates a faster growth than meaning knowledge. As to the individual differences, participants who were tested as the higher level of learners did not always show better development in word depth knowledge during the year. The results also reveal the participants’ learning preferences (e.g. passive learning style and active learning style). This study sheds light on the L2 vocabulary learning and teaching in Chinese context.

The Learning Experience of International Students in Canada: Progressive Educational Theory and Passive Learning Styles

This qualitative study examines the experience of Saudi students in the process of learning English while studying in an anglophone country. Through the lens of progressive educational theory and passive learning style, specific factors such as the students’ linguistic background and their current experience were explored. This study sought to uncover how these students perceived learning ESL in Saudi Arabia and how their prior learning has affected their current experience overseas. I examined students’ insights through the data collected mainly from semi-structured interviews and discourse analysis. In conclusion, the results revealed two major themes including the unprepared learner in Saudi Arabia and the unprepared learner in Canada. Besides, these students were influenced by the passive style they have received before moving to Canada, and they were introduced to a progressive educational system while studying abroad.

Do International Students Appreciate Active Learning in Lectures?

Active learning has been linked with increased student motivation, engagement and understanding of course material. It promotes deep learning, helping to develop critical thinking and writing skills in students. Less well understood, however, are the responses of international students to active learning. Using social constructivist theory, the purpose of this study is to examine domestic and international student perceptions of active learning introduced into large undergraduate Accounting Information Systems lectures. Several active learning strategies were implemented over one semester and examined through the use of semi-structured interviews as well as pre- and post- implementation surveys. Our results suggest broad improvements for international students in student engagement and understanding of unit material when implementing active learning strategies. Other key implications include international student preference for active learning compared with passive learning styles, and that international students may receive greater benefits from active learning strategies than domestic students due to social factors. Based on these findings this paper proposes that educators should seek to implement active learning to better assist and integrate students of diverse backgrounds.