Passive Electronic Components Research Articles

Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Barang Bekas Komponen Elektronika Berbantuan Simulator Livewire untuk Meningkatkan Kreativitas Mahasiswa pada Materi Elektronika Dasar

The purpose of this research is to develop learning media for passive electronic components assisted by Livewire simulator to increase student creativity in basic electronics material. This research was conducted in the Physics Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Tadulako University. Development research time for 8 months. The subjects of this research are physics education students who program basic electronics courses. The measured change is the validation value of learning media development from expert respondents and students. To increase student creativity is measured through a creativity questionnaire. This research is a type of research and development or known as Research and Development (R&D). This research uses several stages of research: (1) Potential and problems; (2) Data collection; (3) Product design; (4) Design validation; (5) Design revision; (6) Product trial; (7) Product revision; (8) Usage trial; (9) Product revision; and (10) Mass production. From the results of the study, the N-gain value of the pretest and posttest data was 0.47 or N-gain in the medium category. Therefore, it can be concluded that the development of used electronic component media can increase student creativity on the subject of basic electronics

Bifurcation investigation, phase synchronization and FPGA implementation of a new photosensitive Fitz Hugh Nagumo neuron based meminductor

Abstract This paper focuses on the estimation of the nonlinear encoding and responses of a photosensitive Fitz Hugh Nagumo (FHN) neuron-based-meminductor and provides a relevant analysis of its phase synchronization. In the pattern, a Fitz Hugh–Nagumo neuron connected to a meminductor is activated by a photocell, and a time-varying current source is generated by the presence of external optical signals. This coupling is a benchmark circuit with memory similar to artificial eyes with the ability to capture and encode external signals. It is designed with the aim of studying the dynamics of a neuron with a memory effect highlighted through the meminductor. An appropriate dynamical analysis is provided using standard indicators such as bifurcations to point out thorough transitions and the nature of the electrical neuronal activities. Some couplings between two FHN neurons with meminductor using hybrid synapses composed of passive electronic components are achieved. Relevant tools are used to analyze the stability of the synchronization which gives prominent details on the selection of the appropriate coupling. The energy balance of the external system is evaluated which gives the effort to achieve encoding signals and also proves the feasibility of the proposal in real-time implementation. Simulations are performed on FPGA. The results present a good agreement. In many engineering applications, the detection of optical signals is inescapable as well as the synchronization of its signals for the transmission of the stimuli. These results could be useful for the designer.

The Impact of Learning Models for Explicit Instruction on Student Learning Outcomes in Vocational High School 2 Banda Aceh

The Explicit Instruction learning model is a learning model that positions the teacher as a facilitator and organizer in the learning process. This research aims to see the effect of the explicit instruction learning model in improving student learning outcomes in the Basic Passive Electronic Components subject. This research uses a quantitative type method with an experimental approach (one group pretest-posttest design) using pre-test and post-test question sheet instruments. The research subjects consisted of 25 students of class X Electronics Engineering at SMKN 2 Banda Aceh. The research results showed that the application of the explicit instruction learning model had an effect on the learning outcomes of students at SMK N 2 Banda Aceh as evidenced by the post-test results which increased by 44 points. This shows a positive change in student learning outcomes. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the application of the explicit instruction learning model has an effect and can improve student learning outcomes at SMK N 2 Banda Aceh.

Оценка потенциала импортозамещения электронной компонентной базы в Российской Федерации на основе анализа патентных документов

Since 2014, the Russian Federation has been actively supporting import substitution of pro-ducts and technologies in various areas of production. There is no doubt that the technological development and the state security base on electronic technologies primarily. This is due to the fact that they have penetrated into all spheres of our life. For example, computer equipment, control and navigation systems, mobile communications, intelligent energy, telemedicine, electric vehicles and unmanned vehicles, electronic banking transactions are just a short list of industries where electronic components are used. At the same time, the main part of the electronic component base production is currently located abroad, in China, India, Taiwan, etc. Also foreign companies located in China, the USA, India, the UK, Israel, its., own the most of the patents for devices and technologies related to the electronic component base. A significant dependence of the availability of the electronic component base on political factors were revealed by the sanctions restrictions in 2022. And this highlight the urgency of creating and developing national production of various elements of the electronic component base. The number of patents is the objective indicator of the import substitution results. In this paper, the analysis of published patent documents on the most popular passive elements of the electronic component base (resistors, capacitors, inductors) is carried out using the tools of modern patent databases. The dynamics of paten¬ting for passive electronic components in the Russian Federation over 30 years is shown. It was found that import substitution measures had practically no effect on patenting in the production of passive electronic components. The comparison of the number of Russian patent owned by domestic patent holders and by foreign companies is carried out. High potential technology domains for development have been identified. It is established that Russian manufacturers of passive electronic components have a significant potential for patenting their developments.

3D‐Printed Multi‐scale Fluidics for Liquid Metals

AbstractRoom‐temperature eutectic Gallium Indium (eGaIn)‐based devices offer stretchable, conductive, and reconfigurable properties for robotics, communications, and medicine. Microfluidics enables eGaIn device creation, but these typically have larger feature sizes. Recent three‐dimensional (3D) printing advancements, particularly direct laser writing (DLW), allow for sub‐100 µm microfluidic devices. However, interfacing DLW microfluidics with larger systems poses challenges in channel resist removal, eGaIn filling, and electrical integration, limiting micro‐scale liquid metal device application. This study introduces a multiscale, cost‐effective, three‐step process combining DLW‐fluidic microchannels with centimeter‐scale substrates made via stereolithography (SLA). It establishes a robust interface between independently printed materials and simplifies eGaIn filling in microfluidic channels as small as 50 µm, potentially enabling smaller liquid metal features. The research also presents eGaIn coils with 43–770 mΩ resistance and 2–4 nH inductance. This process facilitates low‐temperature, conductive, flexible interfaces for sensors, actuators, and circuits, and expands the range for size‐dependent properties of passive electronic components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors from liquid metal.

A non-dimensional time-domain lumped model for externally DC biased capacitive microphones with two electrodes

Microphones that utilize externally biased capacitive transduction (condenser microphones) are typically being modeled in lumped parameter networks where the mechanical, acoustical, and electrical elements are all represented as passive electronic circuit components. Those models have been shown to be insufficient to fully describe crucial aspects of this type of transducer, such as the pull-in phenomenon in which, after a certain distance and for a certain bias voltage, the moving electrode, typically a flexible membrane, attaches itself to the stationary. In this paper, we account for several non-linearities present in an extended simplified model of such a transducer in the time domain and identify the different factors related to its nonlinear response. We derive a time-domain non-linear non-dimensional system of equations for the coupled lumped model where we also take into account parasitic capacitances that are usually present and can significantly affect the overall electroacoustic performance as well as the fringing fields due to the nonhomogeneous electric field between the electrodes and nonlinearities related to damping due to the thin-film of air between the electrodes. We present the nondimensionalization method we used that allows for the identification of a novel set of nondimensional parameters that characterize the non-linear behavior of our system in the time-domain. A designer can use these parameters to optimize for linearity in the voltage response of the transducer. We post-process our time-domain solution to calculate the response to the fundamental excitation frequency and discuss the harmonic distortion. It is shown that coupling the electrical nonlinearities to the mechanical can significantly contribute to the nonlinear voltage response of the transducer. Our model agrees well with nonlinear measurements of analog microelectromechanical (MEMS) microphones for a set of physical values of the nondimensional parameters.

Next Generation High Powered RF and Optical Packages

RF signals are radio waves that are very crucial for telecommunications. Quality communications require reliable materials which are appropriately processed to house high-powered semiconductors such as GaN and GaAs. It is equally crucial to accommodate passive electronic components along with these semiconductors into the housings for the Next Generation RF package or GenPack™. Evolving semiconductor technologies demand fail-safe packages to protect the devices in all applications and environmental conditions. Future aircraft, EV cars, spacecraft, augmented and/ or virtual reality headsets, medical devices and many more technologies require operating at a higher power and frequency with a proper thermal and power management platform. The higher speeds of telecommunications hinge on the performance of semiconductors and their packages. Therefore, the GenPack™ and packaging process are becoming crucial pieces of the supply chain. Rugged GenPack™ RF packages differ in several ways compared to the traditional air cavity packages. For instance, FR-4 or Flame-Retardant glass-reinforced epoxy laminate material can be replaced with Aluminum Nitride or Alumina Oxide, Silicon Nitride or even Sapphire. The switch offers mechanical bonding directly onto the thermal spreader. Traditional circuits created on printed circuit boards have limited ability to dissipate heat due to the low thermal conductivity of FR4. Circuits created on ceramic can dissipate higher amounts of heat. As in the organic FR4 boards, multiple vias can be formed in the ceramic substrates to create metal pads top the ceramic that are grounded to the flange beneath the ceramic. A metal flange can be positioned beneath the ceramic to provide a heat spreader and electrical ground that can be bolted onto a heatsink. Flanges can be made from a diamond metal matrix composite instead of lower thermal conductivity materials to provide much more efficient thermal transfer. Furthermore, narrow leads offer optimized impedance at RF and microwave frequencies. A range of ceramic and flange materials can be selected to optimize GenPack™ RF Packages with cost, quality, and performance in considerations for the respective applications.

Fabrication and characterization of net-shaped iron nitride-amine-epoxy soft magnetic composites

Soft magnetic composites (SMCs) offer a promising alternative to electrical steels and soft ferrites in high performance motors and power electronics. They are ideal for incorporation into passive electronic components such as inductors and transformers, which require a non-permanent magnetic core to rapidly switch magnetization. As a result, there is a need for materials with the right combination of low coercivity, low magnetic remanence, high relative permeability, and high saturation magnetization to achieve these goals. Iron nitride is an attractive soft magnetic material for incorporation into an amine/epoxy resin matrix. This permits the synthesis of net-shaped SMCs using a “bottom-up” approach for overcoming the limitations of current state-of-the-art SMCs made via conventional powder metal processing techniques. In this work we present the fabrication of various net-shaped, iron nitride-based SMCs using two different amine/epoxy resin systems and their magnetic characterization. The maximum volume loading of iron nitride reached was ∼77% via hot pressing, which produced SMCs with a saturation magnetic polarization (Js) of ∼0.9 T, roughly 2–3 times the Js of soft ferrites.

Non-thermal plasma disinfecting procedure is harmless to delicate items of everyday use

Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is a well-known decontamination tool applicable for a wide range of microorganisms and viruses. Since the recent COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need to decontaminate all daily used items, it is highly desirable to address the applicability of NTP, including its possible harmful effects. To the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive characterization of NTP effects on sensitive materials is still lacking. We investigated the potential damage to common materials of daily use inflicted by air atmospheric NTP generated in Plasmatico v1.0. The materials tested were paper, various metals, and passive and active electronic components modelling sensitive parts of commonly used small electronic devices. The NTP-exposed paper remained fully usable with only slight changes in its properties, such as whitening, pH change, and degree of polymerization. NTP caused mild oxidation of copper, tinned copper, brass, and a very mild oxidation of stainless steel. However, these changes do not affect the normal functionality of these materials. No significant changes were observed for passive electronic components; active components displayed a very slight shift of the measured values observed for the humidity sensor. In conclusion, NTP can be considered a gentle tool suitable for decontamination of various sensitive materials.

Best practices on adopting open-source and commercial low-cost devices in small satellites missions

The NewSpace approach of utilizing CubeSats and smaller satellites for complex LEO missions that once were reserved only for bigger platform, paired with the requirement of enduring reliability and quality assurance on batches of tens of satellites, is paving the way for the use of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components in micro-satellite missions. The recent global supply chain issues and extended lead times in the procurement of micro-controllers, memories and passive electronic components, caused by the pandemic and factories shutdowns, have resulted in a forced procurement diversification of several key elements, even in partially assembled products.GAUSS has been designing, manufacturing, and launching Small Satellites since early 2000.Its tenth satellite, UNISAT-7, was launched by a Soyuz-Fregat LV on March 22nd, 2021. Thanks to the vast experience gained on the application of commercial components in all the subsystems developed by the company, the typical overall costs for a complete platform are substantially lower compared to competitors, while retaining similar reliability.UNISAT-7, developed using lean-satellite methodologies, included more than 28 independent subsystems with their own telemetry, and most of them were developed in-house using ground COTS components; no space-grade products were employed, to save on overall mission costs. Some systems were devised from the start using open-source hardware, to expedite the prototyping process, while having the benefit of using readily available software, generally included with these platforms. Raspberry embedded devices were employed on the flight model for two remote sensing systems, to test how such systems, duly adapted to sustain space conditions, may perform and show reliability similar to commercial space systems worth thousand times the value.All systems have been activated and successfully verified for an entire year in LEO. They were hardened for vacuum, extreme temperatures, radiation, and launch stresses using common items found in general hardware stores.This work will delve into the open-source/COTS components used, the process employed to strengthen them, and the programmed flight firmware routines for maximizing embedded devices’ reliability in space.

Causes of Changes in Resistor Resistance Values in Wheatstone Bridge Circuits

The Wheatstone bridge is an arrangement of electrical circuits for measuring a resistance of unknown magnitude. Applying the Wheatstone Bridge theory in the form of a series of electronic components consisting of resistors and strain gauges. In this study, resistors are used which are passive electronic components that have the property of inhibiting electric current. This aims to determine the value of the resistance loss produced by resistors that are used using several different values. Based on the study, it was found that the theoretical resistor is 150Ω after going through the measurement, it turns out to be 120Ω with a resistance loss of 20%, the 560Ω resistor after going through the measurement, it turns out to be 340Ω with a resistance loss of 39%, the 1000Ω resistor after going through the measurement, it turns out to be 570Ω with a resistance loss worth 47%, the resistor is worth 330Ω after going through the measurement it turns out to be worth 220Ω with a resistance loss of 20%, the resistor is worth 100Ω after going through the measurement it turns out to be worth 80Ω with a resistance loss of 20%. Based on the calculations, the difference in value is obtained between theoretical calculations and using measuring instruments. This is due to several factors, namely measuring instruments that are less valid so that it is necessary to carry out a validation test of the tool and the type of component being measured must be in a stable state. The resistance loss resulting from this study is due to several of these factors.

Research and Modeling on the Characteristic Changes of EMI Filter Passive Components under the Influence of Aging

At present, the power density of power electronic devices in data centers and electric vehicles is constantly increasing, and numerous electronic components are concentrated in a tight, high-temperature environment, which aggravates the performance degradation of electronic components. Consequently, X and Y capacitors, common-mode inductors, and differential-mode inductors used for electromagnetic interference (EMI) suppression suffer from aging effects, and their performance continues to decline. However, the electromagnetic compatibility test is often conducted immediately after the power electronic equipment leaves the factory. The electromagnetic compatibility of power electronic equipment is affected by aging, which is not assessed in current industrial testing. This study conducts aging experiments on passive electronic components in EMI filters and measures the impedance in the frequency range from 150 kHz to 30 MHz. Subsequently, a multi-element aging model based on electromagnetic field analysis is established. The proposed model is suitable for electromagnetic compatibility analysis considering aging. Finally, the aging performance of a commercial two-stage EMI filter is predicted to verify the model proposed in the study. The proposed model explains the degeneration of the EMI filter with aging in the frequency range of 150 kHz to 1 MHz, with a maximum amplitude error of 0.58 dB and phase error of 1.0°.

Arduino Implementation for Development Digital Capacitance Meters as Laboratory Measurement Devices

Electronics Practicum in the Laboratory is a routine activity carried out to support student skills. Capacitors are one of the components that are often used in practice. Capacitors are one of the passive electronic components that have a magnitude value in the form of capacitance in Farad units. The capacitance value indicates the capacitor's ability to store electric charge. However, the value contained on the capacitor label is not necessarily the actual value because the capacitor has a tolerance range. Of course, this is very influential in the measurement and performance of electronic circuits that use capacitors. In addition, another factor that supports this research is that the available measuring instruments, such as the multimeter, are not yet equipped with capacitance measurements. Capacitance meters available in the market are still analog. The purpose of this study is to design a device that can measure the capacitance value of capacitors as a measurement device in a digital laboratory, namely the Digital Capacitance Meter. This device is made using Arduino Uno as a microprocessor for data processing. The method used is to apply the process of charging and discharging the capacitor. In this case, Arduino Uno activates a timer to measure the time required to charge and discharge the capacitor so that the Time Constant value is obtained. By using the formula T = 0.693RC, the capacitance value can be obtained. In testing using 3 different capacitors and 10 times testing on each capacitor, the accuracy of the device is 97.76% and a relative error of 2.24%.

Adjusting the Energy-Storage Characteristics of 0.95NaNbO3–0.05Bi(Mg0.5Sn0.5)O3 Ceramics by Doping Linear Perovskite Materials

Passive electronic components are an indispensable part of integrated circuits, which are key to the miniaturization and integration of electronic components. As an important branch of passive devices, the relatively low energy-storage capacity of ceramic capacitors limits their miniaturization. To solve this problem, this study adopts the strategy of doping linear materials, specifically CT, into 0.95NaNbO3-0.05Bi(Mg0.5Sn0.5)O3 (0.95NN-0.05BMS) ceramics to increase the disorder of the system through the nonequivalent substitution of A and B sites to achieve the sintering temperature and the residual polarization. Meanwhile, the breakdown electric field strength (Eb) is improved by adjusting the activation energy of the material and the relative density of the sample. Thus, an ultrahigh Wrec of 6.35 J/cm3 and a η of 80% are obtained at an Eb of 646 kV/cm. Additionally, through the analysis of the dielectric temperature spectrum, it is found that the 0.88(0.95NN-0.05BMS)-0.12CT sample can satisfy the technical standards of general ceramic Z5U and patch ceramic X6R. The performance of the ceramics also remains stable within a temperature range of 20-200 °C, a frequency range of 1-100 Hz, and 104 cycles. The charge and discharge tests of the ceramics show that the t0.9 of the sample floats between 1.02 and 1.04 μs, which illustrates its potential application in the field of pulsed power components.

Biodegradable Molybdenum (Mo) and Tungsten (W) Devices: One Step Closer towards Fully-Transient Biomedical Implants

Close monitoring of vital physiological parameters is often key in following the evolution of certain medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, infections, post-operative status or post-traumatic injury). The allocation of trained medical staff and specialized equipment is, therefore, necessary and often translates into a clinical and economic burden on modern healthcare systems. As a growing field, transient electronics may establish fully bioresorbable medical devices capable of remote real-time monitoring of therapeutically relevant parameters. These devices could alert remote medical personnel in case of any anomaly and fully disintegrate in the body without a trace. Unfortunately, the need for a multitude of biodegradable electronic components (power supplies, wires, circuitry) in addition to the electrochemical biosensing interface has halted the arrival of fully bioresorbable electronically active medical devices. In recent years molybdenum (Mo) and tungsten (W) have drawn increasing attention as promising candidates for the fabrication of both energy-powered active (e.g., transistors and integrated circuits) and passive (e.g., resistors and capacitors) biodegradable electronic components. In this review, we discuss the latest Mo and W-based dissolvable devices for potential biomedical applications and how these soluble metals could pave the way towards next-generation fully transient implantable electronic systems.

Design and Implementation of a Sophisticated Metal Detector Used in the Field of Airport Security

In this research, we designed and implemented an advanced metal detector based on the Atmega328p microprocessor; it is used in the security field to prevent the entry of dangerous metal tools or explosives to places that require a high degree of safety such as schools, airports, universities and commercial malls. Where the mechanism of the electronic scheme of the detector was understood, including what it contains of active and passive electronic components, the microprocessor used how to program it and its technical specifications were identified. After that, we converted the electronic diagram into a printed circuit board (PCB) via easyada.com, And then print this circuit on special paper so that we can transfer it on the copper board, and a special solution was used to remove the copper residues from the board, after that holes were created and the electronic elements were soldered, Moving on to the software part, the Arduino Uno chip was used to act as an ISP programmer, through which the Atmaga328p controller was programmed using AVRDUDESS software, tested with a small coil with a diameter of 1.5cm. The detector gave excellent performance in detecting metal pieces such as copper, aluminum, iron and silver, as well as electrical wires in the walls, where the device screen shows the signal strength of the captured metal as well as the numerical symbol of the metal. It also discovered the presence of a sharp tool hidden in the mouth, shoes or inside the clothes, and the device achieved high performance In discovering metal parts and determining their properties, with an accuracy of 80%.

Tunable and foldable paper-based passive electronic components and filter circuits

Tunable and foldable paper-based passive electronic components and filter circuits

Pengaruh Video Pembelajaran terhadap Hasil Belajar Dasar-dasar Teknik Elektronika di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan

This study aims to analyze the effect of the use of instructional video on student learning outcomes in Class X on the subjects of the Basics of Electronic Engineering with learning material is Active and Passive Electronic Components. The research was conducted at SMK Negeri 1 Pariaman. Data was collected using a research instrument that given post-test in the form of multiple-choice questions to the student with the odd absent numbers as experiment class is X TOI group A and the student with the even absent number as the control class is X TOI group B. hypothesis was carried out using T-test analysis, the T-test is used to analyze the difference on students learning outcomes that use learning media in the form of text in Microsoft Word and other students that use learning media in the form of learning video. The results of the hypothesis test show that the use of instructional video has a significant effect on student learning outcomes and shows that there is an influence significant difference between the post-test results of the experimental class that uses instructional video and the control class that does not use instructional videos in the Basics of Electronic Engineering Class X TOI at SMK Negeri 1 Pariaman.

Experimental Characterization of Ferroelectric Capacitor Circuits for the Realization of Simply Designed Electroceuticals

Currently, a large number of neurostimulators are commercially available for the treatment of drug-resistant diseases and as an alternative to pharmaceuticals. According to the current state of the art, such highly engineered electroceuticals require bulky battery units and necessitate the use of leads and extensions to connect the implantable electronic device to the stimulation electrodes. The battery life and the use of wired electrodes constrain the long-term use of such implantable systems. Furthermore, for therapeutic success and patient safety, it is of utmost importance to keep the stimulation current within a safe range. In this paper, we propose an implantable system design that consists of a low number of passive electronic components and does not require a battery. The stimulation parameters and power are transmitted inductively using an extracorporeal wearable transmitter at frequencies below 1 MHz. A simple circuit design approach is presented to achieve a closed-loop control of the stimulation current by exploiting the nonlinear properties of ferroelectric materials in ceramic capacitors. Twenty circuit topologies of series- and/or parallel-connected ceramic capacitors are investigated by measurement and are modeled in Mathcad. An approximately linear increase in the stimulation current, a stabilization of the stimulation current and an unstable state of the system were observed. In contrast to previous results, specific plateau ranges of the stimulation current can be set by the investigated circuit topologies. For further investigations, the consistency of the proposed model needs to be improved for higher induced voltage ranges.

Recent Progress on Bioresorbable Passive Electronic Devices and Systems.

Bioresorbable electronic devices and/or systems are of great appeal in the field of biomedical engineering due to their unique characteristics that can be dissolved and resorbed after a predefined period, thus eliminating the costs and risks associated with the secondary surgery for retrieval. Among them, passive electronic components or systems are attractive for the clear structure design, simple fabrication process, and ease of data extraction. This work reviews the recent progress on bioresorbable passive electronic devices and systems, with an emphasis on their applications in biomedical engineering. Materials strategies, device architectures, integration approaches, and applications of bioresorbable passive devices are discussed. Furthermore, this work also overviews wireless passive systems fabricated with the combination of various passive components for vital sign monitoring, drug delivering, and nerve regeneration. Finally, we conclude with some perspectives on future fundamental studies, application opportunities, and remaining challenges of bioresorbable passive electronics.