Passive Detection Technique Research Articles

A survey on passive digital video forgery detection techniques

Digital media devices such as smartphones, cameras, and notebooks are becoming increasingly popular. Through digital platforms such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter, and others, people share digital images, videos, and audio in large quantities. Especially in a crime scene investigation, digital evidence plays a crucial role in a courtroom. Manipulating video content with high-quality software tools is easier, which helps fabricate video content more efficiently. It is therefore necessary to develop an authenticating method for detecting and verifying manipulated videos. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the passive methods for detecting video forgeries. This survey has the primary goal of studying and analyzing the existing passive techniques for detecting video forgeries. First, an overview of the basic information needed to understand video forgery detection is presented. Later, it provides an in-depth understanding of the techniques used in the spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal domain analysis of videos, datasets used, and their limitations are reviewed. In the following sections, standard benchmark video forgery datasets and the generalized architecture for passive video forgery detection techniques are discussed in more depth. Finally, identifying loopholes in existing surveys so detecting forged videos much more effectively in the future are discussed.

Geologic Influence on Radon Concentrations Levels in Cave: A Case Study of Mimpi Cave in the Maros Karst of South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Radon gas in the natural environment mainly comes from the release of local bedrock geology and easily accumulate in closed spaces such as basements and caves. This study was performed to investigate the radon concentrations in Mimpi Cave, Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park, in the Maros karst area, South Sulawesi, and discussed a possible relationship between the radon concentrations and the local geology. Measurements were carried out using a passive detection technique with CR-39 nuclear tracks detectors by exposing it for a period of three months. The 222Rn levels measured inside the cave ranges from 64.03 Bq m‑3 to 3396.02 Bq m‑3, with an average value of 1075.05 Bq m‑3.The results are comparable with radon concentration in different caves environments reported from other surveys in several countries. Geological background of the Maros Karst areas could sustain the measured radon values, due to the presence of limestone rock with a mineral composition which can lead to higher radon concentrations in Mimpi Cave.

High-resolution turbine blade defect testing with passive magnetic field detection technique

Non-destructive defect testing with a passive magnetic detection technique is crucial for magnetic materials, which can be exempt from the extra excitation magnetic field or developer replenisher contamination. We demonstrate a novel and high-resolution non-destructive defect testing of a magnetic turbine blade in the earth’s magnetic field using a passive magnetic detection technique and a precisely controlled experimental system. The variation in the turbine blade’s magnetic field, measured by a three-dimensional and sensitive sensor mounted on a translation system, was numerically processed and visually demonstrated according to the experimental data. The element differential method was used for simulation and analysis, and we found that a feasible distance and an optimal signal-to-noise ratio can be reached at a testing distance of h = 1 mm. The magnetic characteristics obtained experimentally are in good agreement with those of the sample defect spots with the best spatial resolution of 0.1 mm. The major sources of systematic errors including dead zones and sensor orthogonality were also briefly discussed along with the possible solutions.

Wavefront single-pixel imaging using a flexible SLM-based common-path interferometer

Wavefront single-pixel imaging (WSPI) is an important tool for simultaneously measuring the amplitude and phase of an unknown field, especially suitable for wavefront detecting in some special wavelengths where array detectors are immature or even unavailable. Here, a passive-detection-based WSPI method using a flexible SLM-based common-path interferometer is proposed, in which by detecting the zero-order diffraction of the SLM directly, the common-path phase-shift or off-axis technique can be flexibly realized by a “sandwich” structure consisting of a half-wave plate, a SLM, and a polarizer. The reference light can be conveniently chosen as the direct reflected light from the SLM, the unmodulated light from the pixels of the SLM, or the light from both of them. We experimentally verify the feasibility and advantages of the proposed method. We further demonstrate the method for wavefront measurement of a dragonfly wing, which suggests it can be used for quantitative phase imaging. It provides a high-resolution spatial wavefront passive detection technique, with a compact, stable, and flexible setup, which has lots of applications involving three-dimensional imaging, aberration correction, digital holographic measurement, and digital microscopy.

Single-molecule force manipulation facilitated multiple rereads of a drug-bound DNA at specified sites by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

Single-molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) directly probes the vibrational characteristics of individual molecules to uncover the information inaccessible from ensemble measurements. As a surface-sensitive technique, the amplification of SERS signal occurs upon the excitation of localized surface plasmon resonance in metallic nanostructures, which can overcome optical diffraction limit for spatial detections at a nanometer scale. Complementary to this passive detection technique, optical tweezers-based single-molecule force manipulation method enables the active control of a target molecule with the restricted orientation in three dimensions. By applying a stretching force to the target molecule, it provides high-frequency feedback in sub-milliseconds with sub-piconewton force resolution and sub-nanometer distance sensitivity. Combining the active molecular control and the passive molecular vibrational measurement, we have integrated the dual-traps optical tweezers technique with the Raman spectroscopic detection platform. Under precise single-molecule force manipulations, the real-time SERS readout of the specified sites of a drug-bound DNA are recorded and re-recorded multiple times in a programmable manner. Our results showcase the promise of this correlative molecular manipulation and detection approach for real-time, label-free, and multi-dimensional characterizations of a single target biomacromolecule with both high spatial resolution and high site-specified recognition accuracy.

A noise-based high-resolution time-reversal method for acoustic defect localization in water pipes.

Pressurized water supply pipeline systems (PWSPS) are quintessential to human development and sustenance, but suffer a multitude of unresolved defects (i.e., leaks, blockages, etc.) due to aging and inaccessibility. In this paper, the ubiquitous high-frequency background noise in PWSPS is harnessed to introduce a high-resolution, passive defect detection technique. The relation between the acoustic Green's and cross correlation functions for a pressurized water pipe is derived for the case of high frequency waves, i.e., acoustic wavelengths smaller than the pipe diameter. This relation is subsequently used to formulate a time-reversal technique for localizing anomalies such as small variations in pipe wall impedance and through-wall defects (i.e., leaks). It is shown that the derived relationship between the cross correlation and acoustic Green's functions enables very accurate defect detection and localization by measuring the background noise at two locations along a pipe. This is an important result given that (i) there is limited access to buried PWSPS to conduct high-frequency active defect detection, and (ii) traditional methods to actively probe pipes (e.g., valve maneuverer) are low-resolution (tens to hundreds of meters) and often result in pipe overloading and fatigue.

BeiDou-Based Passive Multistatic Radar Maritime Moving Target Detection Technique via Space–Time Hybrid Integration Processing

This article puts forward a BeiDou-based passive multistatic radar (PMR) maritime moving target (MMT) detection technique via space&#x2013;time hybrid integration (STHI) processing. Compared with passive bistatic radar (PBR), the utilization of multiple satellites provides an improvement in MMT detection performance, together with the capabilities of localization and velocity estimation. However, the multiple satellite transmitters cause the differences principally in bistatic range and Doppler centroid (DC) of the MMT. To integrate the PMR echoes, the biggest challenge is the two differences that need to be handled. In the proposed technique, first, the centroid-compensated keystone transform (CCKT) is proposed and applied to each PBR echo. It not only corrects range cell migration (RCM) but also equalizes the DC to the same. Then, the long-time integration is performed on each PBR echo, after which it is integrated into the range-Doppler frequency rate (DFR) domain. Finally, in order to settle the difference in bistatic range, an MMT position and velocity domain (i.e., the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$X$ </tex-math></inline-formula>&#x2013;<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Y$ </tex-math></inline-formula>&#x2013;<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V$ </tex-math></inline-formula> domain) is constituted. The obtained multiple range-DFR maps are projected to the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$X$ </tex-math></inline-formula>&#x2013;<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Y$ </tex-math></inline-formula>&#x2013;<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V$ </tex-math></inline-formula> domain, and then, the effective integration of multistatic echoes can be implemented. The final STHI result allows detecting the MMT reliably. Meanwhile, according to the 3-D position where the MMT is located in the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$X$ </tex-math></inline-formula>&#x2013;<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Y$ </tex-math></inline-formula>&#x2013;<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V$ </tex-math></inline-formula> domain, the MMT can be localized, and its velocity can be estimated simultaneously. In May 2021, we have successfully carried out the world&#x2019;s first BeiDou-based PMR MMT detection experiment, and the experimental results are given to prove the effectiveness of this technique.

Image Splicing Detection Scheme Using Surf and Mean-LBP Based Morphological Operations

&#x0D; Tampering with images and changing them without giving any evidence has become very popular because of the presence of an enormous degree of intense altering device. The image forensics technique has grown popular for deciding whether a picture has been changed with a copy-move, splicing, or different forgery techniques. This paper present’s a novel passive image splicing forgery detection technique which includes three steps. Firstly, extracting an interest region (ROI) by using SURF descriptor (Speed up Robust Transform) Points is concerned based on the morphological procedure. Secondly, the Extraction of Mean-LBP (Mean Local Binary Pattern) Highlights on ROI is carried out. Lastly, a Classification of Mean- LBP characteristics is done with the SVM classifier. This novel method has shown the best outcome as SVM is used for classification. As well as it has shown a higher accuracy on the standard three datasets CASIA TIDE V1.0, CASIA TIDE V2.0, and Columbia University, revealed that current method has achieved higher accuracy of 97.9%, 98.2%, and 98.9% respectively. Finally, in terms of accuracy, the proposed SFD scheme outperformed the best recent works in this area.&#x0D;

Preventing hardware Trojans in switch chip based on payload decoupling

Hardware Trojans in integrated circuit chips have the characteristics of being covert, destructive, and difficult to protect, which have seriously endangered the security of the chips themselves and the information systems to which they belong. Existing solutions generally rely on passive detection techniques. In this paper, a hardware Trojans active defense mechanism is designed for network switching chips based on the principle of encryption algorithm. By encoding the data entering the chip, the argot hidden in the data cannot trigger the hardware Trojans that may exist in the chip, so that the chip can work normally even if it is implanted with a hardware Trojans. The proposed method is proved to be effective in preventing hardware Trojans with different trigger characteristics by simulation tests and practical tests on our secure switching chip.

Radiation hazards and lifetime risk assessment related to indoor and outdoor air inhalation using a passive detection technique

Radiation hazards and lifetime risk assessment related to indoor and outdoor air inhalation using a passive detection technique

Application of frequency doubling in micro-strip patch antenna for wireless strain detection

Micro-strip patch antenna strain sensing technology, as a new passive detection technique, can examine the structure strain wirelessly. It’s of great significance for structural health monitoring of bearing structures in high end equipment. The wireless detection distance plays a vital role in the industrial application. This research aims to improve the micro-strip antenna strain sensor by introducing the frequency doubling technique, in order to expand the wireless detection distance. Generally, the sensor consists of three components: a receiving patch antenna, a transmitting patch antenna, and a frequency multiplier integrated with electrical matching circuit. This paper presents the design, simulation, and experiments for a frequency doubling antenna sensor. Experimental results show that the resonant frequency versus strain possesses a linear relationship, which consists with the simulated results.

Experiment on Direction of Arrival Estimation of Atmospheric Spark Discharge Plasma Using Combined Time-Domain Antenna

Apart from interfering in the communication system of an aircraft, electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) radiated from spark discharge plasma, which is generated during high-speed flight, can also be utilized in passive detection. In order to validate this idea, an experiment on direction of arrival (DOA) estimation of a spark discharge plasma target using its radiated EMPs is carried out in this paper. A combined time-domain antenna is designed based on the model of spark discharge process and is used to receive the radiated EMPs during the experiment. According to the experimental results, the DOA estimation system with combined antenna is able to obtain the direction information of a spark discharge plasma. Results also show that the estimation performance of elevation angle is better when the actual elevation angle of the discharge plasma target is higher, while the estimation performance of azimuth is opposite. The azimuth angle of a target has very little influence on the DOA estimation. Moreover, the estimation error can be reduced effectively by increasing the aperture size of receiving array. The previously mentioned results provide an approach to locate the discharge plasma source using radiated EMPs with passive detection techniques.

Bagged tree based anti-islanding scheme for multi-DG microgrids

Microgrids are becoming a prevalent part of the grid due to its’ numerous advantages on energy management system. Microgrids are perceived as the gate way for systematic inclusion of multiple renewable based distributed generations. One of the key concerns for these types of microgrids is detection of absence of the grid. This paper demonstrates a dual use line relay (DULR) based passive detection technique which uses an intelligent electronic device (IED) platform to confirm the islanding condition. Bagged tree ensemble classifier based on synchrophasor measurements has been used in IED as a decision making algorithm. Assorted range of non-islanding and islanding state of affairs have been considered to train the classifier. The measurements obtained from DULR can be used for further analysis at any level of the smart-grid communication hierarchy. The proposed scheme has been seen as fast, effective, economic, and having zero non-detection zone, compared to some of the existing techniques.

Detection and Imaging of Underground Objects for Distinguishing Explosives by Using a Fluxgate Sensor Array

Active and passive techniques are two different techniques with which to detect buried explosives. In practice, the most preferred active method works by broadcasting a signal underground. This signal may stimulate the buried explosive and cause it to explode. It is important to eliminate or minimize this drawback to ensure the safety of the detector operator. In this respect, it is important to increase the studies on the passive detection technique which is not currently used in practice. The aim of this study was to passively detect improvised explosive devices without stimulating them, and to classify underground objects as explosive or non-explosive. A fluxgate sensor array having 33 components was used for passive magnetic field measurements, and the nearest neighborhood algorithm was preferred for classifying the resulting data. In experimental studies, 33 different samples having different amounts of ferromagnetic properties were used. Successful imaging and classification were achieved for the measurements up to 20 cm below the surface of soil. Data were recorded as 32 × 25 matrices, and then they were reduced to 32 × 2 matrices having the same features. Samples having explosive properties were distinguished from other underground objects with success rates of 86% and 95% for 32 × 25 and 32 × 2 data matrices, respectively. Classification times for 32 × 25 and 32 × 2 data matrices were 42 ms and 3.62 ms, respectively. For data groups where the best results were obtained for the data matrices, frame numbers classified in one second were calculated as 23.80 and 276.2, respectively. False alarm rate achieved was 5.31%. The experimental results proved the successes of the matrices reduction and classification approach. One of the most common problems encountered in passive detecting techniques is that the sensor position affects the measurements negatively. In this paper, a solution has been proposed for this important problem.

A Review : Video Tampering Attacks and Detection Techniques

Technological advancements of various video and image editing tools has reached such a level that the tampering of digital video or image can be performed easily without degrading their quality or leaving any visual evidence. This review paper presents an overview of various types of video forgery and the different types of techniques that are employed for its detection. Passive and active forgery detection techniques are commonly used methods for detecting the tampering in a digital video. Passive and active tampering detection techniques are utilized for detecting the integrity as well as the authenticity of a given video. The aim of this review is to provide some productive information about video tampering attacks for upcoming researchers.

A Robust Passive Blind Copy-Move Image Forgery Detection

Image forensic is the important research area which deals to verify the authenticity of the digital image. Copy-move forgery is common type of forgery used to modify the image. This paper proposes passive blind forensic copy-move forgery detection technique. The combination of dyadic wavelet transform (DyWT) and scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) is used. Finally, RANSAC is used to improve the detection accuracy. The performance of the algorithm is verified with 45 original/forged images considering various attacks, such as scaling, rotation, small object and multiple copy-move pasting. The experimental results reveal that the proposed technique identifies and locates the forged area accurately for all attacks. The comparison of the proposed method is done with existing methods in terms of detection accuracy, recall, and precision. The simulation results show that for the most of the cases the proposed method outperforms the existing methods.

Image forensics using color illumination, block and key point based approach

Every individual is keen to exhibit socialism and connectedness posting their personal photos and videos on several social websites. Thus, it has become literally easy for the onlookers to see and modify their photos and videos. Here the concept enumerates in picture as image forensics, whereby it is possible to examine the authenticity and genuineness of photograph and video into consideration. In addition to this, nowadays photograph and videos are considered as a firm and valid proof in the court room for investigation, validation and judgement. Several experts are continuously working in an image forensic field to discover and develop better techniques for the detection of forgeries in image and videos. Detection of image forgeries is done in two ways. Firstly the forged image we are already familiar with is called active forgery detection technique and secondly, where we don’t know the forgery, then is referred to as the passive forgery detection technique. Passive technique is incorporated to detect forgery in this paper where hybridization is used. We have used DWT, color illumination Algorithm, SLIC Algorithm; SIFT Algorithm, Correlation Coefficient Map generation Algorithm, Block Matching Threshold Algorithm and Feature Extraction Algorithm for the detection and ramifying forgeries. The novelty of the proposed hybrid technique is the use of color illumination which detect image edges and trace them correctly to detect forged region. We have tested 48 images from database and find out image forgery detection at image level with Precision = 97. 25%; Recall = 100% and F1 = 98. 53%.

A Survey on Photo Forgery Detection Methods

In recent years, digital image forgery detection has become one of the hardest studying area for researchers investigations in the field of information security and image processing. Image forgery detection methods can be divided into two extensive groups such as Active methods and Passive (Blind) methods. Active methods have been used data hiding techniques like watermarking and digital signatures. Passive forensic methods (or Blind) use image statistics or they investigate the attributes of the image to determine the forgeries. Passive detection techniques are also split into three branches; image splicing, image retouching, copy-move. Such image forgery detection methods are focus of this paper.

An islanding detection methodology combining decision trees and Sandia frequency shift for inverter‐based distributed generations

Distributed generations (DGs) for grid-connected applications require an accurate and reliable islanding detection methodology (IDM) for secure system operation. This study presents an IDM for grid-connected inverter-based DGs. The proposed method is a combination of passive and active islanding detection techniques for aggregation of their advantages and elimination/minimisation of the drawbacks. In the proposed IDM, the passive method utilises critical system attributes extracted from local voltage measurements at target DG locations as well as employs decision tree-based classifiers for characterisation and detection of islanding events. The active method is based on Sandia frequency shift technique and is initiated only when the passive method is unable to differentiate islanding events from other system events. Thus, the power quality degradation introduced into the system by active islanding detection techniques can be minimised. Furthermore, a combination of active and passive techniques allows detection of islanding events under low power mismatch scenarios eliminating the disadvantage associated with the use of passive techniques alone. Detailed case study results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in detection of islanding events under various power mismatch scenarios, load quality factors and in the presence of single or multiple grid-connected inverter-based DG units.

A radioactive material monitoring system using multiple gamma spectroscopy detectors and centroid method

A radioactive material monitoring system, employing a passive detection technique with multiple gamma spectroscopy detectors and the centroid method for use in large areas, is presented. The system determines the location and the activity of radioisotopes. The proposed system was designed and evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations and experiments. In both simulation and experiment, calculated source locations were well distinguished and the location was determined within less than 1m range compared to the actual location. The calculated activity was matched to the actual activity within an error of 5%.