Passenger Area Research Articles

Management Policy in Urban Rail Transit System: Trade-Off between Social Distancing and Service Efficiency Using Simulation in the Post-Epidemic Era

The past COVID-19 pandemic introduced the world to the necessity of dealing with the trade-off between minimizing probability of contagion, and providing people with services they need. This trade-off stipulates that a large person-to-person distance will reduce contagion probability, but will render service inefficient, and vice versa. This work focuses on the urban rail transit (URT) hub, as an example of a busy passenger area, from which we can derive an optimal preparedness policy to use during the pandemic time of any coronaviruses. We use simulation methodology, based on the classical social force model, to represent behaviors and characteristics of pedestrians. Passenger flow movement process is a mechanism we explore to figure out how the epidemic management policy and pedestrian psychological-related behaviors interact with the URT system. The systems’ complexity regarding contagion-prevention distances are tested over a few scenarios: before/after the outbreak, and for different person-to-person distances demonstrating different crowd levels. A case study of Xinjiekou Station, Nanjing URT, China, enables assessment of passenger management policy with person-to-person distances of 0.5 m, 1.0 m and 2.0 m. Multi-scenario performance illustrates the trade-off in dynamic between the efficiency of pedestrians’ walking behaviors and the distancing needs for preventing coronaviruses transmission. The results show that queuing length with social distancing of 1.0 m and 2.0 m is increased by 4.17% and 21.22%. The average delays in boarding are 14.1 s and 22.5 s for 1.0 m and 2.0 m, which leads to 15.29% and 22.39% increases, respectively, in comparison with ordinary social distancing of about 0.5 m.

CFD SIMULATION AND VALIDATION FOR MIXING VENTILATION SCALED-DOWN EMPTY AIRCRAFT CABIN USING OPENFOAM

An investigation into the spread of the COVID-19 virus within a confined space including an aircraft cabin is essential in order to find out the mechanism. However, this is time-consuming and limited in scope, so a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is used instead. Therefore, a prior study and an appropriate choice of turbulence model are required before the simulation. The main objective of this study is to validate and evaluate the results predicted by the Open Source Field Operation and Manipulation (OpenFOAM) software through comparison with the experimental data from the literature which was conducted using particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurement. Three different Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes turbulence models were selected; Re-normalisation Group k - ɛ (RNG), Realizable k - ɛ (RLZ) and Low Reynold Number (LRN) to simulate a mixing ventilation system of a scaled-down model of empty aircraft cabin. In the RNG and LRN model cases, a fairly large circulation flows were observed on the right and left sides of the model representing the passenger area. The results were also evaluated quantitatively using the factor of two of observations (FAC2) for the velocity components and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) with root mean square error (RMSE) for the former and normalised mean square errors (NMSE) for the latter. The simulation results showed that RNG and LRN are capable of predicting the flow field well. However, for TKE prediction LRN performed better than RNG which concluded that LRN is the suitable turbulence model in simulating flow fields in investigated case.

Sizing and Performance Analysis of Hydrogen- and Battery-Based Powertrains, Integrated into a Passenger Train for a Regional Track, Located in Calabria (Italy)

In order to decarbonize the rail industry, the development of innovative locomotives with the ability to use multiple energy sources, constituting hybrid powertrains, plays a central role in transitioning from conventional diesel trains. In this paper, four configurations based on suitable combinations of fuel cells and/or batteries are designed to replace or supplement a diesel/overhead line powertrain on a real passenger train (the Hitachi Blues) tested on an existing regional track, the Catanzaro Lido–Reggio Calabria line (Italy), managed by Trenitalia SpA. (Italy). The configurations (namely battery–electrified line, full-battery, fuel cell–battery–electrified line, and fuel cell–battery) are first sized with the intention of completing a round trip, then integrated on board with diesel engine replacement in mind, and finally occupy a portion of the passenger area within two locomotives. The achieved performance is thoroughly examined in terms of fuel cell efficiency (greater than 47%), hydrogen consumption (less than 72 kg), braking energy recovery (approximately 300 kWh), and battery interval SOC.

Influence of the type of place occupied by a tram passenger on the ride comfort

In cities with developed transport infrastructure, many people use public transport in their everyday lives. In order for the passenger's journey to be comfortable and for the passenger to travel more willingly by tram than by car, many conditions must be met. A passenger must feel comfortable in a public transport vehicle, which includes, among others: appropriate temperature in the vehicle, no crowding, the possibility to seat, the possibility of a quick vehicle-change, short travel time, no noise and many others. A very important criterion from the point of view of travel comfort is also the level of vibrations in the tram. A tendency can be noticed that vehicles with a low vibration level are rated much higher by public transport passengers and citizens. Vibration itself can also be an indirect cause of noise. The greater the noise, the greater the dissatisfaction of the passenger which indicates the high role of vibrations as a factor of passenger satisfaction or dissatisfaction. The aim of the work is to test and evaluate the vibration level in the partially low-floor Moderus Beta MF 02 AC tram manufactured by the company Modertrans Poznań in Poland. Assessed was be the vibration comfort in selected points of the vehicle, including the floor and passenger seat. The level of vibrations in trams of the same type were compared. Due to the lack of specific Polish regulations regarding the permissible level of vibration in trams, an attempt was made to compare the obtained results with railway standards requirements or for-eign countries requirements. The study proved that the level of vibrations differs in trams belonging to the same type. Significant damping of vibrations in the vertical direction by the passenger seat was observed. Maximum level of vibrations in the passenger area of the vehicle was observed on the floor above the bogie. It was found when compar-ing the values of vibration accelerations and comfort indicators with railway standards - that the Moderus Beta tram on the reference section of the track could be considered as a very comfortable vehicle.

KEPUASAN PENGGUNA HALTE TRANSIT TRANSJAKARTA DENGAN PENDEKATAN HETEROGENEOUS CUSTOMER SATISFACTION INDEX (HCSI)

One factor that marks the quality of public transport is the integration of services between or inter modes, especially through interchange shelters. Koridor 1 Trans Jakarta (TJ) is an important corridor because it has an interchange shelter, which serves and relates most with other TJ routes. However, no studies have examined the user satisfaction level in interchange shelters. This Survey was conducted from Koridor 1 TJ interchange shelter passengers (N=252): Bendungan Hilir, Dukuh Atas, Harmoni, Monas, and Kota, by Heterogeneous Customer Satisfaction Index (HCSI). The results showed the level of customer satisfaction of Koridor 1 Trans Jakarta (TJ) can be categorized as good. There are four attributes of the services that have the highest satisfaction level: Ticket prices, Special female passenger area, Ease of buying tickets, and Interchange information. Otherwise, other attributes have the lowest satisfaction levels: Mix traffic, Length of travel, Waiting time at the bus stop, Standing position comfort on the bus, Noise on the bus, as well Queue line, and disembark direction on shelter.

Evaluasi Dan Proyeksi Kebutuhan Pengembangan Terminal Penumpang Bandar Udara Internasional Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Kota Palembang, Provinsi Sumatera Selatan Tahun 2022-2037

Sultan Mahmud badaruddin II International Airport is located in Palembang City, South Sumatra Province. The development of air freight movements at the airport indicates that passenger terminal facilities that have an existing area of 34,000 m2 with a capacity of 3.4 million per year can no longer accommodate the existing passenger volume. This can be seen from the increase in the total number of passengers each year which exceeds capacity to reach 5.1 million passengers in 2018. The study aims to evaluate and analyze projected passenger terminal needs plans for 2022-2037. The development plan is carried out by forming a double linear regression equation between passenger volumes used asdepent variableswhile population numbers (Pdd) and Percapita PDRB on the Basis of Constant Price in 2010 (Pkt) of South Sumatra Province asindependent variables ) with the help of SPSS program version 25.00 and Microsoft Excel. Thus, the number of residents (Pdd) has a greater effect on the growth of domestic passengers. Based on KM Number 10 of 2010 on the Master Plan of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Airport, there needs to be a development of this airport in the future. Based on the results of the development plan of this terminal passenger area in the 2037 plan year of 55. 324m2 with a capacity of 8,871,648 passengers per year and can accommodate 3,177 passengers during peak hours.

PIV measurements of opposing-jet ventilation flow in a reduced-scale simplified empty airplane cabin

Mixing ventilation in airplane cabins is driven by overhead supply jets, which may be directed towards each other, interact and merge before entering the passenger area. Although many studies already investigated airplane cabin mixing ventilation, detailed knowledge on the fundamental flow components (i.e. supply jets, interaction zone, merged jet and secondary flows) is rather scarce, but can be useful to obtain new insights into mixing ventilation design optimisation. This paper presents time-averaged 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements of the flow driven by isothermal opposing plane jets in a reduced-scale water-filled generic airplane cabin. Two configurations of opposing jets, i.e. ceiling jets and lateral jets, are examined with inlet Reynolds numbers ranging from 3,450 to 4,650. The analysis focuses on the mean velocity and Reynolds stresses of the whole flow field and the aforementioned fundamental flow components. Decay rates of the supply jets and decay and growth rates of the merged jet are analysed and the size of the interaction zone is assessed. The supply jet velocity decays very fast due to the interaction with the opposing jet. Within the interaction zone, the turbulence levels are high and turbulence is highly anisotropic. A comparison between the merged jet and a self-similar turbulent plane free jet is presented as well. The measurement data is also valuable for (sub-configuration) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation purposes.

Tragovi požara u slučajevima samozapaljenja automobila

Criminalistic and forensic processing of vehicles damaged by fire is a specific field of crime scene investigation because the situation in terms of traceology is significantly different from the ones encountered when investigating other events and criminal offences. Due to the relatively small space of the car and a comparatively high density and flammability of fuel and other materials contained in it, the speed of development and the intensity of fire on such vehicles can be very high. This contributes to the fact that many traces that may indicate possible causes and origins of fire may be largely or completely destroyed. Bearing in mind this danger, but also the transience and unrepeatability of certain phenomena, it is very important to promptly arrive at the scene of fire and quickly extinguish it, as well as to monitor and record the development of fire, observing its characteristics. In addition to this, it should be borne in mind that in these situations the possibilities of proving by personal sources of evidence is minimal, so that criminal investigation must be based on material evidence collected during the crime scene inspection. The paper aims to point out specific traces in cases of spontaneous car combustion, particularly in cases where fire started in the area around the engine and in the passenger area.

The method of optimizing the main technical parameters of the promising city electric buses of ONC Type

Problem. City electric buses of the ONC type, which are widely used for passenger transportation on city routes, even if the permissible gross weight is increased by 1500 kg, have significantly lower passenger capacity than the high-class buses on the basis of the bodies of which they are created. This is due to the fact that the mass of traction batteries is much greater than the mass of the power unit with all its city bus systems. Goal. The goal is determining the optimal values of the main technical parameters of promising electric buses already at the stages of development of sketch proposals or sketch projects. Methodology. The work is based on the analysis of technical parameters of city electric buses of modern designs and regulated technical requirements for high-capacity passenger wheeled vehicles, the dependences of their passenger capacity on the dimensional parameters of the body, the weight of the equipped electric bus without the weight of traction batteries and the autonomous mileage of electric buses. Results. Three variants of a technique of optimizing the parameters of the designed city electric buses on one of the set parameters – the nominal passenger capacity, average daily autonomous run or length of a body of an electric bus are developed. Originality. An algorithm for determining the optimized parameters of the designed electric buses at the stage of development of sketch proposals and sketch projects is proposed. Practical value. The proposed method provides the design of promising competitive city electric buses of ONC type, which are most suitable for use in the cities of Ukraine, with a given or maximum possible nominal passenger capacity in terms of providing a given or maximum autonomous mileage and equality of passenger capacity, determined by passenger area mass.

<b>Evaluation Method for Crashworthiness Using Integrated Value of Deceleration of Railway Vehicles Showing High Correlation with Degree of Passenger Injury</b>

While standards for crashworthiness of railway vehicles have been defined in Europe and the U.S., there is no standard in Japan. Therefore, it is important to establish an evaluation method for crashworthiness of railway vehicles in Japan. The authors carried out finite element analyses under various conditions based on the statistical analysis of serious level-crossing accidents. We evaluated the mean decelerations (conforming to European standard), the maximum decelerations (U.S. standard) and integrated values of the deceleration, which are obtained from impact deceleration waveforms in the passenger area. We also performed finite element analyses of dummy's behavior and injury values using these deceleration waveforms as input. We examined the correlation between these evaluation results and dummy's injury values. As a result, we confirmed that the integrated values of the deceleration of the passenger area had the highest correlation with the dummy's injury values.

Impact of confinement in vehicle trunks on decomposition and entomological colonization of carcasses

In order to investigate the impact of confinement in a car trunk on decomposition and insect colonization of carcasses, three freshly killed pig (Sus scrofa domesticus Erxleben) carcasses were placed individually in the trunks of older model cars and deployed in a forested area in the southwestern region of British Columbia, Canada, together with three freshly killed carcasses which were exposed in insect-accessible protective cages in the same forest. Decomposition rate and insect colonization of all carcasses were examined twice a week for four weeks. The exposed carcasses were colonized immediately by Calliphora latifrons Hough and Calliphora vomitoria (L.) followed by Lucilia illustris (Meigen), Phormia regina (Meigen) and Protophormia terraenovae (R.-D.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). There was a delay of three to six days before the confined carcasses were colonized, first by P. regina, followed by Pr. terraenovae. These species represented the vast majority of blow fly species on the confined carcasses. Despite the delay in colonization, decomposition progressed much more rapidly in two of the confined carcasses in comparison with the exposed carcasses due to the greatly increased temperatures inside the vehicles, with the complete skeletonization of two of the confined carcasses ocurring between nine and 13 days after death. One confined carcass was an anomaly, attracting much fewer insects, supporting fewer larval calliphorids and decomposing much more slowly than other carcasses, despite similarly increased temperatures. It was later discovered that the vehicle in which this carcass was confined had a solid metal fire wall between the passenger area and the trunk, which served to reduce insect access and release of odors. These data may be extremely valuable when analyzing cadavers found inside vehicle trunks.

Conversion of Aluminum Front Bumper System to Magnesium Material by Using Design of Experiment Method

Bumper and crash boxes are vehicle structural elements that convert the collision (kinetic) energy at the collision into deformation energy. Failure of the bumper system to sufficiently absorb the collision energy in the event of a collision will result in the resulting forces being transferred directly to the driver and passenger area. It will result in deaths or injuries to people in the vehicle and further damage to the vehicle. In this study, the collision performance of an existing aluminum crash bumper system produced by the extrusion method with a 40% offset collision analysis is examined. A magnesium crash bumper with improved collision performance is designed by this reference. In this design process, the design of experiment method is used. With the combinations created with the Taguchi method, the long design and analysis process is completed in a shorter time. Taguchi experiment design process; four different design variables and three-level combinations of these variables are used. With the table's help created at the L9 level, models corresponding to the variables are prepared, crash analyzes are performed with finite element analysis, and crash performances are examined. After revealing the results, optimization is carried out with Minitab software; the optimum design is achieved in crash performance and lightness.

Superinsulation Materials for Energy-Efficient Train Envelopes

While traction energy is the main energy used in passenger trains, the energy required to condition the passenger area is significant and can account for up 40% of the total energy use. Due to space constraints, passenger train envelopes are usually only insulated with a few centimetres of conventional insulation materials, leading to relatively high U-values and high energy transmissions in climates where heating or cooling is necessary. Here, the use of superinsulation materials in trains for heating/cooling demand reduction was evaluated. Selected commercially available superinsulation materials were screened and benchmarked in terms of thermal conductivity, fire safety, behaviour under vibration and preferred use position within the train envelope. Both the specific vacuum insulation panels and silica aerogel boards that were tested were found suitable for the application in train envelopes in terms of their thermal, fire and mechanical properties. While vacuum panels have the best insulation performance, aerogel boards offer higher flexibility during installation and reduced risk of damage-related performance loss. Both materials can greatly enhance the energy efficiency and thermal comfort of trains and can be implemented cost-neutrally. However, new policy frameworks are likely to be necessary to promote energy efficiency and the broad implementation of thermal superinsulation in trains.

Expanding the Copenhagen airport one-roof terminal

In order to meet future capacity requirements for inbound baggage, border control and passenger areas, Copenhagen Airports have initiated the T3 airside expansion project — adding 80,000 sqm on the southern side of the existing terminal facility. Located in the heart of the airport, the project is both a unique opportunity to develop the CPH one-roof terminal experience for the future and is one of the most complex and challenging construction projects in the history of the airport. The purpose of this paper is to give insights into three key principles, which are specifically designed to address the challenges and to realise the potential of this ambitious scheme: The creation of a clear and shared ‘vision’ statement; developing a ‘simple and flexible layout concept’ and ‘co-creation’ as the overall principle for design and building. In addition, the paper will describe the background and drivers for the project, and how it falls into the almost 100-year-old history of infrastructure development at CPH

Operational performance analysis of trans mebidang bus (case study: Binjai terminal - Medan)

The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of parameters and the satisfaction of passengers of Trans Mebidang bus which serves from the Binjai terminal to Medan City Market Center. Based on SK.687/AJ.206/DRJD/2002, the performance of parameters is comprised of: the travel time, the headway, the circulation time, the load factor, and the comfort of the passenger area on the bus. The method that is used to measure the satisfaction of the passengers is Importance Performance Analysis. Results of the analysis found that the parameters of headway, circulation time, and load factor should be corrected because do not meet the standard, whereas the results of the analysis of the satisfaction of passengers indicated that the parameters that need to get improvement are the physical condition of the bus stop also the comfort and the safety of the bus stop.

Impact of confinement in vehicle trunks on decomposition and entomological colonization of carcasses.

In order to investigate the impact of confinement in a car trunk on decomposition and insect colonization of carcasses, three freshly killed pig (Sus scrofa domesticus Erxleben) carcasses were placed individually in the trunks of older model cars and deployed in a forested area in the southwestern region of British Columbia, Canada, together with three freshly killed carcasses which were exposed in insect-accessible protective cages in the same forest. Decomposition rate and insect colonization of all carcasses were examined twice a week for four weeks. The exposed carcasses were colonized immediately by Calliphora latifrons Hough and Calliphora vomitoria (L.) followed by Lucilia illustris (Meigen), Phormia regina (Meigen) and Protophormia terraenovae (R.-D.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). There was a delay of three to six days before the confined carcasses were colonized, first by P. regina, followed by Pr. terraenovae. These species represented the vast majority of blow fly species on the confined carcasses. Despite the delay in colonization, decomposition progressed much more rapidly in two of the confined carcasses in comparison with the exposed carcasses due to the greatly increased temperatures inside the vehicles, with the complete skeletonization of two of the confined carcasses ocurring between nine and 13 days after death. One confined carcass was an anomaly, attracting much fewer insects, supporting fewer larval calliphorids and decomposing much more slowly than other carcasses, despite similarly increased temperatures. It was later discovered that the vehicle in which this carcass was confined had a solid metal fire wall between the passenger area and the trunk, which served to reduce insect access and release of odors. These data may be extremely valuable when analyzing cadavers found inside vehicle trunks.

Innovations for smoke management in passenger trains

Spanish manufacturer Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles developed an innovative alternative for compartmentation, based on a smoke extraction system, to guarantee safe conditions during evacuation processes in a passenger unit. To demonstrate its performance in a train unit, a real-scale experimental programme, supported by the application of fire computer modelling, was applied in a new Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles’ rolling stock. The new smoke exhaust system aims to extract the smoke generated during a fire in the passenger area by exhaust fans of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system, allowing the ingress of fresh exterior air in the lower part of the rear ends of the car. These key elements create an air flow that evacuates the smoke to prevent people from being exposed to it. Full-scale fire tests were developed in the train unit following the Australian standard AS 4391-1999. A fire of 140 kW was used, and the smoke was generated by a clean smoke machine. Measurement points included six thermocouple trees, 10 gas flow velocity probes and two GoPro HD video cameras (for the estimation of the visibility). The system performance was successful with the tenability criteria, since the value of visibility at the non-fire car was greater than 30 m and the temperature was lower than 30°C during all the tests at a height of 1.7 m above the floor. Experimental results were used to validate the computational model. The computational model results show a good accuracy compared with the tests.

Fenomena Calo Liar

Wild brokers or commonly known as car agents are jobs that offer services to passengers to be transported to a car that aims at the passenger area. The purpose of this study was (i) to know the motivating factors for someone working as a wild broker, especially brokers in the power terminal of the city of Makassar. (ii) This study also aims to determine the impact that is generated by the presence of brokers at the Makassar City Power Terminal. This study used descriptive qualitative method. Target in the research of all brokers inside and outside the terminal, passengers, terminal officers and car drivers. The sample chosen was 4 brokers, 4 terminal officers, 3 passengers and 4 car drivers. Sampling in this study was taken by using interview techniques. The results of the study showed that the difficulties in getting a job, urbanization factors, and economic factors became the basis for someone working as a broker. with the presence of brokers at the Makassar city power terminal it turned out to provide a loss to the passengers, car drivers and terminal officers.Keywords: Brokers, Terminals, Social Deviations.

Inside Connections: How Your Car's Components Communicate

From dashboards to databases, a lot goes on inside the cockpit – the passenger area of an automobile.

Analysis and research on the images of drivers and passengers wearing seat belt in traffic inspection

It is common to see drivers and passengers not wearing seat belt in China, which is a traffic violation, thereby to strengthen supervision by resorting to advanced technical means is imminent. In the existing research, the detection effect is favorable when there is visible difference between the seat belt and the background image. However, in the opposing situation, it can easily lead to missed detection or mis-detection, and greatly reducing the detection accuracy and making it difficult to meet the demands of intelligent and automatic traffic monitoring. Study on the images of drivers and passengers wearing seat belt in traffic inspection covers three aspects: vehicle target positioning, driver and passenger area positioning and seat belt wearing behavior decision. Vehicle target positioning studies the enhanced vehicle features and looks for a vehicle classification model that is suitable for enhancing the features, and obtains the determined vehicle area from the study detection. Driver and passenger area positioning studies a multi-level joint supervised learning method according to the inclusive relationship between the non-rigid human body and the rigid vehicle body, and gets the optimal driver and passenger area by designing the multi-level learning classifier. Seat belt wearing behavior decision studies from the method of linear target recognition and uses the perceptual grouping mechanism of human visual system for robust seat belt detection. In the experimental phase, we validated the validity and accuracy, and the experiment images were from the practical traffic junctions. The results show that the method proposed in this paper can carry out Seat Belt detection accurately and effectively. Compared with other Seat Belt target detection methods, it has high detection rate and low false positive rate, which can achieve the accurate detection of Seat Belt in intelligent transportation.