Party Situation Research Articles

Pattern of Partai Solidaritas Indonesia Candidacy In the Selection of DPRD DKI Jakarta Member Candidates In 2024’s General Election

This study discussed about the pattern of PSI candidacy in candidates selection for DPRD DKI Jakarta member in 2024’s General Election. This study was motivated because PSI can implementing high degree of participation in their candidacy process. That’s mean the candidacy process of PSI not only an area for elite but also all of the voters. That behavior, has been shown by PSI in the midst of political party situation which trapped in pragmatism. The method of this study is qualitative research with case study research type. Simultaneously, the theory which used in this study is Candidacy Theory who proposed by Gideon Rahat and Reuven. Y Hazan. The result of this study shown that the pattern of PSI candidacy is at a democratic level. It’s said democratic because PSI is able to act inclusively both in nominating candidates and candidates selection process. PSI doesn’t set the special requirements which difficult to fulfill, the PSI’s selectorate involves all of the voters, and the candidates selection is not only an area for a elite. Even though, the candidates nominations seems exclusive, but the most important of inclusive determination is voters involvement in candidacy process.

Two effects of perceived speaker similarity in resolving the cocktail party situation – ERPs and functional connectivity

Following a speaker in multi-talker environments requires the listener to separate the speakers' voices and continuously focus attention on one speech stream. While the dissimilarity of voices may make speaker separation easier, it may also affect maintaining the focus of attention. To assess these effects, electrophysiological (EEG) and behavioral data were collected from healthy young adults while they listened to two concurrent speech streams performing an online lexical detection task and an offline recognition memory task. Perceptual speaker similarity was manipulated on four levels: identical, similar, dissimilar, and opposite-gender speakers. Behavioral and electrophysiological data suggested that, while speaker similarity hinders auditory stream segregation, dissimilarity hinders maintaining the focus of attention by making the to-be-ignored speech stream more distracting. Thus, resolving the cocktail party situation poses different problems at different levels of perceived speaker similarity, resulting in different listening strategies.

The event-based influence of incentivizing and physical contexts on daily alcohol initiation and consumption.

Young adults often decide to engage in heavy drinking. Learning more about the real-time factors that predict decisions to initiate a drinking episode and how much is consumed in any single drinking episode is necessary in developing our understanding of momentary alcohol use and discrete decisions surrounding alcohol use. The current study examined the association between contextual factors and decisions to initiate and consume alcohol in 104 young adult individuals over 2 weeks via mobile daily diary. Participants responded to daily notifications about decisions to drink or not and the contextual factors surrounding each event. The contextual factors included the situation (e.g., bar setting and pregaming) and incentives (e.g., alcohol, social, and mood enhancement). Multilevel analyses revealed that incentives predicted both the initiation of drinking and the amount consumed. Event-based alcohol and mood incentives predicted the initiation of drinking, while alcohol, mood, and social/party incentives predicted how much was consumed at a specific event. However, context had a more complex association with drinking outcomes. Being in a bar, alone, or at a residence predicted decisions to initiate drinking, while being in a bar, pregaming situation, or other party situation with others who are drinking predicted how much a person drank. The results highlight the importance of studying event-specific predictors of drinking decisions and the complex association between context/location and the type of drinking decision or outcome.

Do we parse the background into separate streams in the cocktail party?

In the cocktail party situation, people with normal hearing usually follow a single speaker among multiple concurrent ones. However, there is no agreement in the literature as to whether the background is segregated into multiple streams/speakers. The current study varied the number of concurrent speech streams and investigated target detection and memory for the contents of a target stream as well as the processing of distractors. A male-voiced target stream was either presented alone (single-speech), together with one male-voiced distractor (one-distractor), or a male- and a female-voiced distractor (two-distractor). Behavioral measures of target detection and content tracking performance as well as target- and distractor detection related event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were assessed. We found that the N2 amplitude decreased whereas the P3 amplitude increased from the single-speech to the concurrent speech streams conditions. Importantly, the behavioral effect of distractors differed between the conditions with one vs. two distractor speech streams and the non-zero voltages in the N2 time window for distractor numerals and in the P3 time window for syntactic violations appearing in the non-target speech stream significantly differed between the one- and two-distractor conditions for the same (male) speaker. These results support the notion that the two background speech streams are segregated, as they show that distractors and syntactic violations appearing in the non-target streams are processed even when two speech non-target speech streams are delivered together with the target stream.

Temporal and Directional Cue Effects on the Cocktail Party Problem for Patients With Listening Difficulties Without Clinical Hearing Loss.

To evaluate the listening difficulty in a cocktail party environment in the sound field in order to better demonstrate patients' difficulties listening in noise, and to examine temporal and directional cue effects on the speech intelligibility in patients with listening difficulties in noise in comparison with control subjects. This study examined and analyzed 16 control subjects without any complaints of listening difficulties and 16 patients who had visited the outpatient clinic of the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Hospital, with complaints of listening difficulties, especially in background crowded conditions, despite having relatively good hearing on routine audiograms and speech audiometry. Using five loudspeakers located in front of the subject and at 30° and 60° to the left and right from the front, word intelligibility for the target voice (female talker) presented from one of the loudspeakers in random order with four distractor voices (male talker) was assessed under the following cue conditions: (1) "no additional temporal/directional cue (only talker sex as a cue)"; (2) "fixed temporal cue without directional cue" (white noise bursts [cue sounds] were presented from the five loudspeakers just before word presentation at 500-ms intervals); (3) "directional + variable temporal cues" [cue sounds were presented from the loudspeaker where the next target word would be presented with a variable inter-stimulus interval [ISI] of 500, 1000, 1500, or 2000 ms between the cue sound and word presentation); and (4) "directional + fixed temporal cues" (cue sounds were presented from the loudspeaker where the next target word would be presented with a fixed ISI of 500 ms). The results indicated the following: (1) word intelligibility under distractors was significantly deteriorated in patients with listening difficulties compared with control subjects, although the clinical speech in noise test using the headphone system did not show any significant differences between the two groups; (2) word intelligibility under distractors for patients with listening difficulties was significantly improved with directional cues presented in advance; and (3) under most cue conditions, individual differences in word intelligibility among patients with listening difficulties were significantly correlated with their dichotic listening ability, which is one of the indicators used to assess auditory selective attention ability. The results of this study indicate the usefulness of the presentation of directional cues for speech comprehension in the cocktail party situation in patients with listening difficulties, as well as the importance of evaluating the degree of listening difficulties spatially in the cocktail party situation.

Three New Outcome Measures That Tap Into Cognitive Processes Required for Real-Life Communication.

To increase the ecological validity of outcomes from laboratory evaluations of hearing and hearing devices, it is desirable to introduce more realistic outcome measures in the laboratory. This article presents and discusses three outcome measures that have been designed to go beyond traditional speech-in-noise measures to better reflect realistic everyday challenges. The outcome measures reviewed are: the Sentence-final Word Identification and Recall (SWIR) test that measures working memory performance while listening to speech in noise at ceiling performance; a neural tracking method that produces a quantitative measure of selective speech attention in noise; and pupillometry that measures changes in pupil dilation to assess listening effort while listening to speech in noise. According to evaluation data, the SWIR test provides a sensitive measure in situations where speech perception performance might be unaffected. Similarly, pupil dilation has also shown sensitivity in situations where traditional speech-in-noise measures are insensitive. Changes in working memory capacity and effort mobilization were found at positive signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), that is, at SNRs that might reflect everyday situations. Using stimulus reconstruction, it has been demonstrated that neural tracking is a robust method at determining to what degree a listener is attending to a specific talker in a typical cocktail party situation. Using both established and commercially available noise reduction schemes, data have further shown that all three measures are sensitive to variation in SNR. In summary, the new outcome measures seem suitable for testing hearing and hearing devices under more realistic and demanding everyday conditions than traditional speech-in-noise tests.

The effects of speech processing units on auditory stream segregation and selective attention in a multi-talker (cocktail party) situation

Speech unfolds at different time scales. Therefore, neuronal mechanisms involved in speech processing should likewise operate at different (corresponding) time scales. The present study aimed to identify speech units relevant for selecting speech streams in a multi-talker situation. Functional connectivity was extracted from the continuous EEG while young adults detected targets within one stream in the presence of a different, task-irrelevant stream. In two separate groups, either the attended or the ignored stream was manipulated so that it contained intact, word-wise scrambled, syllable-wise scrambled, or spectrally scrambled speech. We found functional brain networks that were sensitive to the difference between the situations when speech was meaningful at sentence vs. at word level, but not between when speech was meaningful at word vs. only valid at syllable level, irrespective of whether the speech units were manipulated in the attended or the ignored stream. These functional brain networks operated in the delta and theta bands corresponding to integrating information from longer time windows. Further, the networks, which could be linked with suppressing information from the to-be-ignored stream included brain areas associated with high-level processing of speech. These results are compatible with late filtering models of auditory attention, as they suggest that the length of intact speech units in the to-be-ignored stream affects processes of attentional selection. However, we found no evidence for speech-to-brain coupling differences as a function of the intact unit of speech in either stream. Thus, although the current results do not rule out that early processes of speech processing affect stream selection in a cocktail party situation, neither do they provide supporting for it.

The Science of Wad‘ and “el-‘Ucâletü’r-Rahmiyye” (Study and Review)

Vaz‘ ilmi, dış dünyadaki varlık veya nesnelerin insan zihnindeki suretleri olan manalar ile bu manaları simgeler yoluyla zihin dışına aktaran lafızlar arasındaki ilişkinin ne şekilde ve hangi yollarla kurulduğunu incelemektedir. Hicrî VIII. asırda kelam, usul ve dil âlimi Ebü’l-Fazl ‘Adudüddîn el-Îcî’nin er-Risâletü’l-vaz‘iyye adlı risalesiyle bağımsız bir literatür olarak incelenmeye başlamıştır. Ebü’l-Kâsım es-Semerkandî, Abdurrahman el- Câmî, Kemâlüddîn eş-Şirvânî ‘İsamüddîn el-İsferâyînî, Seyyid Şerif el-Cürcânî, Seyyid Muhammed el-Kefevî ve Seyyid Hafız es-Sirozî gibi sonraki müelliflerin metinleriyle gelişimini sürdürmüştür. Son döneme gelindiğinde alana dair birçok eser telif edilmiştir. Bu eserler arasında Eğinli İbrahim b. Halil Efendi’nin Metnun fi’l-vaz‘ adlı risalesi, önceden beri tartışılagelen vaz‘ meselelerinin tamamını teorik ve pratik düzlemde sistemli olarak ele alma ve vaz‘ bilgisini bilimin konusu haline getirme noktasında gösterdiği çabayla dikkat çekmektedir. Makalenin konusu olan el-‘Ucâletü’r-Rahmiyye, sözü edilen eserin şerhidir. Bu çalışmada özellikle muhtevanın geliştirilmesi ve meseleler hakkında yapılan tartışmaların tespit edilmesi açısından vaz‘ ilmine büyük katkıları olduğuna inandığımız bir metnin vaz‘ literatürüyle birlikte değerlendirmesi yapılacaktır.

Co-designing a virtual reality game for alcohol prevention

Abstract Issue/problem Health promotion programmes that train social competencies in situations adolescents commonly encounter are likely to minimise the social influence and social pressure to drink or use other substances. In the Virtual Reality (VR) TestLab project, an innovative VR learning tool is developed that shows a typical party situation for young people. The game user can navigate through the party making their own choices, which result in different outcomes. Description of the problem The Living Lab method guided the development of the VR learning tool. During the four phases of the Living Lab process three groups of 16-25-year-old students were involved, as well as two prevention practitioners, three prevention scientists, three VR game designers and one film production expert. Results At the initial exploration stage of the Living Lab framework a list of key concepts/scenes were co-created with all stakeholders. At the concept stage students were invited to co-create a film script for the VR game. The prototype stage involved students as actors for the scenes, which were then finally recorded in technical collaboration with game developers and the film production expert. Post production, the finalised scenes were integrated into a game engine to develop the interactive branching narrative. At the innovation stage the group was invited to examine, explore and test its usability and share their experiences, thoughts, and attitudes. Lessons The Living Lab framework was useful in order to structure the co-creation process into meaningful phases and to ensure that all stakeholders were consulted throughout the development of the VR game. The Living lab framework gave ‘voice’ for the end-users (young people and practitioners) to actively engage in the co-creation process. Main message This first Living Lab application in drug prevention contributes to a better understanding of the importance of involving users of health promotion products and services through co-creation.

The Impact of Speech-Irrelevant Head Movements on Speech Intelligibility in Multi-Talker Environments

The Coordinate Response Measure corpus was used to measure how extraneous head movements affect speech intelligibility in a simulated cocktail party situation in which two, four, or six concurrent talkers were spatialized over headphones using virtual 3D audio. In two conditions, participants oscillated their head along the yaw axis, aided by a visual target tracking task. In one condition, the changes in the spatial location of the talkers were compensated for (i.e., the talkers were world-fixed) while in the other there was no such compensation (i.e., the talkers were head-fixed). In an additional baseline condition, participants did not move their heads. The results show that extraneous head movements do not impair speech intelligibility in a cocktail party situation.

Speech-in-speech perception and executive function involvement.

This present study investigated the link between speech-in-speech perception capacities and four executive function components: response suppression, inhibitory control, switching and working memory. We constructed a cross-modal semantic priming paradigm using a written target word and a spoken prime word, implemented in one of two concurrent auditory sentences (cocktail party situation). The prime and target were semantically related or unrelated. Participants had to perform a lexical decision task on visual target words and simultaneously listen to only one of two pronounced sentences. The attention of the participant was manipulated: The prime was in the pronounced sentence listened to by the participant or in the ignored one. In addition, we evaluate the executive function abilities of participants (switching cost, inhibitory-control cost and response-suppression cost) and their working memory span. Correlation analyses were performed between the executive and priming measurements. Our results showed a significant interaction effect between attention and semantic priming. We observed a significant priming effect in the attended but not in the ignored condition. Only priming effects obtained in the ignored condition were significantly correlated with some of the executive measurements. However, no correlation between priming effects and working memory capacity was found. Overall, these results confirm, first, the role of attention for semantic priming effect and, second, the implication of executive functions in speech-in-noise understanding capacities.

Analysis of Intercultural Interaction Management within a Party Situation

Analysis of Intercultural Interaction Management within a Party Situation

Speech Comprehension Difficulties in Chronic Tinnitus and Its Relation to Hyperacusis.

Objective: Many tinnitus patients complain about difficulties regarding speech comprehension. In spite of the high clinical relevance little is known about underlying mechanisms and predisposing factors. Here, we performed an exploratory investigation in a large sample of tinnitus patients to (1) estimate the prevalence of speech comprehension difficulties among tinnitus patients, to (2) compare subjective reports of speech comprehension difficulties with behavioral measurements in a standardized speech comprehension test and to (3) explore underlying mechanisms by analyzing the relationship between speech comprehension difficulties and peripheral hearing function (pure tone audiogram), as well as with co-morbid hyperacusis as a central auditory processing disorder.Subjects and Methods: Speech comprehension was assessed in 361 tinnitus patients presenting between 07/2012 and 08/2014 at the Interdisciplinary Tinnitus Clinic at the University of Regensburg. The assessment included standard audiological assessments (pure tone audiometry, tinnitus pitch, and loudness matching), the Goettingen sentence test (in quiet) for speech audiometric evaluation, two questions about hyperacusis, and two questions about speech comprehension in quiet and noisy environments (“How would you rate your ability to understand speech?”; “How would you rate your ability to follow a conversation when multiple people are speaking simultaneously?”).Results: Subjectively-reported speech comprehension deficits are frequent among tinnitus patients, especially in noisy environments (cocktail party situation). 74.2% of all investigated patients showed disturbed speech comprehension (indicated by values above 21.5 dB SPL in the Goettingen sentence test). Subjective speech comprehension complaints (both for general and in noisy environment) were correlated with hearing level and with audiologically-assessed speech comprehension ability. In contrast, co-morbid hyperacusis was only correlated with speech comprehension difficulties in noisy environments, but not with speech comprehension difficulties in general.Conclusion: Speech comprehension deficits are frequent among tinnitus patients. Whereas speech comprehension deficits in quiet environments are primarily due to peripheral hearing loss, speech comprehension deficits in noisy environments are related to both peripheral hearing loss and dysfunctional central auditory processing. Disturbed speech comprehension in noisy environments might be modulated by a central inhibitory deficit. In addition, attentional and cognitive aspects may play a role.

“It's Like Being in Church and Being on a Field Trip:” The Date Versus Party Situation in College Students' Accounts of Hooking Up

This article examines the importance of setting as a factor shaping college students' dating and sexual behavior using a Goffmanian framework to explore how U.S. students interpret a vignette describing a casual heterosexual encounter at a party followed by a sexless dinner date. Rather than simply follow generalized cultural scripts, students indicate that college heterosexual encounters are guided by standardized patterns of behaviors based on the distinct settings and roles associated with each situation. Students view sexual behavior as appropriate to being a partygoer but unsuitable to being on a date. As such, hooking up with a stranger at a party can be more appropriate than having sex with the same person on a first date.

Male advantage in sound localization at cocktail parties

Sex differences exist in the structural organization of the human brain and are related to cognitive abilities. Females usually outperform men in verbal fluency, verbal memory, perceptual speed, numerical calculation, and fine motor skills, whereas males are superior in visuospatial abilities, throwing accuracy, and mathematical reasoning. Here we demonstrated a male advantage in spatial abilities for the auditory modality. We employed a sound localization task based on the so-called “cocktail party situation”, requiring extraction of auditory information of a specific sound source when multiple competing sound sources were present. The results indicated better performance of males than females for localizing target sounds in a multi-source sound environment. This finding suggests a sex difference in the attentional mechanisms extracting spatial information of one acoustic event of interest from an auditory scene composed of multiple sound sources. It seems that the known male superiority in spatial abilities may be supramodal, rather than a specificity of the visual modality.

The end of model democracy?

Imagine you are hosting a garden party tomorrow and you are trying to decide whether or not to put up a tent against the rain. You read the weather forecast in the newspaper and you ask the farmer next door, and you look at the sky (knowing that persistence is often not a bad weather forecast). So you get three predictions, but how would you aggregate them? Would you average them with equal weight? You might trust the forecast model more (or less) than the farmer, not because you understand how either of them generates their prediction, but because of your past experience in similar situations. But why seek advice from more than one source in the first place? We intuitively assume that the combined information from multiple sources improves our understanding and therefore our ability to decide. Now having read one newspaper forecast already, would a second and a third one increase your confidence? That seems unlikely, because you know that all newspaper forecasts are based on one of only a few numerical weather prediction models. Now once you have decided on a set of forecasts, and irrespective of whether they agree or not, you will have to synthesize the different pieces of information and decide about the tent for the party. The optimal decision probably involves more than just the most likely prediction. If the damage without the tent is likely to be large, and if putting up the tent is easy, then you might go for the tent in a case of large prediction uncertainty even if the most likely outcome is no rain. Although it may seem far-fetched at first, the problem of climate projection is in fact similar in many respects to the garden party situation discussed above. So far, projections from multiple climate models were often aggregated into simple averages, standard deviations and ranges. One example is the recent Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),

THE IMPORTANCE OF DELIVERY AND POSSESSION IN THE PASSING OF TITLE

The dilemma facing the law when two innocent parties have suffered at the hands of a wrongdoer is well known and arises acutely in the context of the sale of goods. Typically, in the classic simple three party situation: the owner of goods either gives goods to or has goods stolen by a rogueseller who purports to sell them to an innocent third party buyer. Both the owner and buyer of the goods may well have a personal claim against the seller, but if the seller has either disappeared or has no money that personal claim may well be worthless. As a result, the question of who is entitled to the goods themselves is likely to determine which party will suffer as a result of the seller's actions. The crucial issue is who in this situation is entitled to the goods: this is a question of conflict of title or priority. Who has a better title to the goods, the owner or the buyer?

Sub-types of Semi-presidentialism and Political Deadlock

This article argues that semi-presidentialism can be classified into five sub-types: (1) president-dominant semi-presidentialism, (2) premier-dominant semi-presidentialism, (3) parliament-dominant semi-presidentialism, (4) cohabitation semi-presidentialism, and (5) balance-of-powers semi-presidentialism. This framework differs from previous frameworks by emphasizing the constitutional powers of parliament in tandem with two more standard variables, namely, the powers of the president and the party situation in parliament. On the basis of this framework, it suggests that when two opposing branches (president and parliament) achieve parity, they are more likely to come into conflict as regards the passage of legislation. In particular, it is hypothesized that balance-of-powers semi-presidentialism is much more likely to generate political conflicts and political deadlock than any other sub-type, even to the point of breaking down a democratic regime.

Whilst it's Red Wine with Beef, it's Booze with a Cruise!

Aim The article explores typical drinking situations, practices involved in these situations and the situational control of drinking. Data and Method The data consist of 60 diaries (39 women, 21 men) written by young adults aged 23–35. The writers provide descriptions of all their visits to pubs and restaurants and drinking occasions over a period of at least two months. The writers are all IT and service professionals, representing a generation whose descriptions provide an insight into what kinds of drinking situations are receding in Finland; what kinds of situations continue to have cultural relevance; and what kinds of new drinking situations are emerging. Drinking situations are identifed and distinguished from one another by reference to three factors: the motives of drinking, the processes of drinking and the drinkers' subjective commitment to those processes. In addition, drinking situation are analysed from the points of view of gender and (self-)control. Results Five main types of drinking situations are extracted from the analysis of the diary accounts: hanging out, meal drinking, partying, carnival and individual activity. Hanging out and meal drinking are described in the diary accounts as drinking situations where gender differences carry little signifcance. These drinking situations encourage the use of alcohol, but not drinking to inebriation. By contrast, the three other types are intoxication-oriented and in them gender differences emerge. Partying, for its part, encourages controlled inebriation. Carnival is a drinking situation that encourages heavy drinking, even beyond consciousness. Also individual activity may encourage heavy drinking. However, in this situation people rarely drink to the same extent as in carnival or party situation since they do not have the security net provided by company. Conclusions The heavier drinking the situation encourages, the more gendered the experience appears. women who felt that they had lost control over their bodily activities expressed more shame than men, especially in descriptions of several days' carnival drinking.

Attentional modulation of electrophysiological activity in auditory cortex for unattended sounds within multistream auditory environments

In three experiments, we addressed the issue of attention effects on unattended sound processing when one auditory stream is selected from three potential streams, creating a simple model of the cocktail party situation. We recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to determine the way in which unattended, task-irrelevant sounds were stored in auditory memory (i.e., as one integrated stream or as two distinct streams). Subjects were instructed to ignore all the sounds and attend to a visual task or to selectively attend to a subset of the sounds and perform a task with the sounds (Experiments 1 and 2). A third (behavioral) experiment was conducted to test whether global pattern violations (used in Experiments 1 and 2) were perceptible when the sounds were segregated. We found that the mismatch negativity ERP component, an index of auditory change detection, was evoked by infrequent pattern violations occurring in the unattended sounds when all the sounds were ignored, but not when attention was focused on a subset of the sounds. The results demonstrate that multiple unattended sound streams can segregate by frequency range but that selectively attending to a subset of the sounds can modify the extent to which the unattended sounds are processed. These results are consistent with models in animal and human studies showing that attentional control can limit the processing of unattended input in favor of attended sensory inputs, thereby facilitating the ability to achieve behavioral goals.