Part Of Complex Refractive Index Research Articles

The polarization crossfire (PCF) sensor suite focusing on satellite remote sensing of fine particulate matter PM2.5 from space

Focusing on satellite remote sensing of fine particulate matter PM2.5 from space, the polarization crossfire (PCF) strategy has been developed, which includes the PCF satellite suite and the particulate matter remote sensing (PMRS) model. Expected to be the first dedicated satellite sensor for PM2.5 remote sensing globally, the PCF suite is composed by the Particulate Observing Scanning Polarimeter (POSP) and the Directional Polarimetric Camera (DPC) together, and will be launched on board the Chinese GaoFen-5(02) satellite in 2021. Since the cross-track polarimetric measurements of POSP fully cover the multi-viewing swath of DPC, the sophisticated joint measurements could be obtained from the PCF suite in the range of 380–2250 nm including intensity and polarization, by the means of pixel matching and the cross calibration from POSP to DPC. Based on the optimal estimation inversion framework and synthetic data of PCF, the retrieval performances of key aerosol parameters are systematically investigated and assessed for the PM2.5 estimation by the PMRS model. For the design of inversion strategy for PCF, we firstly test the retrievals of aerosol optical depth (AOD), fine mode fraction (FMF), aerosol layer height (H) and the fine-mode real part of complex refractive index (mrf) simultaneously with surface parameters from the synthetic PCF data, and then the columnar volume-to-extinction ratio of fine particulates (VEf), the aerosol effective density (ρf) and the hygroscopic growth factor of fine-mode particles (f(RH)) are further obtained by the corresponding empirical relationship. The propagation errors from aerosol parameters to PM2.5 retrieval are investigated with the key procedures of PMRS model. In addition, the influences of improving calibration accuracy of PCF on PM2.5 retrievals are discussed, as well as the retrieval feasibility of PM10 by PCF strategy.

Optical characterization of Y3Al5O12 and Lu3Al5O12 single crystals

In this work spectrally dependent optical parameters of nominally pure single crystals of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) and lutetium aluminum garnet (LuAG) were studied using spectroscopy ellipsometry together with transmittance measurements in a broad spectral range from 0.73 to 6.42 eV (193–1700 nm). Obtained data in terms of complex refractive index and reflectivity represent an extension of previous studies towards the ultraviolet spectral region and provide a background for the design of a variety of optical applications such as laser host matrix systems, doped luminescence materials, optical imaging devices for semiconductor immersion lithography, construction of scintillators and other devices operating in the ultraviolet spectral region. A complete database of obtained optical parameters (real and imaginary parts of complex refractive index) in the whole spectral range is included in the supplementary part.

Real-time retrieval of aerosol chemical composition using effective density and the imaginary part of complex refractive index

Knowledge of aerosol chemical composition is essential for the research on aerosol climate effect, air quality and health issues. With the development of optical remote-sensing technology, numerous aerosol chemical composition retrieval methods based on optical properties were developed. However, the existing algorithms lack the verification with similar measurements of aerosol chemical composition. In this work, a novel algorithm based on effective density (ρe) and imaginary part (k) of the complex refractive index (CRI) at λ = 365 and 532 nm was developed to retrieve four main aerosol components, including black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), mineral dust (MD), and sum of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium (SNA). ρe was derived by converting aerodynamic to electrical mobility diameter. CRI was retrieved from Mie code and simultaneous measurement of particle number size distribution (PNSD) and the extinction and scattering coefficients (bext and bscat). Comprehensive sensitivity tests were performed to estimate the retrieval uncertainties from the measurements and a priori inputs. Validation of the algorithm was demonstrated using a series of observations at Shouxian (China) from November 30 to December 12, 2016. The measured and retrieved aerosol chemical compositions were compared and the two results showed good agreements, proving the reliability of the method. During one clean and two pollution periods, the variation of measured aerosol physical and optical properties and retrieved chemical composition were analyzed. The aerosol chemical composition changes can be well described by the transition of air mass sources for different pollution levels. This study provides a reliable, in-situ method for better constraining the relationship between aerosol chemical compositions and optical properties. This method will help monitor the pollution event, identify aerosol sources and verify the retrievals from remote sensing data.

Negative Thermal Transport in Conduction and Advection*Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11725521).

Negative refractive index has drawn a great deal of attention due to its unique properties and practical applications in wave systems. To promote the related physics in thermotics, here we manage to coin a complex thermal conductivity whose imaginary part corresponds to the real part of complex refractive index. Therefore, the thermal counterpart of negative refractive index is just negative imaginary thermal conductivity, which is featured by the opposite directions of energy flow and wave vector in thermal conduction and advection, thus called negative thermal transport herein. To avoid violating causality, we design an open system with energy exchange and explore three different cases to reveal negative thermal transport. We further provide experimental suggestions with a solid ring structure. All finite-element simulations agree with theoretical analyses, indicating that negative thermal transport is physically feasible. These results have potential applications such as designing the inverse Doppler effect in thermal conduction and advection.

Оценка достоверности мониторинга аэрозольных загрязнений в атмосфере путем сравнения результатов обработки данных лидарного зондирования и локального забора проб

Data measured with remote (lidar) sensing and in situ during ORACLES campaign in 2016 became publically accessible. Inversion of the data measured with lidar and including the aerosol backscatter coefficients at 355, 532 and 1064 nm and extinction coefficients at 355 and 532 nm is carried out in the study. Airborne high spectral resolution lidar was used in the measurements. Specially developed regularization algorithm is applied to invert the lidar data into aerosol optical and microphysical parameters. In frame of ORACLES campaign the aerosol optical and microphysical parameters were measured in situ as well. In situ and remote (lidar) measurements were spatially and temporarily co-located. In situ results are used to validate the inversion of lidar data with regularization algorithm. Uncertainties of 25% for effective radius, number and volume concentrations, 0.05 and 0.005 for real and imaginary parts of complex refractive index respectively and 0.05 for single scattering albedo are validated with reliability 90%.

Thickness dependent correlation between structural and optical properties of textured CdSe thin film

Nano-crystalline CdSe thin films of different thicknesses under sub-micron range were deposited on glass substrate via thermal evaporation route. A gradual deterioration in film crystallinity confirmed by XRD line profile analysis has been accompanied by a reduction in Cd to Se molar ratio as the film thickness decreases. A coordinated microstructural and crystallographic orientation distribution analysis explicitly demonstrated that CdSe tends to grow in nano-sized columns with hexagonal c-axis parallel to its growth direction on glass substrate. A thickness dependence of structural evolution was discussed in terms of aspect ratio of the columnar structure and dispersion in orientation of hexagonal (002) basal plane. The variation in the spectra of optical constants [n(λ), k(λ)] obtained from Swanepoel envelop method was interpreted in terms of crystallographic defects arising from stoichiometric disorder which was also accounted for the observed thickness dependent shifts in band gap and valence band split energy. The bathochromic shifts in dielectric and energy loss functions, optical conductivity, skin depth and cut-off energy were discussed in detail along with the variations in their spectral shapes in connection with the dispersion in the real and imaginary parts of complex refractive index, which might shed a new light upon holistic comprehension of thickness dependent optical properties of other chalcogenide semiconducting thin films.

RETRIEVAL OF AEROSOL MICROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES BASED ON THE OPTIMAL ESTIMATION METHOD: INFORMATION CONTENT ANALYSIS FOR SATELLITE POLARIMETRIC REMOTE SENSING MEASUREMENTS

Abstract. This paper evaluates the information content for the retrieval of key aerosol microphysical and surface properties for multispectral single-viewing satellite polarimetric measurements cantered at 410, 443, 555, 670, 865, 1610 and 2250 nm over bright land. To conduct the information content analysis, the synthetic data are simulated by the Unified Linearized Vector Radiative Transfer Model (UNLVTM) with the intensity and polarization together over bare soil surface for various scenarios. Following the optimal estimation theory, a principal component analysis method is employed to reconstruct the multispectral surface reflectance from 410 nm to 2250 nm, and then integrated with a linear one-parametric BPDF model to represent the contribution of polarized surface reflectance, thus further to decouple the surface-atmosphere contribution from the TOA measurements. Focusing on two different aerosol models with the aerosol optical depth equal to 0.8 at 550 nm, the total DFS and DFS component of each retrieval aerosol and surface parameter are analysed. The DFS results show that the key aerosol microphysical properties, such as the fine- and coarse-mode columnar volume concentration, the effective radius and the real part of complex refractive index at 550 nm, could be well retrieved with the surface parameters simultaneously over bare soil surface type. The findings of this study can provide the guidance to the inversion algorithm development over bright surface land by taking full use of the single-viewing satellite polarimetric measurements.

Dependence of columnar aerosol size distribution, optical properties, and chemical components on regional transport in Beijing

Seasonal dependence of the columnar aerosol optical and chemical properties on regional transport in Beijing over 10 years (from January 2005 to December 2014) were analyzed by using the ground-based remote sensing combined with backward trajectory analysis. Daily air mass backward trajectories terminated in Beijing were computed with HYSPLIT-4 model and were categorized into five clusters. The columnar mass concentrations of black carbon (BC), brown carbon (BrC), dust (DU), aerosol water content (AW), and ammonium sulfate like aerosol (AS) of each cluster were retrieved from the optical data obtained from the Aerosol Robotic NETwork (AERONET) with five-component model. It was found that the columnar aerosol properties in different seasons were changed, and they were related to the air mass origins. In spring, aerosol was dominated by coarse particles. Summer was characterized by higher single scattering albedo (SSA), lower real part of complex refractive index ( n ), and obvious hygroscopic growth due to humid air from the south. During autumn and winter, there was an observable increase in absorption aerosol optical thickness (AAOT) and the imaginary part of complex refraction ( k ), with high levels of retrieved BC and BrC. However, concentrations of BC showed less dependence on the clusters during the two seasons owing to the widely spread coal heating in north China.

Observation of applied voltage response of dye-doped liquid crystal by optical measurement of real and imaginary parts of complex refractive index

The behavior of liquid crystal (LC) molecules and dye molecules in a dye-doped liquid crystal (DDLC) under a voltage application condition was quantitatively investigated. To observe the reorientation of these molecules, the real and imaginary parts of the complex refractive index were simultaneously and individually measured using an optical interferometer. The obtained results indicate that the alignment of dye molecules doped in DDLC occurs following the electrically responding LC molecules, near the Freedericksz transition region of LC.

Generation and UV-VIS-NIR spectral responses of organo-mineral aerosol for modelling soil derived dust

Various optical properties of laboratory constructed clay minerals coated by humic acid were determined in this study. For the preparation of organo-clay complexes, an adsorption method was conducted in Ca2+ dominated aquaeous solutions, which provides the opportunity to generate solely internally mixed aerosol particles with complete surface covering. The wavelength dependent optical absorption and scattering coefficients of the syntetised organo-clay complexes and the single clay components were measured in-situ in aerosol phase, using multi-wavelength photoacoustic and scattering instruments. Other climate relevant optical properties such as mass absorption and scattering coefficients, absorption enhancement factor, the imaginary part of complex refractive index, single scattering albedo and coating thickness were also deduced from the measured data. The estimated thickness of humic acid coating was about 10–20 nm. Even such relatively thin shell substantially enhanced the measured absorption of the clay particles with an enhancement factor of about 3–7 in the visible-near ultraviolet range, while caused smaller changes in the mass scattering values. As a cumulative effect, the coating decreased the single scattering albedo of the clay particles; from 0.99 ± 0.04 to 0.93 ± 0.04 in case of illite and from 0.99 ± 0.04 to 0.90 ± 0.03 in case of kaolin at 525 nm. The HA coating slightly modified the shape, the particles became less excentric. We presented a new method capable of generating solely internally mixed particles. Applying this method we experimentally demonstrated the strong effect of a light absorbing coating on the optical properties of dust particle.

Comparison of key absorption and optical properties between pure and transported anthropogenic dust over East and Central Asia

Abstract. Asian dust particulate is one of the primary aerosol constituents in the Earth–atmosphere system that exerts profound influences on environmental quality, human health, the marine biogeochemical cycle, and Earth's climate. To date, the absorptive capacity of dust aerosol generated from the Asian desert region is still an open question. In this article, we compile columnar key absorption and optical properties of mineral dust over East and Central Asian areas by utilizing the multiyear quality-assured datasets observed at 13 sites of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). We identify two types of Asian dust according to threshold criteria from previously published literature. (1) The particles with high aerosol optical depth at 440 nm (AOD440 ≥ 0.4) and a low Ångström wavelength exponent at 440–870 nm (α < 0.2) are defined as Pure Dust (PDU), which decreases disturbance of other non-dust aerosols and keeps high accuracy of pure Asian dust. (2) The particles with AOD440 ≥ 0.4 and 0.2 < α < 0.6 are designated as Transported Anthropogenic Dust (TDU), which is mainly dominated by dust aerosol and might mix with other anthropogenic aerosol types. Our results reveal that the primary components of high AOD days are predominantly dust over East and Central Asian regions, even if their variations rely on different sources, distance from the source, emission mechanisms, and meteorological characteristics. The overall mean and standard deviation of single-scattering albedo, asymmetry factor, real part and imaginary part of complex refractive index at 550 nm for Asian PDU are 0.935 ± 0.014, 0.742 ± 0.008, 1.526 ± 0.029, and 0.00226 ± 0.00056, respectively, while corresponding values are 0.921 ± 0.021, 0.723 ± 0.009, 1.521 ± 0.025, and 0.00364 ± 0.0014 for Asian TDU. Aerosol shortwave direct radiative effects at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), at the surface (SFC), and in the atmospheric layer (ATM) for Asian PDU (α < 0.2) and TDU (0.2 < α < 0.6) computed in this study, are a factor of 2 smaller than the results of Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds (OPAC) mineral-accumulated (mineral-acc.) and mineral-transported (mineral-tran.) modes. Therefore, we are convinced that our results hold promise for updating and improving accuracies of Asian dust characteristics in present-day remote sensing applications and regional or global climate models.

Graphene-induced unique polarization tuning properties of excessively tilted fiber grating.

By exploiting the polarization-sensitive coupling effect of graphene with the optical mode, we investigate the polarization modulation properties of a hybrid waveguide of graphene-integrated excessively tilted fiber grating (Ex-TFG). The theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the real and imaginary parts of complex refractive index of few-layer graphene exhibit different effects on transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) cladding modes of the Ex-TFG, enabling stronger absorption in the TE mode and more wavelength shift in the TM mode. Furthermore, the surrounding refractive index can modulate the complex optical constant of graphene and then the polarization properties of the hybrid waveguide, such as resonant wavelength and peak intensity. Therefore, the unique polarization tuning property induced by the integration of the graphene layer with Ex-TFG may endow potential applications in all-in-one fiber modulators, fiber lasers, and biochemical sensors.

The relationship between refractive index and optical properties of absorbing nanoparticle

AbstractThis article represents an analytical formulation for optical properties of absorbing metallic nanoparticles in visible region of electromagnetic spectrum based on Mie theory, in order to find a clear relationship between fundamental characteristics of nanoparticles with their spectral behavior and color coordinate in CIELAB color space. Calculations were performed on nanoparticles with various diameters (d = 50, 100, and 200 nm), as well as complex refractive index with different real (n = 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0) and imaginary (k = 0.001 and 0.1) parts. Obtained results reveal that scattering phenomena in nanoparticles are strongly linked to the particle size parameter and complex index of refraction. The results indicate that the reflectance and lightness (L*) of nanoparticles increases as a result of increase in their size and real part of complex refractive index and decrease with increasing the imaginary part of complex refractive index. The CIELAB colorimetric system was used for analysis the color of nanoparticles. According to obtained results, all nanoparticles have greenish‐blue color, and undergo color change as a result of varying in their size and the complex refractive index. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 477–483, 2016

Measurement of the refractive index of hemoglobin solutions for a continuous spectral region

Determination of the refractive index of hemoglobin solutions over a wide wavelength range remains challenging. A famous detour approach is the Kramers-Kronig (KK) analysis which can resolve the real part of complex refractive index from the imaginary part. However, KK analysis is limited by the contradiction between the requirement of semi-infinite frequency range and limited measured range. In this paper, based on the Multi-curve fitting method (MFM), continuous refractive index dispersion (CRID) of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin solutions are measured using a homemade symmetrical arm-linked apparatus in the continuous wavelength range with spectral resolution of about 0.259nm. A novel method to obtain the CRID is proposed.

Ground-Based Polarimetric Remote Sensing of Dust Aerosol Properties in Chinese Deserts near Hexi Corridor

One-year observation of dust aerosol properties near Hexi Corridor was obtained from polarimetric measurements by ground-based sunphotometer in the county of Minqin in northwestern China from March 2012 to February 2013. We observed an annual mean AOD of0.22±0.22at 0.50 μm and Ångström exponents of 0.1–1.0 fitting a bimode normal distribution centered at 0.18 and 0.50, respectively. The effective radii of fine (0.13–0.17 μm) and coarse (2.49–3.49 μm) modes were found stable at all seasons together with the appearance of a third mode of particle radius at 0.4–1.0 μm when AOD was larger than 0.6. It is noticeable that the real (1.5–1.7) and imaginary (0.0005 to 0.09) parts of complex refractive indices were higher than other studies performed in other desert regions of China, while single scattering albedo was relatively lower (~0.84–0.89) at wavelengths of 0.44, 0.67, 0.87, and 1.02 μm. This is partially due to calcite or hematite in the soil in Minqin or the influence of anthropogenic aerosols containing carbon. Moreover, from our novel polarimetric measurement, the scattering phase function (F11) and degree of linear polarization for incident unpolarized light (-F12/F11) of dust aerosols were also obtained within this deserted area.

Retrieval of effective complex refractive index from intensive measurements of characteristics of ambient aerosols in the boundary layer

Aerosol complex refractive index (ACRI) has attracted intensive attentions due to its significance in modeling aerosol radiative effects. Determinations of ACRI from surface measurements of aerosol scattering and absorption coefficients as well as number size distributions during June, 2008 based on an iterative Mie algorithm were performed. The aim of our study was to introduce an inversion approach with the merits of high time-resolutions to retrieve the optically effective ACRI, especially its imaginary part. Based on simultaneous measurements of aerosol characteristics, mean ACRI value of 1.50 ( ± 0.34)-i0.025 ( ± 0.015) at 550 nm in Hefei in summer was deducted. The lower imaginary parts with higher single scattering albedos and lower scattering Angstrom exponents were obtained for haze periods compared with nonhaze conditions with similar air-mass back-trajectories, indicating more large and scattering particles contributing to the formation of haze episodes. The derived imaginary parts of ACRI related to agricultural biomass burning were in the range from 0.013 to 0.029 at 550 nm. Significant negative correlations between retrieved imaginary parts of ACRI and measured single scattering albedos indicate that our retrieval approach is a reasonable method for determining the imaginary parts of complex refractive indices of aerosol particles.

Numerical study of extinction of visible and infrared radiation transformed by preferentially oriented plate crystals

Extinction properties of an ensemble of semi-transparent plate crystals in preferred orientation are studied at wavelengths of visible and infrared ranges using the physical optics method. The work illustrates some calculations of the differential scattering coefficient in the near-forward and the exact forward directions. The features of energy and polarization characteristics of directly transmitted radiation through a set of particles are discussed, as depended on parameters of medium and the incident radiation. It is shown that the effect of polarization on extinction by large plates at certain combination of microphysical parameters of medium and the wavelength can be pronounced even for clean ice. By increasing the real part of complex refractive index, the polarized effect can be increased a few times. It is illustrated as an influence of flutter of plates on the considered characteristics.

Passivation of Si-based structures in HCN and KCN solutions

The contribution deals with passivation of surfaces of c-Si and 6H-SiC by formation of very thin SiO2 films in boiling HNO3 solutions and by passivation of a-Si based double and triple layer structures deposited on Corning glass and c-Si by KCN solutions. The structures are investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry, charge version of DLTS, C–V, FTIR–DRIFT, and by photoluminescence measuremets at 6K. Newly developed 2nd generation of MOS structures prepared on c-Si with an approx. 3nm SiO2 layer gives typical density of interface defect states of 5×1010eV−1cm−2. Real part of complex refractive index of approx. 3nm thick SiO2 layers is about 1.75. Application of HCN solutions to structure approx. 3nm SiO2/Si (applied as the last technological step) leads to remarkable lowering of absorbance in wavelength region 4000cm−1–2500cm−1. This result indicates a decrease of number of non- radiation transitions in the surface region of oxide/Si structures. Such structures have also the lowest density of interface defect states (observed by Q-DLTS). Application of boiling KCN solutions considerably increases amplitudes of photoluminescence signals coming from different double and triple a-Si based layers deposited on Corning glass. We relate this effect predominantly with reduction of non-radiation transitions in excited region of amorphous structures – with passivation of corresponding defect states in a-Si structures in boiling KCN solutions.

Sun-sky radiometer–derived column-integrated aerosol optical and physical properties over a tropical urban station during 2004–2009

[1] This paper reports the first observational results of aerosol characteristics over Pune, India (an AERONET site), using CIMEL Sun-sky radiometer. Here 5 years of observational data have been analyzed. The aerosol loading, in terms of the aerosol type and optical depth, undergoes strong seasonal variation over Pune with coarse-mode aerosols dominating during premonsoon season while fine-mode anthropogenic pollution particles result in boundary layer haze during postmonsoon and winter months. The daily mean AOD440 at this location ranged between 0.10 and 1.12, with the most frequently occurring value in the range 0.45–0.55. The overall mean for the 5 year period is 0.49, with a day-to-day variability of about 36.7%. The annual average of CWV over the region shows a fluctuating trend with a marginal increase in the last 2 years. CWV shows strong annual cycle with two maxima, one in the postmonsoon and the other in the premonsoon season. Angstrom exponent (α) varies in the range 0.3–1.7, with large seasonal variability. The spectral variation of SSA has been found to be large during the postmonsoon season as compared to that in the other seasons. Real n(λ) and imaginary k(λ) parts of complex refractive index show contrasting spectral behavior during the observational period. The average asymmetry factor (g) representative of the total aerosol layer exhibits a distinct wavelength dependence with g = 0.70 (0.02) at 440 nm and decreasing to 0.64 (0.04) at 1020 nm.

Simple theory of the inverse Faraday effect with relationship to optical constants N and K

The inverse Faraday effect in general materials is theoretically investigated based on the classical motion of an electron. It is shown that the inverse Faraday effect is simply and explicitly expressed in terms of optical constants N and K, i.e., the real and imaginary parts of complex refractive index of materials. The derived new formula provides a good physical perspective for the inverse Faraday effect and enables its easy quantitative evaluation from familiar optical constants.