Parts Of Blades Research Articles

Parameter automatic optimization strategy for laser powder bed fusion using neural network infrared radiation intensity prediction model

Conventional scanning approaches with fixed laser parameters are prone to causing localized defects and in-homogeneous performance when forming parts with complicated geometries using the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process. While online monitoring of the forming process using thermal cameras allows the identification of abnormal infrared radiation intensity values of the scanning line to pinpoint regions of potential defects, it fails to proactively prevent defects from occurring. To solve this problem, this study constructed a back propagation (BP) neural network to predict the infrared radiation intensity of the current layer before scanning. In the meantime, this study designed a parameter optimization algorithm to adjust the local scanning parameters with a view to avoiding defects and thus enhancing the performance consistency of the formed parts. This study drew on the idea of the divide-and-conquer method to divide the parts into multiple units for data acquisition by thermal camera, and has collected 500,000 pieces of experimental data through 15 experiments. By utilizing these data, this study trained a BP neural network to predict the infrared radiation intensity, and its mean absolute error (MAE) of the prediction results was 25, the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.708, and the F1 score (abnormal radiation intensity identification and classification) was 0.802. Subsequently, the study optimized the scanning parameters of the unit by using particle swarm optimization (PSO), and performed practical application and validation on spherical gear parts of 316 L stainless steel and blade parts of DZ125 nickel-based superalloy. Findings indicated that the automatic optimization strategy can effectively prevent abnormal infrared radiation intensity values during the scanning process and enhance the performance consistency of the LPBF process for complicated parts in both different materials and structures.

A Review of Machine Learning Methods in Turbine Cooling Optimization

In the current design work, turbine performance requirements are getting higher and higher, and turbine blade design needs multiple rounds of iterative optimization. Three-dimensional turbine optimization involves multiple parameters, and 3D simulation takes a long time. Machine learning methods can make full use of historically accumulated data to train high-precision data models, which can greatly reduce turbine blade performance evaluation time and improve optimization efficiency. Based on the data model, the advanced intelligent combinatorial optimization technology can effectively reduce the number of iterations, find the better model faster, and improve the optimization calculation efficiency. Based on the different cooling parts of turbine blades and machine learning, this research explores the potential of implementing different machine learning algorithms in the field of turbine cooling design.

Development and Application of Medium-reactivity Epoxy Infusion Resin System in Large-scale Wind Turbine Blades

In view of the requirement of cost reduction and efficiency increase for large-scale wind turbine blades, a medium-reactivity epoxy infusion resin system was developed, which contained 20% fast curing agent and 80% slow curing agent. The properties of medium-reactivity epoxy infusion resin system were evaluated via physical and chemical analysis, application process ability analysis, resin clear casting mechanical properties analysis, and laminate specimens mechanical properties analysis. The results indicated that the mechanical properties of this medium-reactivity epoxy infusion resin system can meet the requirements of blade design, and the pre-curing time of the resin was reduced from 3.0h to 2.3h. The application process ability of medium-reactivity epoxy infusion resin system in large-scale wind turbine blade was also verified. The blade parts pre-curing time was shortened by 0.5-1 hour, which meets the target of blade cost reduction and efficiency increase.

SYNTHESIS OF DESIGN SOLUTIONS FOR THE DESIGN OF SHOVEL MACHINES MANUFACTURED BY ADDITIVE METHODS

Rocket and space technology is developing rapidly, opening up new opportunities for space exploration and space infrastructure development. Due to constant technological progress and innovations in the field of rocketry, modern rockets have become more reliable, powerful and efficient than previous models. One of the key areas in the modern production of space technology is the use of additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing. This technology makes it possible to produce complex parts quickly, efficiently and with high precision using a variety of materials, including special metals and composite materials. The introduction of additive manufacturing solves several problems in the manufacture of parts for rocket and space technology. In the modern engineering design of vane machines used in turbine engines, compressors and other units, there is a growing interest in the use of advanced manufacturing technologies, including additive manufacturing. These manufacturing methods, in which components are created by layering material on top of digital 3D models, provide unique opportunities for creating complex geometries that were previously unattainable with traditional manufacturing methods. The purpose of the article is to investigate the synthesis of design solutions in the design of shovel machines, focusing on the use of additive manufacturing methods. First of all, it analyzes the advantages of these methods in the production of blade parts, such as reducing weight and material consumption, increasing the efficiency and strength of parts, as well as the possibility of creating individual and unique designs, taking into account the requirements of critical speed calculations. The geometry optimization is considered and the strength calculations of the structures before and after optimization are performed. The paper concludes with the prospects for the development of the use of additive technologies in the production of blade machines and indicates the possibilities for further research and improvement in this area.

Eco-efficient manufacturing: Transforming end-of-life wind turbine blade components into floats for PV-floating systems

This study explores the innovative reuse of end-of-life (EoL) wind turbine blade (WTBs) parts as floats for photovoltaic (PV)-floating systems. In response to the growing concerns about EoL WTB waste, this study applies circular economy principles to repurpose high-value composite materials. By transforming a segment of an Enercon E40 WTB into a float for a PV-floating system, this study not only provides a sustainable solution to EoL composites, but also contributes to the development of renewable energy. The article describes the design of the PV-floating system and the lessons learned from its construction. It also provides an outlook on how such a system can be further scaled up.

Construction and analysis of a discrete element model for calculating friction resistance of the typical rotary blades

The measurement of friction resistance on rotary blades presents challenges, and the characteristics of friction resistance for different parts of rotary blades remains uncertain. To tackle these problems, a model that based on Coulomb’s friction law combined with the DEM method was proposed to calculate the friction resistance. The three typical rotary blades were selected, including IT-type blade (ITTB), L-type blade (LTB), and J-type blade (JTB), as the research objects. Each rotary blade was divided into six parts, namely P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and P6, based on their lengthwise, curved, the sidelong part, and both inner and outer sides. The simulation parameters of the soil model were calibrated by the cone penetration test, and the friction resistance calculation model was verified by the flat plate sliding friction test. Finally, the discrete element model of blade-soil was adopted to quantitatively and visually analyze the friction resistance characteristics and variation for different parts of rotary blades. The results showed the penetration resistance of simulated and measured were in excellent match, with a relative error of 4.26 %. The relative error between the simulated and physical results for friction resistance was 4.70 %, which illustrated the accuracy of the friction resistance calculation model. The analysis of the friction resistance revealed that different parts presented different variation, relating to their structural characteristics. For the three typical rotary blades, the friction resistance for the P2, P4, and P6 on the inner side were greater than that of the corresponding P1, P3, and P5 on the outer side. The sum of the average friction resistance of P4 in the curved part and P6 in the sidelong part accounted for more than 50 %, and the sum of the average friction resistance per unit area accounted for more than 60 %. However, the total area proportions of P4 and P6 in ITTB, LTB, and JTB were 16.15 %, 26.13 %, and 17.30 %, respectively, bearing most of the friction resistance in a smaller area. Therefore, it is possible to optimize the design and surface treatment for the curved and sidelong parts to achieve the effect of reducing resistance and wear. This study provides a new technical reference regarding the optimized design for different parts of rotary blades to achieve targeted resistance and wear reduction.

Effects of core materials on the evolution of products during the pyrolysis of end-of-life wind turbine blades

A wind turbine blade consists of pure glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites (GFRPs) and the sandwich part with core materials. Pyrolysis is a prospective technology to recycle end-of-life blades, but the pyrolysis performance of blades with core materials is still unclear. In this study, three retired blade parts were pyrolyzed, i.e., pure GFRPs, GFRPs filled with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foam, and GFRPs filled with balsa wood. The results showed that CH4, CO, and CO2 were the majority of the pyrolysis gas when the pure GFRPs part was pyrolyzed at 400ºC, with five typical phenolic products in the pyrolysis oil, containing bisphenol A, phenol, 4-isopropenyl phenol, 4-isopropyl phenol, and o-cresol. As the temperature increased to 550ºC, the content of CH4 reached 48.0 vol% while that of CO2 reduced, raising the calorific value of the pyrolysis gas to 27.2 MJ/Nm3. Meanwhile, the content of bisphenol A in the pyrolysis oil rapidly increased, owing to the enhanced breakage of oligomers. As PET foam was filled, CO2 was dominant in the pyrolysis gas, and the content of benzoic acid became comparable with those of phenols in the pyrolysis oil. Whilst several hydrocarbon substances were detected when balsa wood was filled, making the oil product more complex. In terms of solid products, char residues over the black fibers were formed mainly due to the decomposition of epoxy resin rather than core materials, and the oxidation duration should be extended when recovering the blade parts with sandwich structures. Moreover, elevating the pyrolysis temperature reduced the pyrolytic residues but degraded the recovered fibers’ tensile strengths. The conclusions suggested that the blade parts with sandwich structures should be pyrolyzed separately, considering the core materials and their components.

A New Concept of Sustainable Wind Turbine Blades: Bio-Inspired Design with Engineered Adhesives.

In this paper, a new concept of extra-durable and sustainable wind turbine blades is presented. The two critical materials science challenges of the development of wind energy now are the necessity to prevent the degradation of wind turbine blades for several decades, and, on the other side, to provide a solution for the recyclability and sustainability of blades. In preliminary studies by DTU Wind, it was demonstrated that practically all typical wind turbine blade degradation mechanisms (e.g., coating detachment, buckling, spar cap/shell adhesive joint degradation, trailing edge failure, etc.) have their roots in interface degradation. The concept presented in this work includes the development of bio-inspired dual-mechanism-based interface adhesives (combining mechanical interlocking of fibers and chemical adhesion), which ensures, on the one side, extra-strong attachment during the operation time, and on the other side, possible adhesive joint separation for re-use of the blade parts. The general approach and physical mechanisms of adhesive strengthening and separation are described.

Offline Feed-Rate Scheduling Method for Ti–Al Alloy Blade Finishing Based on a Local Stiffness Estimation Model

In the aerospace field, Ti–Al alloy thin-walled parts, such as blades, generally undergo a large amount of material removal and have a low processing efficiency. Scheduling the feed rate during machining can significantly improve machining efficiency. However, existing feed-rate scheduling methods rarely consider the influence of machining deformation factors and cannot be applied in the finishing stages of thin-walled parts. This study proposes an offline feed-rate scheduling method based on a local stiffness estimation model that can be used to reduce machining errors and improve efficiency in the finishing stage of thin-walled parts. In the proposed method, a predictive model that can rapidly calculate the local stiffness at each cutter location point and a cutting-force prediction model that considers the effect of cutting angle are established. Based on the above model, an offline feed-rate scheduling method that considers machining deformation error constraints is introduced. Finally, an experiment is performed by taking the finishing of actual blade parts as an example. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed feed-rate scheduling method can improve the machining efficiency of parts while ensuring machining accuracy. The proposed method can also be conveniently applied to feed-rate scheduling in the finishing stage of other thin-walled parts without being limited by machine tools.

Calibrating contact parameters of typical rotary tillage components cutting soil based on different simulation methods

This report analyzes the problem of complex soil movement patterns under the action of coupled forces, such as tension and shear, in agricultural processes and aims to improve the accuracy of contact parameters used in discrete element simulation studies of rototiller-soil interactions. This study focuses on the soil of Shihezi cotton field in the 8th division of Xinjiang and investigates the rotating tiller roller as a soil-touching component of tillage machinery. A combination of simulations and physical testing is used. We perform angle of repose tests and use edge detection, fitting, and other image processing methods to automatically, quickly, and accurately detect the soil accumulation and angle calibration of the contact parameters with soil particles. Additionally, soil slip tests are conducted to calibrate the contact parameters between the soil and the rotary blades. Optimization is achieved based on orthogonal simulations and the Box-Behnken response surface method using physically measured values as the target. A regression model of the stacking angle and rolling friction angle is established to determine the optimal combination of simulation contact parameters: between soil and soil, the recovery coefficient is 0.402, static friction coefficient is 0.621, and rolling friction coefficient is 0.078; between soil contact parts and soil, the recovery coefficient is 0.508, static friction coefficient is 0.401, and rolling friction coefficient is 0.2. Furthermore, the calibration parameters are selected as contact parameters for the discrete element simulation. By combining the above two simulation methods to analyze and compare the simulation process of cutting soil from rototiller roller parts to rototiller single blade parts, we obtained the changes in energy, cutting resistance, and soil particle movement at different depths of the soil cutting process. Finally, the average cutting resistance was used as an index for validation in the field tests. The measured value is 0.96 kN and the error of the discrete element simulation is 13%. This demonstrates the validity of the calibrated contact parameters and the accuracy of the simulation, which can provide a theoretical reference and technical support for the study of the interaction mechanisms between of tillage equipment parts and soil, as well as the design and optimization of these interactions in the future.

押し込む持ち手および切り込む刃が等しい移動量である鋏の設計

In this study, a scissors with equal displacement between pushing handles and cutting blades was proposed. The proposed scissors comprises six parts. The six parts are upper and lower handle parts, upper and lower link parts, and upper and lower blade parts. The proposed scissors is cam and link mechanisms. Specific design methods were showed from the mechanisms. In the design methods, angles of the lower blade part were gotten from relationship between positions of the lower blade, and intersections of the upper and lower blades. Pushing displacement at connections between the handles and frames is equal to cutting displacement at the intersections. Relationship between the angles of the lower blade part, and angles of the upper handle part was gotten. Positions of an upper cam such that relationship of gotten two angles was gotten.

Soil - to - leaf relationship in micro and macroelements content on the vineyard microlocation

The conducted research aims to ascertain the variations in macro and microelement content within the soil-to-leaf relationship in small vineyards. The vineyard block (1.2 ha), located in Sremski Karlovci, Serbia, planted with Grasac (Riesling Italico), was divided into 20 subplots. Each subplot served as an individual location for soil and leaf sampling. Soil samples were collected at three depths, while leaf sampling occurred at two phenophase (end of flowering and at ripening), with separation into petiole and blade parts. Vari?ability of soil physico-chemical characteristics between subplots was determinate, with the greatest variability in the 30-60 cm soil layer. The soil generally displayed low levels of organic matter and available P, K, Zn and B. Erosion processes were indicated by the spatial distribution of physico-chemical parameters. Differences in nutrient contents were noted among leaf parts and phenophases, aligning with existing literature. Comparing leaf nutrient status to optimal values from literature, N and P content was found at lower limits, confirming K and B deficiencies. Identically, fertilization recommendations can be inferred from soil and foliar analyses, primarily for N, K and B. Additionally, based on soil analysis, a slight increase in P and Zn application is advisable. Established correlations among all observed variables revealed connections between soil parameters, across all depths, and nutrients in the leaf blade at the end of flowering. It is notable to say that nutrient content in soil, particularly N, K, Mn and Zn, exhibited statistically significant positive correlations with its content in the leaf blade, respectively. Further research is necessary to lay the foundation for the development of ac?curate and reliable criteria for diagnosing nutrition, not only for the whole species but also among grapevine leading varieties. Given the significant variations in nutrient requirements and accumulation among these genotypes, this research will be instrumental in ensuring op?timal nutrient supply while minimizing deficiencies or excesses.

Structural and modal analysis of small wind turbine blade using three different materials

The aim of the research is to investigate and compare the performance of small wind turbine blades made using three different materials by performing structural analysis. Also, it investigated the vibration characteristics of these blades. SOLIDWORKS software was used to create the three-dimensional model of the blade, which was then exported to ANSYS softwarein order to achieve the numerical simulation based on the Finite element method. In this work, three different materials Aluminum alloy (Al-2024), Glass fibre reinforced epoxy (GRFP), and Carbon fibre reinforced epoxy (CFRP) were selected to build the body of the blade parts. The structural analysis result shows that the CFRP gave the lowest deformation and highest stress whereas GRFP and AL-2024 gave almost similar results. Modal analysis results show that GFRP has lower modes of vibration than other materials.

Blade Fault Localization with the Use of Vibration Signals Through Artificial Neural Network: A Data-Driven Approach

Turbines are significant for extracting energy for petrochemical plants, power generation, and aerospace industries. However, it has been reported that turbine-blade failures are the most common causes of machinery breakdown. Therefore, numerous analyses have been performed to formulate techniques for detecting and classifying the fault of the turbine blade. Nevertheless, the blade fault localization method, performed to locate the faulty parts, is equally important for plant operation and maintenance. Therefore, this study will propose a blade fault localization method centered on time-frequency feature extraction and a machine learning approach. The purpose is to locate the faulty parts of the turbine blade. In addition, experimental research is carried out to simulate various blade faults. It includes blade rubbing, blade parts loss, and twisted blade. An artificial neural network model was developed to localize blade fault through the extracted features with newly proposed and selected features. The classification results indicated that the proposed feature set and feature selection method could be used for blade fault localization. It can be seen from the classification rate for blade faultiness localization.

Population Development of Alien Gall-Forming Aphid Tetraneura nigriabdominalis on Ulmus minor and Ulmus glabra

Tetraneura (Tetraneurella) nigriabdominalis (Sasaki, 1899) is a holocyclic and heteroecious species widely distributed throughout the world. Its primary hosts are various elm species, on which it forms galls. The results of this study complement those of previous research on the development of T. nigriabdominalis on primary hosts. Our research was conducted on two elm species, Ulmus minor and Ulmus glabra, at three locations and for three successive seasons between 2017 and 2019. Fundatrices hatched between 27 April and 12 May. The first galls were observed 6–8 days after the hatching date of the fundatrices. On average, there were 1–7.5 galls on one leaf. The highest abundances of T. nigriabdominalis galls were found in the medial and basal parts of the leaf blades. The fundatrices matured within 12–21 days after hatching and produced nymphs within 2–3 weeks. The fecundity of the fundatrices was influenced by the temperature in April, the size of the laminae, and the size of the galls. The females developing on U. glabra were more fecund (2–58 nymphs), whereas those developing on U. minor produced 1–29 nymphs. The winged migrants of the second generation appeared between late May and late June, when the first cracks on the galls were also observed. The entire development of two aphid generations on the primary host was temperature-dependent and lasted from four to almost six weeks. Our results show that U. glabra and U. minor are suitable hosts for T. nigriabdominalis. The development of aphids proceeded similarly on both tree species. Temperature, especially in April, significantly influenced the duration of individual developmental phases and the fecundity of fundatrices.

Study on machining performance in grinding of Ni-base single crystal superalloy DD5

The Ni-base single crystal superalloy DD5 is commonly employed in critical parts of turbine blades and turbine disks in aeronautical engines. To improve the surface machining quality, single-factor experiments were carried out to investigate the changes of grinding force, surface morphology, and chip morphology under different grinding conditions (dry, conventional flood, minimum quantity lubrication). The experiments showed that the conventional flood lubrication and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) could enormously reduce the surface roughness, grinding force, and work-hardened layer thickness of DD5. At the depth of 5 ~ 15 μm, the DD5 subsurface microhardness decreased sharply with the increase of depth, and the microhardness under different grinding conditions was in the order of dry grinding, conventional flood, and MQL. However, at the depth of 20 ~ 150 μm, the DD5 subsurface microhardness tended to equilibrate and fluctuate around 540 HV. In addition, compared with dry grinding, the degree of chip serration was obvious in flood or MQL environment, and its chip formation frequency fluctuated less and chip formation was stable. Within the experimental parameters, the MQL grinding machining method obtained the lowest surface roughness and the highest surface quality with the lowest associated cost, which is the ideal grinding and cooling lubrication method for the Ni-base single crystal superalloy.

Optimizing of Turbine blade spar using Ansys program

The current work involved optimizing the spars of wind turbine blades while taking into account the wind speed quantities that affected the blade structure. The objective was to determine the optimal dimensions of turbine blade spar configurations using the finite element method under the influence of the maximum pressure associated with the first mode shape while maintaining the Von Misses stresses within the assumed safety factor (1.5). (200-230 MPa). The blade was stiffened with a main box spar and two auxillary spars on each side. Appropriate spar locations were specified for poisons with a high natural frequency first mode. The blade parts' dimensions were discretized to allow for greater flexibility and precision in dimension assignment. By utilizing the ANSYS program, the optimization process required a certain number of iterations to modify the blade structure's dimensions. Optimized iteration was considered in order to increase the thickness in areas of high stress and decrease the thickness in areas of low stress. Additionally, a comparison between a blade structure with optimal dimensions and one with non-optimal dimensions was included.

Nickel Superalloy Turbine Blade Parts Printed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Thermo-Mechanical Post-processing for Enhanced Surface Integrity and Precipitation Strengthening

Nickel Superalloy Turbine Blade Parts Printed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Thermo-Mechanical Post-processing for Enhanced Surface Integrity and Precipitation Strengthening

Technologies of Wind Turbine Blade Repair: Practical Comparison

Maintenance and repair of wind turbines contribute to the higher costs of wind energy. In this paper, various technologies of structural repair of damaged and broken wind turbine blades are compared. The composite plates, mimicking damaged blade parts, were damaged and repaired, using various available curing and bonding technologies. Technologies of repair with hand layup lamination, vacuum repair with hand layup and infusion, ultraviolet repair and high temperature thermal curing were compared. The repaired samples were tested under tensile static and fatigue tests, and subject to microscopic X-ray investigations. It was observed that both the strength of the repaired structures and the porosity depend on the repair technology used. Vacuum-based technologies lead to relatively stiff and lower-strength repaired plates, while ultraviolet-curing technologies lead to average stiffness and high strength. High-temperature vacuum curing leads to the highest maximum stress. Hand layup (both vacuum and without vacuum) leads to high post-repair porosity in the adhesive and scarf, while vacuum infusion leads to low porosity. Fatigue lifetime generally follows the trend of porosity. There exist risks of micro-damaging the parent laminate and the formation of residual stresses in the repaired structure.

Degradation of microstructural and mechanical properties with serviced turbine blades

To study the degradation of directionally solidified turbine blades with different service times, four parts of four cross sections are selected to examine their microstructure through scanning electron microscopy. The width of the γ-phase channel, γ’ volume fraction, types of carbides, and elemental composition are chosen to characterize the damage. Creep tests are carried out at four heights on the upper and lower parts of the turbine blades, and the residual creep life is determined. The degrees of degradation of the blades are examined based on the microstructures and creep test results of the samples with respect to various service times. The results indicate that the quantitative description of the microstructure is consistent with the experimentally obtained results for the remaining creep life. The relationships between the residual lives of the small samples and the width of the γ-channel and γ'-phase volume fraction are presented in a three-dimensional graph. Based on the creep damage model, a method for predicting the remaining life of the turbine blades in service is established. The predicted results of the remaining life fit well with the model results. • The study of serviced turbine blades can obtain first-hand information. • The volume fraction and size of the γ' phase are closely related to the mechanical properties. • The degradation degree of the same part of the blades increases with the large increase of service time. • There is a good correlation between the mechanical properties and the icrostructural features of the blades. • The quantitative description of the microstructure is consistent with the test results of the remaining creep life . • Based on the creep damage model, a method for predicting the remaining lives of turbine blades in service was established.