Partner Employment Research Articles

Parenthood premium but fatherhood super-premium in academic productivity? A matter of partner's employment

ABSTRACT While the discourse about work-family balance in academia (and elsewhere) is generally framed as a woman's issue, this study focuses on the association between childbirth and the scholarly productivity of both academic women and men. In particular, the authors examine whether the association between parenthood and scholarly productivity is contingent on gender and partner's employment status. Using German longitudinal data and addressing self-selection, results indicate the existence of a ‘parenthood premium’: scholarly productivity is higher for both fathers and mothers compared to their childless counterparts. Yet, academic fathers publish more than childless men and more than academic mothers, giving rise to a ‘fatherhood super-premium’. Additionally, the study reveals that the fatherhood super-premium is influenced by the employment status of the female partner, while this is not the case for academic mothers. Overall, the research highlights the importance of considering the division of labour within couples in understanding the gender gap in scholarly productivity and, ultimately, gender disparities in academia.

Multistate model for correlates of parity progression among women living with HIV in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Globally, childbearing is a major concern for women living with HIV (WLWH). This study examined parity progression and its predictors among WLWH in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. We analysed dataset from a cross-sectional study on childbearing progression among 933 respondents aged 18-49 years receiving care at the HIV Program, University College Hospital, Ibadan. Multistate model was employed for analysis. The adjusted total fertility rate was 3.54. More than 70% were likely to progress from first-to-second birth (HR = 1.77; CI: 1.40, 2.23)but none of the covariates analysed were associated with progression. WLWH were less likely of progression from second-to-third birth (HR = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.16). Having 1-2 children at HIV diagnosis (HR = 0.59; CI: 0.48, 0.71), being widowed (HR = 1.36; CI: 1.04, 1.80), having a partner with secondary education(HR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.49), partner's employment status (HR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.80), , knowledge of partner's HIV status (Negative) (HR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.94) were associated with progression to third birth. The estimated total fertility rate was lower than the national and the Southwest estimates. Different factors were associated with birth progression from one parity to another.

The Exosystem Impact: An Analysis of Male- and Female Physical Intimate Partner Violence Victimization in Heterosexual Relationships.

An increasing body of sociological research explores the complexity of intimate partner violence (IPV) in heterosexual relationships. However, early research in this area concentrated exclusively on male perpetration, thereby necessitating a better understanding of the contexts behind female-perpetrated and bidirectional IPV. Using the two most recent cycles of the Canadian General Social Survey (2014 and 2019), our study employs a multinomial logistic regression model to examine the prevalence and severity of female and male physical IPV victimization among a large sample of married and common-law heterosexual couples. Framing our analysis through one concentric level of Dutton's (1990) nested ecological model, the exosystem, we aim to understand whether these indicators serve as protective markers against severe and nonsevere physical IPV. We investigate the impact of eight exosystem indicators (financial stress, number of children, length of relationship, religiosity, employment, social support, education, and income). Our findings suggest that social support, employment, and household income serve as protective markers against male and female physical IPV victimization. Other protective factors include the length of the relationship and the partner's religiosity for female-perpetrated violence. At the same time, the presence of children in the household reduces the likelihood of male-perpetrated IPV despite being a risk marker for female perpetration. Risk factors for both men and women include education and their partner's employment. Future research should undertake a more in-depth exploration of the impact of exosystem and macrosystem factors on instances of IPV to generate a better understanding of predictive and preventative measures.

Predicting nutritional status for women of childbearing age from their economic, health, and demographic features: A supervised machine learning approach.

Malnutrition imposes enormous costs resulting from lost investments in human capital and increased healthcare expenditures. There is a dearth of research focusing on the prediction of women's body mass index (BMI) and malnutrition outcomes (underweight, overweight, and obesity) in developing countries. This paper attempts to fill out this knowledge gap by predicting the BMI and the risks of malnutrition outcomes for Bangladeshi women of childbearing age from their economic, health, and demographic features. Data from the 2017-18 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey and a series of supervised machine learning (SML) techniques are used. Additionally, this study circumvents the imbalanced distribution problem in obesity classification by utilizing an oversampling approach. Study findings demonstrate that the support vector machine and k-nearest neighbor are the two best-performing methods in BMI prediction based on the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). The combined predictor algorithms consistently yield top specificity, Cohen's kappa, F1-score, and AUC in classifying the malnutrition status, and their performance is robust to alternative standards. The feature importance ranking based on several nonparametric and combined predictors indicates that socioeconomic status, women's age, and breastfeeding status are the most important features in predicting women's nutritional outcomes. Furthermore, the conditional inference trees corroborate that those three features, along with the partner's educational attainment and employment status, significantly predict malnutrition risks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that predicts BMI and one of the pioneer studies to classify all three malnutrition outcomes for women of childbearing age in Bangladesh, let alone in any lower-middle income country, using SML techniques. Moreover, in the context of Bangladesh, this paper is the first to identify and rank features that are critical in predicting nutritional outcomes using several feature selection algorithms. The estimators from this study predict the outcomes of interest most accurately and efficiently compared to other existing studies in the relevant literature. Therefore, study findings can aid policymakers in designing policy and programmatic approaches to address the double burden of malnutrition among Bangladeshi women, thereby reducing the country's economic burden.

Gender inequality in the one percent: A look under the hood of high incomes in Germany.

Gender differences in economic outcomes are important topics in social science research. However, the study of gender differences among economic elites-"the top one percent"-has received surprisingly little attention, likely also due to a lack of empirical data. This paper investigates gender differences in individual and household income among the top one percent of individual monthly net incomes and top two percent of net household incomes using data from the German Microcensus from 2006 to 2016 covering more than 3.3 million individuals. I find that women account for only around 14% of the one percent in individual incomes. Additionally, regarding the household level, women's incomes are sufficient to achieve two percent status in fewer than 10% of all households. Both numbers did hardly change over the decade from 2006 to 2016. Furthermore, women's pathways to belonging to a high-income household are far more dependent on their partner's education and employment status than men's. Overall, the findings thus show dramatic gender differences among the German economic elite that do not narrow over time.

THE EFFECT OF EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT ON SEXUAL ACTIVITY AFTER CHILDBIRTH.

The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between educational level, employment status and sexual activity after delivery. The study was conducted on 286 women with experience of vaginal delivery who completed the questionnaire about age, education, employment, and health status for themselves and partners. Time of the first intercourse and its frequency in the first year after childbirth was observed. Relationship between the variables observed was explored by using multiple linear regression. The mean pregnancy duration was 39 weeks. The mean age of participants was 29.9 (16 to 44) years. Most women had high education (n=170, 59.4%), 114 (39.9%) had secondary, and 2 (0.7%) had primary educational level. Although there were significant differences in the time of the first intercourse and maternal educational level (p=0.013872), partner's employment status (p=0.007403) and maternal age (p= 0.01107), as well as differences in the frequency of intercourse in the first year following delivery and partner's educational level (p=0.016929), multiple correlation coefficients indicated a very weak correlation. According to study results, the correlation of educational level, employment status and sexual activity after childbirth is weak.

When things go wrong with you, it hurts me too: The effects of partner's employment status on health in comparative perspective.

The effects of changes in employment status on health within couples have attracted increasing attention. This paper contributes to this emerging research by investigating whether the impact of a partner’s employment status on individual self-rated health varies systematically across countries with varying decommodification levels. We use longitudinal data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) and hybrid models. We find that a change in an individual’s employment status may affect the health not just of the person who experiences this transition, but that of his or her partner. The likelihood that such a spillover will occur varies across countries with different decommodification levels. The negative effects of a partner’s employment status on self-rated health are observed when the generosity of welfare state support is limited. The moderating effects of financial support from the state are not very strong, though. They are not robust across all our models and do not extend to all the dimensions of the generosity of welfare state support.

Uptake of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in Nigeria

Background: In 2000, the World Health Organization recommended the use of at least 2 doses of intermittent preventive treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) to reduce the burden of malaria in pregnancy. Aims: This research described the pattern of IPTp-SP uptake among pregnant women. Methods: This study involved re-analyses of the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey datasets for 2003 and 2008. Frequencies and chi-square (c2) (2x2) tests were used to describe the pattern of IPTp-SP uptake. Findings: The percentage of pregnant women who used any dosage of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and at least 2 doses of IPTp-SP increased significantly at P<0.05. There was significant increase whe classified by residence, region, socioeconomic status, education, literacy, partner's education, religion and employment status. Conclusions: Uptake of IPTp-SP is still low and calls for intensified improvement of awareness.

Socioeconomic inequalities in risk of small for gestational age birth in primiparous and multiparous women: analysis of a population-based cohort in the south of England

BackgroundSmall for gestational age (SGA) babies have increased risk of later morbidity. Birth of the first child is a life-changing event that affects biology, behaviour, and social circumstances. We aimed to examine socioeconomic inequalities in SGA risk, and explore potential mediators and effect modification by parity. MethodsWe used the first antenatal care record for each mother aged 18 years or older presenting before 24 weeks' gestation with a live singleton birth at University Hospital Southampton, UK (2004–16). Logistic regression models estimated SGA risk by maternal educational qualification, employment, partner's employment status, and lone motherhood, recorded at the first antenatal appointment, adjusting for maternal age, ethnicity, blood pressure, baby's sex, and mediators (maternal body-mass index and smoking status). Lone mothers were those who provided information on their employment status, but not on their partner's. We tested for effect modification by parity, and then stratified by it if there was evidence of interaction. We used 5% statistical significance level for the interaction analysis and 1% for all other analyses. FindingsThere were 44 168 births (28 470 primiparous and 15 698 multiparous women). The association with SGA was modified by parity status for maternal education status and employment (interaction p values 0·03 and 0·02, respectively). In fully-adjusted stratified models, women with no university degree had higher SGA risk than did those with a degree, with the association being stronger in multiparous mothers (adjusted odds ratio primiparous 1·16, 99% CI 1·04–1·30; multiparous 1·35, 1·08–1·68). Women in unemployment had higher SGA risk than those in employment (primiparous 1·32, 1·17–1·50; multiparous 1·22, 1·03–1·43). Smoking mediated the association between lone motherhood and SGA (1·16, 1·00–1·34). InterpretationInequalities in SGA risk using all socioeconomic indicators were evident, with a stronger association with maternal educational attainment in multiparous women. Maternal smoking is a possible explanation for the association for lone motherhood. Socioeconomic variables were self-reported at one point during pregnancy, which is a limitation. Excluding teenage pregnancies and those booked after 24 weeks' gestation may have diluted the socioeconomic differences in SGA risk. SGA preventive interventions should target the socially disadvantaged including postpartum smoking cessation. FundingSupported by an Academy of Medical Sciences and Wellcome Trust grant to NAA (grant no AMS_HOP001\\1060) and the National Institute for Health Research through the NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre. The funders had no role in designing the research or writing the abstract.

Moving on and moving out: The implications of socio‐spatial mobility for union stability

AbstractThis study explores the role of family migration in the life course of couples. We ask whether internal migration and residential mobility for contemporary dual‐earner couples has negative consequences for the stability of their partnership and investigate whether any negative changes in partners' employment characteristics following family migration are associated with higher risks of dissolution of their unions.We use the British Household Panel Survey, which provides nationally representative data on households and couples, over the period of 18 years and has a wide range of potentially important prospective and retrospective information on households and individuals. We undertake a duration analysis of union dissolution by modelling the hazard of union dissolution. The findings show that union stability is affected by spatial moves—geographically mobile couples are at higher risk of union dissolution. Long‐distance internal migration and frequent moves increase the risk, whereas short‐distance residential moves are associated with greater union stability. Overall, we found that the negative effect of family migration on union stability is relatively small and decreases over the time. Similarly, positive effects that some types of family migration might have on union stability also tend to decrease over the time. We found that the risk of union dissolution is better explained by partners' socio‐demographic characteristics (age and level of education), and by the characteristics of their union such as its type and duration. Union stability is also associated with the employment and occupational characteristics of both partners, as well as with changes in these characteristics. Negative changes in occupational position or employment status of either partner, but especially of the male partner, increase the risk of union dissolution. However, the effect of changes in the employment characteristics of each partner on the union stability is relatively small and tend to disappear over the time. We found some evidence that the impact of the negative changes in employment characteristics of geographically mobile couples postmigration on the stability of their union is mediated by the gender of the partner who experienced these changes. Negative changes in the employment status of the male partner postmigration slightly increase the risk of union dissolution, whereas negative changes in female partner's employment postmigration slightly decrease that risk. We found that the risk to the union's stability is highest immediately after the adverse changes in the male partner employment status happen, but that the risk reduces with the passage of time.

How to explain gender-specific differences in the motivation to retire early in older employees in Germany? Results from the LIDA-Cohort study

Introduction Early retirement is still common in Germany, as in other European countries. Yet, its meaning for the nation's welfare has a higher relevance in times of ageing and shrinking workforces due to the demographic change. Therefore, the investigation of factors with influence on early work exits like the motivation to retire early is important. This motivation might differ between older female and male employees in Germany as well, as it has been shown for other countries. Knowledge about gender-specific differences in the motivation to retire early could be helpful in retaining the workforce. Therefore, we investigated the difference in the motivation to retire early in older female and male employees in Germany and sociodemographic, work and non-work-related factors possibly associated with it. Methods A total of 3961 employees born in 1959 or 1965, subject to social insurance, living throughout Germany and having participated in working life in both waves of the lidA-cohort study (2011 und 2014) were included. Motivation to retire early was parameterized by the employees’ wish to retire before the age of 65. Work-related variables were occupational position, manual occupation, working time, work-related stress (Effort-reward imbalance), influence on work, satisfaction with leadership, work-to-privacy conflict (Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire) and physical work ability (Work Ability Index). Covariates were age, education, number of children at home, partner's employment status, subjective health (12-Item Short Form Health Survey), depressive symptoms (Becks Depression Inventory) and financial possibility to retire early. After testing for gender-specific interactions female and male employees were analysed separately to explore different influences on motivation to retire early using multiple logistic regression analysis. Missing values were replaced by multiple imputations with the Fully Conditional Specification method. Results Female employees more often wanted to retire early than male (87.6% vs. 83.8%, P Conclusions Of course, not a single factor alone can explain the gender difference in the frequency of the motivation to retire early. Regarding our results, the gender-specific differences in the frequency of low physical work ability and in the association between influence on work and the wish to retire early, may partly explain this difference. To equalise gender-specific disparities in these work-related factors may contribute to lower differences in the motivation to retire early between older female and male employees.

The dynamics of social care and employment in mid-life

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the relationship between the provision of informal care to older parents/parents-in-law and the employment status of adult children in mid-life. The study analyses unique panel data for a cohort of individuals born in 1958 in Britain, focusing on respondents at risk of providing care (i.e. with at least one surviving parent/parent-in-law) and in employment at 50. Logistic regression is used to investigate the impact of caring at 50 and 55 on employment status at 55, controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, the respondent's health status and their partner's employment status. Separate models examine (a) the likelihood of exiting the labour force versus continuing work, and (b) amongst those continuing in work, the likelihood of reducing hours of employment. Different types of care (personal, basic and instrumental support) are distinguished, along with hours of caring. The results highlight that providing care for more personal tasks, and for a higher number of hours, are associated with exiting employment for both men and women carers. In contrast, the negative impact of more intense care-giving on reducing working hours was significant only for men – suggesting that women may juggle intensive care commitments alongside work or leave work altogether. Facilitating women and men to combine paid work and parental care in mid-life will be increasingly important in the context of rising longevity.

Physical and cognitive capability in mid-adulthood as determinants of retirement and extended working life in a British cohort study.

Objective Policy in many industrialized countries increasingly emphasizes extended working life. We examined associations between physical and cognitive capability in mid-adulthood and work in late adulthood. Methods Using self-reported physical limitations and performance-based physical and cognitive capability at age 53, assessed by trained nurses from the Medical Research Council (MRC) National Survey of Health and Development, we examined prospective associations with extended working (captured by age at and reason for retirement from main occupation, bridge employment in paid work after retirement from the main occupation, and voluntary work participation) up to age 68 among >2000 men and women. Results Number of reported physical limitations at age 53 was associated with higher likelihood of retiring for negative reasons and lower likelihood of participating in bridge employment, adjusted for occupational class, education, partner's employment, work disability at age 53, and gender. Better performance on physical and cognitive tests was associated with greater likelihood of participating in bridge or voluntary work. Cognitive capability in the top 10% compared with the middle 80% of the distribution was associated with an odds ratio of bridge employment of 1.71 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.21-2.42]. Conclusions The possibility for an extending working life is less likely to be realized by those with poorer midlife physical or cognitive capability, independently of education, and social class. Interventions to promote capability, starting in mid-adulthood or earlier, could have long-term consequences for extending working.

Women's employment and domestic violence: A review of the literature

A steady and accessible financial outlet is central to living an abuse free life for women who experience domestic violence. In this systematic review of the literature, the relationship between domestic violence and employment instability as a result of workplace disruptions used by abusive men to sabotage their partner's employment efforts is explored. A total of 20 quantitative studies of adult women were selected that measured employment and domestic violence. A quarter of the studies included measured mental health problems, revealing correlations and mediation effects between domestic violence and employment stability. Every study selected found workplace disruptions among women experiencing domestic violence. On-the-job harassment was found in four of the studies reviewed with two studies finding corresponding decline in productivity and performance. Losing paid work time is also a serious cause of employment instability as workplace time reductions workplace time reductions were found in approximately half of the studies reviewed. Job loss or unemployment as a result of domestic violence was found in seven of the studies reviewed. To prevent employment instability, employers can restructure policy and procedures of Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) and policymakers can further support and expand Family Violence Options for welfare-recipients experiencing domestic violence. Language: en

Family structure and trends in US fathers' time with children, 2003-2013.

Father's child care time increased substantially between 1965 and 2011. The objective of this paper is to examine whether there was continued change in father care time and whether father time was linked to family structure and partner's employment. Data on the time use of men 18 to 64 living with children under age 18 were drawn from the American Time Use Survey from 2003 to 2013 (N = 20,609). Not all fathers reported child care time; the proportion of fathers reporting primary child care increased during the recession but by 2013 had returned to pre-recessionary levels. Fathers' total time in child care increased significantly as did their time in play and management activities. The additional amount of child care time contributed by unemployed fathers was substantial - 40 to 55 minutes per day - compared to employed fathers with employed wives. The recession impacted single father' care more than partnered fathers'.

Is precarious employment associated with women remaining childless until age 35 years? Results from an Australian birth cohort study

Does time in casual employment (while not studying full time) affect the likelihood of a woman having a child by age 35? Duration of time spent in casual employment is associated with an increased likelihood of childlessness at age 35 years, irrespective of socio-economic background as indicated by educational level. Precarious employment conditions have become increasingly prevalent in recent decades in Western countries. The relationship between precarious employment conditions and age at first childbirth has been examined in several European countries with varying results. A retrospective cross-sectional component (n = 663) was added to an existing study based on a cohort of women born during 1973-1975. An event history calendar instrument was used to obtain data regarding a range of life domains over a 20-year period. Using data from the Life Journeys of Young Women Project carried out in Adelaide, South Australia, Cox proportional hazards models were applied to investigate the research questions. The likelihood of childbirth by around age 35 was reduced for every year spent in casual employment, irrespective of socioeconomic status, partner's education and parents' birthplace. The likelihood was reduced by 8, 23 and 35% for 1, 3 and 5 years spent in casual employment, respectively. Women with longer employment histories (and greater age at first birth) had more opportunities for errors in recall, but it is unlikely that such errors were systematic and led to bias in the results. While we included variables reflecting partner's education and length of time with a live-in partner, partner's employment histories were not taken into account. Duration of time spent in casual employment is associated with an increased likelihood of childlessness at age 35 years, and this association is present across the spectrum of socioeconomic status. We suggest that upstream labour market reforms could be considered in order to reduce barriers to childbearing.

Is Work Beneficial to Good Health?

Unemployment and insecurity at work are a source of stress and may create a threat to individual physical and psychological health. The purpose of this study was to examine the connection between personal, functional, and professional variables and reports of how the health of hospital patients is impacted by financial status in Israel. One hundred and forty three hospitalized patients completed demographic, health-functional, and financial status questionnaires. Of the respondents, 32.9% reported a correlation between financial status and health. Significant connections were found between family status, lack of work, a change in partner's employment status, job insecurity, and financial commitments and reports of a correlation between financial status and health. The multivariate model predicting reports of a correlation between financial status and health was statistically significant. Discussion and implications focus on the need to create special preparation among health care professionals, in the community and in hospitals, to identify and treat people suffering from financial stress.

An Evaluation of Major Determinants of Health Care Facilities for Women in India

The women in India belong to various socio-economic backgrounds and are sometimes marginalized or neglected on the gender discrimination when it comes to basic healthcare The fact that the typical female advantage in life expectancy is not seen in India suggests that there are systematic problems with women's health. Indian women have high mortality rates, particularly during childhood and in their productive years. Most women who did not receive health care during pregnancy said they thought it was unnecessary. Another reason for the low levels of prenatal care is lack of adequate health care centers. It was estimated that 16 percent of the population in rural areas lives more than 10 kilometers away from any medical facility. Keeping these issues in mind this paper focuses on various determinants of health care facilities such as: Residence, Media Exposure, Females & Partner's Education and Females & their Partner's Employment, Religion of Household Head and Female's Economic Status. Using Household data from Demographic Health Survey and by using ordered Logistic Regression Analysis, this paper seeks to examine the above mentioned socio economic factors which are responsible for poor health status of women in India on the basis of parameters like Delivery at Health Facility, Antenatal care, Level of anemia, Family planning, Knowledge of STD and Prenatal care.

Mining's relocation culture

PurposeGood social relationships and connections to place are key aspects of work‐life balance that are rarely considered by employers because of a focus on the work part of the dichotomy. In response to this omission, this paper aims to investigate women's experiences of frequent relocations due to their partner's employment in the mining industry.Design/methodology/approachInterviews were conducted with 20 women, who had partners employed in the mining industry. Thematic analysis focussed on participants' individual stories of relocation to identify common and divergent experiences.FindingsThemes identified included the role of industry practices and expectations in supporting relocation; personal strengths and strategies developed over time; individual and family needs during relocation; the impact of life stage on decisions about relocation and the important aspects of place.Research limitations/implicationsMining has a relocation culture common to those involved in the industry. While this culture presents challenges, most of the participants in this study also found benefits in moving often and had developed strategies to cope with relocation upheaval. Participants expanded their social relationships, adding to community resources of the places they lived in by participating in social and cultural events.Practical implicationsRelocation disrupts workforce stability and cohesion desired by industry. Understanding relocation culture is one way family members survive in the industry. It is critical for the mining industry to acknowledge the life part of work‐life balance.Originality/valueThe paper conceptualises relocation as a significant part of the mining industry's culture creating mining families as itinerant. This is the first paper that examines family experiences and social relationships, external to the industry they are connected to. The finding that family members of mining industry employees are very likely to live in remote locations at some point is new. The way these individuals can be used as resource in deprived locations requires further exploration.

Behavioral Contexts, Food-Choice Coping Strategies, and Dietary Quality of a Multiethnic Sample of Employed Parents

Employed parents' work and family conditions provide behavioral contexts for their food choices. Relationships between employed parents' food-choice coping strategies, behavioral contexts, and dietary quality were evaluated. Data on work and family conditions, sociodemographic characteristics, eating behavior, and dietary intake from two 24-hour dietary recalls were collected in a random sample cross-sectional pilot telephone survey in the fall of 2006. Black, white, and Latino employed mothers (n=25) and fathers (n=25) were recruited from a low/moderate income urban area in upstate New York. Hierarchical cluster analysis (Ward's method) identified three clusters of parents differing in use of food-choice coping strategies (ie, Individualized Eating, Missing Meals, and Home Cooking). Cluster sociodemographic, work, and family characteristics were compared using χ 2 and Fisher's exact tests. Cluster differences in dietary quality (Healthy Eating Index 2005) were analyzed using analysis of variance. Clusters differed significantly ( P≤0.05) on food-choice coping strategies, dietary quality, and behavioral contexts (ie, work schedule, marital status, partner's employment, and number of children). Individualized Eating and Missing Meals clusters were characterized by nonstandard work hours, having a working partner, single parenthood and with family meals away from home, grabbing quick food instead of a meal, using convenience entrées at home, and missing meals or individualized eating. The Home Cooking cluster included considerably more married fathers with nonemployed spouses and more home-cooked family meals. Food-choice coping strategies affecting dietary quality reflect parents' work and family conditions. Nutritional guidance and family policy needs to consider these important behavioral contexts for family nutrition and health.