Particulate Drug Delivery Research Articles

Microsphere as a Novel Drug Delivery System : A Review

Microspheres play a very important role as particulate drug delivery system because of their small size and other efficient properties. Microspheres have been proved to be a suitable bridge to scale the distance over to formulate an effective dosage form, to simulate controlled drug release. Microspheres are characteristically free flowing solid powders, which consist of proteins or synthetic polymer, which are biodegradable in nature[1]. Microsphere size ranges Between 1 to 1000 um . It can be administered By oral, Parentral ,Transdermal, ophthalmic, nasal ,colonal routes etc. Microspheres received much attention not only for prolonged release, but also for targeting of anticancer drugs. In future by combining various other strategies, microspheres will find the central place in novel drug delivery, particularly in diseased cell sorting, diagnostics, gene & genetic materials, safe, targeted and effective in vivo delivery and supplements as miniature versions of diseased organ and tissues in the body[2]

Investigation of The Stability of The Lysozyme in Magnetic Particles for Drug Delivery

This research investigated lysozyme stability in the presence of magnetic particles for drug delivery. Lysozyme can mostly be found in the hen egg albumin, and it also acts as an essential agent, which is antibodies to fight harmful bacteria or shield the human body. The problems in this research are magnetic particles that can cause toxicity and reduce the therapy's efficiency due to the degradation of carriers (drugs). To minimise this problem, the stability and activity of the lysozyme and Fe2O3 were investigated. The structure of lysozyme and Fe2O3 before and after adding acid or alkaline was defined, and the suitability of Fe2O3 as a drug delivery was determined. The stability of the lysozyme and Fe2O3was identified using an Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectrophotometer, and the structure was investigated using a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Scanning Electron Microscope- Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX). Different concentrations become the parameters of this research as a comparison between the samples. This research found that the combination of the lysozyme alkaline material was suitable for the body at a pH of 12.2. It also found that Fe2O3 is ideal for drug delivery in the body when the lysozyme can be carried by Fe2O3 and dissolved in the Fe2O3.

Lubricant Strategies in Osteoarthritis Treatment: Transitioning from Natural Lubricants to Drug Delivery Particles with Lubricant Properties.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating joint disease characterized by cartilage degradation, leading to pain and functional impairment. A key contributor to OA progression is the decline in cartilage lubrication. In physiological conditions, synovial fluid (SF) macromolecules like hyaluronic acid (HA), phospholipids, and lubricin play a crucial role in the boundary lubrication of articular cartilage. In early OA, cartilage damage triggers inflammation, altering SF composition and compromising the lubrication layer. This increases friction between mating interfaces, worsening cartilage degradation and local inflammation. Therefore, early-stage restoration of lubrication (by injecting in the joint different classes of compounds and formulations) could alleviate, and potentially reverse, OA progression. In the light of this, a broad variety of lubricants have been investigated for their ability to reduce friction in OA joints and promote cartilage repair in clinical and preclinical studies. This review examines recent advancements in lubricant-based therapy for OA, focusing on natural, bioinspired, and alternative products. Starting from the currently applied therapy, mainly based on natural lubricants as HA, we will present their modified versions, either in hydrogel form or with specific biomimetic moieties with the aim of reducing their clearance from the joint and of enhancing their lubricating properties. Finally, the most advanced and recent formulation, represented by alternative strategies, will be proposed. Particular emphasis will be placed on those ones involving new types of hydrogels, microparticles, nanoparticles, and liposomes, which are currently under investigation in preclinical studies. The potential application of particles and liposomes could foster the transition from natural lubricants to Drug Delivery Systems (DDSs) with lubricant features; transition which could provide more complete OA treatments, by simultaneously providing lubrication replacement and sustained release of different payloads and active agents directly at the joint level. Within each category, we will examine relevant preclinical studies, highlighting challenges and future prospects.

Design of Modular, 3D‐Printed Millifluidic Mixers to Enable Sequential NanoPrecipitation (SNaP) for the Tunable Synthesis of Drug‐Loaded Nanoparticles and Microparticles

AbstractSequential NanoPrecipitation (SNaP) is a nascent controlled precipitation process for the tunable formation of polymeric particles for drug delivery and bioimaging. While SNaP utilizes the same self‐assembly principles as one‐step Flash NanoPrecipitation, SNaP is a two‐step assembly process in which the particle core formation is initiated during a first mixing step followed by particle stabilization in a second mixing step. Current SNaP experimental set‐ups use commercial millifluidic mixers connected in series, which have several limitations, including the inability to access short inter‐mixer delay times (Td). A robust, 3D‐printed, modular mixer design that enables access to short Td's (〈 25 ms) not previously accessible is reported. For the first time, it is demonstrated that decoupling the assembly steps improves control over particle size, expanding the attainable size range to include both nanoparticles and microparticles. It is empirically proven that inter‐mixer Td is a key parameter for particle size control and that particle size scales with Td in agreement with Smoluchowski's model of diffusion‐limited growth. The formation of particles ranging in size from 160 nm to 1.2 µm is shown. Finally, the applicability of the new mixers is established by encapsulating fluorophores and therapeutics into particles for the first time via SNaP.

Synthesis and Characterization of Chemically and Green-Synthesized Silver Oxide Particles for Evaluation of Antiviral and Anticancer Activity.

Silver oxide (Ag2O) particles are wonderful candidates due to their unique properties, and their use in a wide range of research, industrial and biomedical applications is rapidly increasing. This makes it fundamental to develop simple, environmentally friendly methods with possible scaling. Herein, sodium borohydride and Datura innoxia leaf extract were applied as chemical and biological stabilizing and reducing agents to develop Ag2O particles. The primary aim was to evaluate the anticancer and antiviral activity of Ag2O particles prepared via two methods. XRD, UV-visible and SEM analyses were used to examine the crystallite structure, optical properties and morphology, respectively. The resulting green-synthesized Ag2O particles exhibited small size, spherically agglomerated shape, and high anticancer and antiviral activities compared to chemically synthesized Ag2O particles. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium-bromide) assay of green-synthesized Ag2O particles showed high anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells with IC50 = 17.908 µg/mL compared to chemically synthesized Ag2O particles with IC50 = 23.856 µg/mL. The antiviral activity of green-synthesized Ag2O particles and chemically synthesized Ag2O particles was also evaluated by a plaque-forming assay, and green-synthesized Ag2O particles showed higher antiviral ability with IC50 = 0.618 µg/mL as compared to chemically synthesized Ag2O particles with IC50 = 6.129 µg/mL. We propose the use of green-synthesized Ag2O particles in cancer treatment and drug delivery.

Drug delivery particles for targeted imaging-guided photothermal/chemotherapy synergy cancer therapy

The early stage of pancreatic cancer is asymptomatic and the treatment effect is not ideal. The progression to the advanced stage leads to a close relationship between mortality and morbidity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop precise and efficient therapeutic strategies to combat pancreatic cancer. In this study, we introduce a near-infrared (NIR) targeted drug delivery nanoparticle for ultrasound (US) imaging to guide magnetothermal/chemotherapy synergistic treatment of pancreatic cancer. Carboxylated polylactic acid (PLGA-PEG-COOH) serves as the structure of the nanoparticles, specifically binding the RGD cyclic peptide for pancreatic cancer targeting activity and promoting tumor aggregation of the nanoparticles. NIR-induced superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles convert near-infrared light into thermal energy, triggering vaporization of perfluoropentane (PFH) droplets to generate PFH bubbles that enhance US imaging and help load doxorubicin (DOX), which are released from nanoparticles. SPIO can also be used for thermal ablation of tumors to improve therapeutic effect in treating pancreatic cancer. The results show that the targeted particles mediated by NIR have the characteristics of targeted drug delivery imaging. The microspheres exhibit strong acoustic and near-infrared responsiveness. Cell proliferation experiments showed that IR-mediated PFH-DOX@PLGA/SPIO-RGD NPs (RNPs) had a higher inhibitory effect on cell proliferation. Animal experiments have shown that RNPS can accumulate highly in the tumor area and show good therapeutic effect. In conclusion, this nanotherapeutic particle is a very promising targeted image-guided photothermal/chemotherapeutic synergistic tumor therapy strategy.

Stability of starch-folic acid/ polyethylene glycol particles for gastrointestinal drug delivery

This study takes a novel approach by exploring the potential of starch/polyethylene glycol core/shell particles, where folic acid was encapsulated, as effective gastrointestinal drug delivery systems. The results demonstrate the successful encapsulation of folic acid within the starch/PEG particles, with sizes ranging from 18 to 45 μm depending on the type of starch used (corn, potato, rice). Importantly, applying PEG coating had no negative impact on cell viability and did not induce alterations in fibroblast morphology. The investigation of stability in gastric and intestinal fluids revealed that the particles underwent different degrees of degradation. In simulated gastric fluid, a partial degradation of the PEG layer by 30–37% was observed, while the starch-folic acid core remained intact. However, the PEG layer underwent a 50% degradation in simulated intestinal fluid. This degradation of the PEG layer allowed the controlled and gradual release of folic acid. These findings underscore the role of fluid composition in influencing the stability and degradation behavior of the particles, with significant implications for their functionality as drug delivery systems in the gastrointestinal tract.

Novel Synthesis of Nanocalcite from Phosphogypsum and Cesium Carbonate: Control and Optimization of Particle Size

This study investigates a controlled synthesis and particle size optimization of nanocalcite particles using phosphogypsum, a waste byproduct from the phosphate fertilizer industry, and cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3), a common carbonate source. The effects of synthesis parameters, including temperature and pH, on the size, morphology, and crystallinity of the synthesized nanocalcite particles were systematically examined. The optimized synthesis conditions for obtaining nanocalcite particles with desired properties are discussed. The synthesized nanocalcite particles were characterized using various techniques, such as XRD, FTIR, and SEM, to analyze their crystal structure, morphology, and elemental composition. Particle sizes were determined using the Debye–Scherrer method, and accordingly, nanometric sizes were achieved. The potential applications of the synthesized nanocalcite particles in cementitious materials, agriculture, and drug delivery are highlighted. This research provides valuable insights into the sustainable synthesis and size optimization of nanocalcite particles from phosphogypsum and Cs2CO3 at a controlled temperature and pH.

Multi-physics simulations for investigating the effect of electrode conditions on transscleral ocular iontophoresis for particulate drug delivery into ocular tissues.

Transscleral ocular iontophoresis has been proposed to deliver charged particulate drugs to ocular tissues effectively by transmitting a weak electrical current through the sclera. The electric fields formed are influenced by the electrode conditions, thus affecting the amount of particulate drugs delivered to the ocular tissues via iontophoresis. Computational simulation is widely used to simulate drug concentrations in the eye; therefore, reflecting the characteristics of the drugs in living tissues to the simulations is important for a more precise estimation of drug concentration. In this study, we investigated the effect of electrode conditions (location and size) on the efficacy of transscleral iontophoresis. We first determined the simulation parameters based on the comparison of the amount of drug in the sclera in the simulation and in vivo experimental results. The injection of the negatively charged nanoparticles into the cul-de-sac of the lower eyelid was simulated. The active electrode (cathode) was attached to the skin immediately above the injection site, while the return electrode (anode) was placed over the eyebrow. The drug concentration distribution in the eye, based on either the location or size of each electrode, was evaluated using the finite element method with the estimated simulation parameters. Our results indicate that drug permeability varies depending on the location and the size of the electrodes. Our findings demonstrate that the determination of optimal electrode conditions is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of transscleral iontophoresis. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13534-024-00359-2.

Designing Advanced Drug Delivery Systems: Core-Shell Alginate Particles through Electro-Fluid Dynamic Atomization.

Innovations in drug delivery systems are crucial for enhancing therapeutic efficiency. Our research presents a novel approach based on using electro-fluid dynamic atomization (EFDA) to fabricate core-shell monophasic particles (CSMp) from sodium alginate blends of varying molecular weights. This study explores the morphological characteristics of these particles in relation to material properties and process conditions, highlighting their potential in drug delivery applications. A key aspect of our work is the development of a mathematical model that simulates the release kinetics of small molecules, specifically sodium diclofenac. By assessing the diffusion properties of different molecules and gel formulations through transport and rheological models, we have created a predictive tool for evaluating the efficiency of these particles in drug delivery. Our findings underscore two critical, independent parameters for optimizing drug release: the external shell thickness and the diffusivity ratios within the dual layers. This allows for precise control over the timing and intensity of the release profile. This study advances our understanding of EFDA in the fabrication of CSMp and offers promising avenues for enhancing drug delivery systems by tailoring release profiles through particle characteristic manipulation.

Sequential-Dispersion PGSS process applied to lutein encapsulation at moderate temperatures: A solvent-free method for thermosensitive compound encapsulation

Sequential-Dispersion Particles from Gas Saturated Solutions (SD-PGSS) process was applied to encapsulate lutein with biocompatible polymer excipients to elaborate drug-delivery particles for oral uptake at mild temperatures (38 and 45 °C) under 25 MPa. Polycaprolactone and a polycaprolactone/polyethyleneglycol mixture (1:1 w/w) were selected to modulate in-vitro release. An experimental setup was designed in-house to limit the challenging plugging issues often encountered with the PGSS process. In this study, process yields up to 94% were obtained. The drug precipitation yields varied from 43 to 61% and the homogeneity of lutein dispersion was demonstrated for all conditions. In-vitro release kinetics were performed in phosphate-buffered saline solutions for 8 h. A higher release of lutein was obtained from PCL/PEG blends (∼ 90% in 5 h), whereas only 56% were released from pure PCL formulations. This study highlights the potential of the SD-PGSS process in encapsulating thermosensitive compounds at moderate temperatures.

Design and characterisation of casein coated and drug loaded magnetic nanoparticles for theranostic applications.

Theranostic systems enable early cancer diagnostic and treatment. In this work, we prepared Na-caseinate coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) to assess their capability as a theranostic system. This system enables monitoring by magnetic particle imaging (MPI), drug delivery and magnetic hyperthermia. MNP were synthesized in a continuous flow, coated with Na-caseinate and enzymatically crosslinked with transglutaminase to increase their colloidal stability and enable drug loading. They were investigated concerning their magnetic behaviour by DC magnetization measurements (DCM), magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS) and AC-magnetometry to evaluate their suitability for MPI and hyperthermia. Further, their stability in different salt solutions as well as their encapsulation efficiency with a hydrophobic model drug (nile red), cell viability and uptake were investigated. Our results show that the Na-caseinate coating of MNP marginally effects the magnetic behaviour of the MNP with a consistent magnetization saturation M S of 109(5) A m2 per kg(Fe) for uncoated and casein coated MNP and with a decrease of <15% of A 3*, but only a slight decrease of 2% of A 5/A 3 for Na-caseinate coated MNP. Furthermore, the Na-caseinate coating of MNP increased their salt stability, under unchanged magnetic behaviour. Drug loading (up to ∼75%) and release kinetics such as the delivery into cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells (SCL-1) was shown. Our results demonstrate that casein coated MNP are highly promising candidates for theranostic applications in drug delivery, magnetic hyperthermia and magnetic particle imaging.

"Optimizing Pharmaceutical Formulations: Advancements in Nanosuspension Pre-Formulation to Enhance Solubility and Bioavailability of Active Agents"

This study aimed to enhance the bioavailability of a poorly water soluble drug by developing a nanosuspension through an innovative formulation method. The nanosuspension was produced with meticulous attention to the materials reliability and excellent quality. Nepafenac was characterised in the pre-formulation study by establishing its melting point, solubility in different solvents, organoleptic properties, and creating a calibration curve. We utilised UV spectroscopy to determine the maximum wavelength (?max) of Nepafenac and construct a standard calibration curve in ethanol. To ensure the compatibility of the medicine with the polymers (Pluronic F127 and HPMC E 5), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was utilised for drug interaction analysis. The nanosuspension was produced using the solvent diffusion approach. The effect of different concentrations of Poloxamer 407 and HPMC E 5 on the formulation's effectiveness was investigated experimentally using a 32 complete factorial design. We used Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and statistical analysis to enhance the formulation concerning in vitro release, particle size, and viscosity. The pre-formulation characteristics of Nepafenac met the standards outlined in the Pharmacopoeial regulations. The maximum absorption wavelength (?max) of Nepafenac was confirmed by UV spectroscopy, and a reliable calibration curve was created. The FTIR analysis showed no chemical interaction between the medicine and polymers. RSM and experimental design indicated that Poloxamer 407 and HPMC E 5 had a substantial impact on the performance of the nanosuspension. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed the model and parameters that influence controlled drug release percentage, particle size, and viscosity. Optimal conditions for enhancing drug delivery and reducing particle size were determined by the analysis of contour and response surface plots. The optimal parameter values, as indicated in the desirability plots, closely matched the anticipated values. The experimentation confirmed the viability and effectiveness of the nanosuspension formulation generated based on the RSM findings.

Fabrication of marizomib-loaded zeolitic imidazolate framework-8@manganese dioxide for promising drug delivery system of glioma cancer cells

Marizomib is a novel, irreversible, brain-penetrant pan-proteasome inhibitor with encouraging findings in preclinical models and early-stage clinical trials for patients with newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma. Marizomib (MRZ)-loaded zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) and manganese dioxide (MnO2) (termed as MRZ-ZIF-8 @MnO2) nanoparticles, a smart-functional therapeutic system, were prepared for the treatment of glioma cancer. Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to assess the structural and morphology properties of drug-loaded ZIF-8-NPs. The findings demonstrated this drug delivery carrier's narrow and particle size distribution. The anticancer drug MRZ released from the NPs was measured. The cell viability of glioma cancer cells (C6 and U87) treated with NPs was established using the cell counting kit-8. The in vitro proliferation of drug-loaded ZIF-8-NPs was substantially increased than that of free MRZ and drug-loaded ZIF-8-NPs treated cells. In addition, The C6 and U87 cell morphological staining studies, such as dual staining (acridine orange/ethidium bromide, AO/EB) and nuclear staining (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, DAPI), ascertain that the drug-loaded ZIF-8-NPs stimulates the apoptosis in glioma cancer cell lines. The results of morphological changes show that a high apoptosis level was found with drug-loaded ZIF-8-NPs. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) validate the apoptotic mode of cancer cell death via the MMP pathway. These findings suggest that the as-fabricated MRZ-ZIF-8 @MnO2-NPs with the synergetic anticancer drug might be applied to treat glioma cancer.

Influence of particle z‐potential and experimental procedure on protein corona formation and multicomponent aggregation

AbstractDrug delivery systems have renewed attention in recent years to achieve targeted delivery while decreasing toxic side effects. However, there are many factors that prevent optimal administration of drug delivery particles. For instance, protein corona formation and aggregation both decrease the circulation half‐life of drug delivery particles, leading to sequestration to the liver and spleen. Therefore, optimal surface modifications are needed to decrease protein corona formation and avoid aggregation. In this work, polystyrene particles were modified with multi‐arm and linear polyethylene glycol (PEG) to determine their aggregation profiles and protein corona formation. Multi‐arm PEGs were found to aggregate more than linear PEGs, due to the change in zeta potential from unreacted end groups, which may lead to shorter circulation half‐lives. Furthermore, the protein corona formation and composition were studied after different washing procedures, highlighting the importance of studying protein corona formation with undiluted blood plasma.

Cyclosporine A-loaded chitosan extra-fine particles for deep pulmonary drug delivery: In vitro and in vivo evaluation

In this study, the extra-fine dry powder inhalers (DPIs) with chitosan (CS) as carrier were successfully prepared by ionic gel method combined with spray drying technique for deep pulmonary drug delivery of Cyclosporine A (CsA), using sodium hyaluronate (SHA) and sodium polyglutamate (SPGA) as polyanions. The CsA-loaded DPIs of CS-SHA-CsA and CS-SPGA-CsA were spherical particles with wrinkles on the surface, which were more conducive to improving the aerosol properties. The aerodynamic evaluation of CS-SHA-CsA and CS-SPGA-CsA showed that the fine particle fraction (FPF) reached up to 79.22 ± 2.12% and 81.55 ± 0.43%, while the emitted fraction (EF) reached 77.15 ± 1.46% and 78.29 ± 2.10%. In addition, the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) was calculated as 1.58 ± 0.04 μm and 1.94 ± 0.02 μm for CS-SHA-CsA and CS-SPGA-CsA, indicating that they were all extra-fine particles (d < 2 μm). These in vitro aerodynamic results showed that CS-SHA-CsA and CS-SPGA-CsA could reach the smaller airways, further improving therapeutic efficiency. The cell viability on A549 cell line results showed that CS-SHA-CsA and CS-SPGA-CsA were safe to deliver CsA to lungs. The in vivo pharmacokinetics consequence proved that inhalation administration of CS-SHA-CsA and CS-SPGA-CsA could significantly improve the bioavailability of CsA in vivo compared with oral administration of Neoral®, effectively reducing the risk of a series of adverse effects caused by systemic overexposure. In addition, the safety and compatibility of DPIs using SHA, SPGA, and CS as carriers for pulmonary drug delivery was verified by in vivo repeated dose inhalation toxicity. From these findings, the extra-fine DPIs with CS as carrier could be a viable delivery option for the deep pulmonary drug delivery of CsA relative to orally administered drug.

Microspheres: A Comprehensive Review

Microspheres play a very important role as particulate drug delivery system because of their small size and other efficient properties. Microspheres have been proved to be a suitable bridge to scale the distance over to formulate an effective dosage form, to simulate controlled drug release. Microspheres are characteristically free flowing solid powders, which consist of proteins or synthetic polymer, which are biodegradable in nature. Microspheres having particle size in range between 0.1 - 200μm, can be delivered by several routes like oral, parentral, nasal, ophthalmic, transdermal, colonal etc. Various recent advancement in case of microspheres like mucoadhesive, hollow, floating, microballons, magnetic have been contributed to overcome the various problems that are associated with the use of microspheres, which includes site specific targeting and improved release kinetics. In future by combining various new strategies, microspheres will find a central place in novel drug delivery, particularly in diseased cell sorting, genetic materials, safe, targeting and effective drug delivery.

Effect of Cholesterol and Different Solvents on Particle Size, Zeta Potential and Drug Release of Eucalyptus Oil Phytosome

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,3,578-590.DOI:10.5530/pres.15.3.061Published:June 2023Type:Original Article Authors:Sharad Visht, and Sana Sirwan Salih Author(s) affiliations:Sharad Visht*, Sana Sirwan Salih Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, KRG, IRAQ. Abstract:Background: Herbal extracts show poor absorption and bioavailability but their complex with phospholipids i.e., phytosome improves this major problem. Aim: The aim of research was to examine the effect of cholesterol and different organic solvents on particle size and zeta potential of eucalyptus oil phytosome. Materials and Methods: Totally six batches of phytosomes were prepared using three solvents chloroform, dichloromethane, acetone, with and without addition of cholesterol. Phytosome were evaluated for yield, FTIR, partial size and zeta potential, drug entrapment and drug release, drug release kinetics and stability studies. Results: The yield, density refractive index and maximum absorbance (λmax) of eucalyptus oil was found to be 1.65±0.74%, 0.9928 g/cm³ (24.2°C), 1.3613(24.6°C), and 297.733 nm respectively. There was no drug excipient interaction. The yield varied from 85.14±0.74 to 87.14±0.74%, particle size varied from 71.76±0.63 to 197.36±0.53 nm, zeta potential varied from 15.3±0.27 to-28.2±0.26 mV and entrapment efficiency varied from 57.45±0.35 to 67.34±0.52 respectively. The in vitro drug release varied from 87.26±0.63 to 71.35±0.63% up to 300 min (5 hr) and batch-A was selected as best formulation that showed Peppas Korsmeyer as the best fit model with R2 value 0.9422 and mechanism of drug release was Fickian Diffusion (Higuchi Matrix). The stability studies showed 99.14±0.25 to 99.55±0.52% drug content on 28th day. Conclusion: The particle size of phytosomes was increased on addition of cholesterol. The acetone showed the smallest particle size and chloroform showed the biggest particle size that indicated that molecule diameter and molecular weight affects the solubility and assembly of phospholipid/ cholesterol in solvent in order to prepare particulate drug delivery system Keywords:Eucalyptus, Evaluation, Particle size, Phytosomes, Zeta potential.View:PDF (1 MB)

Systematic Investigation of Metabolic Oligosaccharide Engineering Efficiency in Intestinal Cells Using a Dibenzocyclooctyne-Monosaccharide Conjugate.

Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering (MOE) of cells with synthetic monosaccharides can introduce functionality to the glycans of cell membranes. Unnatural sugars (e. g., peracetylated mannose-azide) can be expressed on the cell surface with the azide group in place. After MOE, the azide group can participate in a copper-free click reaction with an alkyne (e. g., dibenzocyclooctyne, DBCO) probe. This allows the metabolic fate of monosaccharides in cells to be understood. However, in a drug delivery context it is desirable to have azide groups on the probe (e. g. a drug delivery particle) and the alkyne (e. g. DBCO) on the cell surface. Consequently, the labelling efficiency of intestinal cell lines (Caco-2 and HT29-MTX-E12) treated with N-dibenzocyclooctyne-tetra-acetylmannosamine, and the concentration- and time-dependent labelling were determined. Furthermore, the labelling of mucus in HT29-MTX-E12 cells with DBCO was shown. This study highlights the potential for using MOE to target azide-functionalised probes to intestinal tissues for drug delivery applications.

Application of nanomaterials for drug delivery

One of the most important trends in recent years has been the use of nanomaterials for drug delivery. Drug treatment and application have been considerably aided by drug delivery techniques. The relentless search of cutting-edge delivery systems and methods is essential to the quick development of the medication therapy profession. The development of nanomedicines, or drug-delivery particles of 1-100 nm in size manufactured from medications and excipients, is the result of the fusion of nanotechnology and pharmacy. The primary drug delivery techniques currently in use, the nanomaterials that can be used, and the actual applications of nano-delivery are briefly discussed in this research. The topic of this research is increasing the likelihood and precision of multi-armed bandit attacks. The purpose of this research is to improve understanding of the nanodrug delivery framework. The prevailing trends in the area of drug delivery is further analyzed, where several researches have demonstrated that nanomaterials are one of the good options for drug delivery. The reported research shows several applications of drug delivery in different research areas to demonstrate that nano-delivery holds good promise for use and development. In addition, this research helps one to understand, review and enhance the basic application and development framework of nanodrug delivery