Particular Case In Question Research Articles

Fostering and Maintaining Responsible Conduct within Public Organizations: A Case Study

This paper explores the need for and importance of fostering and maintaining responsible conduct in public or- ganizations. The author uses a case study approach by looking at ethical misconduct by several board members, adminis- trators, and managers in one of the nation's largest public school districts. Education is seen as one of the most important public goods and the need for ethically responsible conduct in educational organizations at the public school district and school board levels underscores the important role of an institution seen as vital to ethical progress, well-being, and pos- terity. The causes of ethical failure are explored from the perspective of leadership and culture, and the author recom- mends strong ethical and strategic leadership, trust-building, and ethical monitoring as important steps toward fostering and maintaining ethical conduct in the particular case in question, and for public organizations in general.

The viability of using various system theories to describe organisational change

This article discusses the viability of concepts such as complex systems theory, evolutionary theory and chaos theory as metaphors for being able to give a global perspective of one particular school described in a previous article entitled “Leading people in a chaotic world”. The article restates and re‐explains this one particular case in question and offers a rationalisation for using chaos theory as part of a much larger theory of evolution and complexity. The argument restores the overused and popularised chaos theory to its more useful place as an emergent phase in the decision‐making and subsequent change phase of the evolution of complex systems. In so doing, the paper points out that the use of chaos theory alone as a set of management rules for any school was never the intended implication to be derived from this particular case. Instead, the intention was to create a description of the changes in one particular school organisation stretched across time and space in which its structures and processes were continuously evolving in unpredictable, sometimes chaotic, but always complex directions with other structures and processes inside and outside the school.

Due Process and Dirty Harry Dilemmas: Criminal Appeals and the Human Rights Act

In the Film 'Dirty Harry',' a detective obtains a confession from a suspect through torture, or at least inhuman and degrading treatment. The suspect confesses to where he buried a girl he had kidnapped. Later he is released on the basis that the evidence of his confession, the truth of which is not in doubt (only the kidnapper could have known the location of the girl's body) is inadmissible evidence.2 This is a victory for due process but, for Harry and most of the audience, who expect the suspect to kill again, it is just insane. The situation in Dirty Harry is a stark illustration of the problem facing appeal courts, which have to decide whether a conviction is 'unsafe'.3 As judges and lawyers they accept the need for due process, and that such processes are not justified simply as a means to an end, with that end being to establish the factual guilt of the accused. However, the value identified in due process other than its contribution to truth is elusive.4 Sometimes it is articulated in terms of suspects' rights. At other times it is seen as a general right to fairness, requiring that a person be subjected only to fair procedures and treatment.5 And at its most general level it is associated with the theme of the rule of law. If detectives like Harry can go around torturing suspects then in the general run of cases, if not the particular case in question, we might not only lose truth and fairness, but lose control of the police and prosecuting authorities as well.6 Dirty Harry dilemmas occur when judges at trial are asked to exclude evidence obtained illegally or unfairly,7 and when defendants apply for a stay of proceedings on the basis that the prosecution, taken as a whole, amounts to an abuse of

Intercultural conflict: A case study

This paper takes a case study approach to intercultural conflict. The particular case in question is the controversy which began with the publicized killing of over one thousand dolphins at the island of Iki. The paper explores key symbols in the conflict and posits community specific notions of emotion, personhood, and communication as fulcrums of conflict which can assist in the understanding and managing of intercultural conflicts. The paper seeks not only to account for this specific conflict, but to raise telling issues which get at the heart of any intercultural conflict.

Issues relating to agricultural pricing policies and their analysis in developing countries

Agricultural pricing policies in developing countries are often the result of complex interactions between producer, consumer and merchant groups and their relative effectiveness in influencing government decision making. Even within governments, various ministries often have opposing views. In this environment one of the contributions a policy analyst can make is to attempt to quantify the effects of different policy options. This permits a more informed discussion which hopefully leads to better decision-making and an improved incentive environment. Many analyses of agricultural pricing policies have used the standard partial equilibrium analysis where no linkages between commodity markets were considered. In this paper we have considered cross-price effects. Also, we have discussed issues relating to other adjustments/refinements of the standard method so that a practitioner not familiar with the various methods can form an opinion of what the options are and what adjustments may be appropriate for a particular case in question. The adjustments relate to overvaluation of currencies, input price distortions, differences in the degree of distortions between producers and consumers, and variability of border prices. The inclusion of cross-price elasticities was important for assessing production, consumption and trade effects for Argentina, but for the other countries it resulted in only somewhat improved accuracy. The adjustment for exchange rates had a large impact in Egypt and was important for other countries as well. This underlines the importance of exchange rates as key variables for agricultural pricing policies in general. The numbers show that the traditional taxation policies of agricultural products in the sample of developing countries is somewhat less widespread than in the past. These policies, however, continue to favor consumers over producers, with significant losses for some of the latter. The large size of welfare losses, especially compared to efficiency losses, highlights the importance of correcting distorted prices that adversely affect the poorest sections of society. Also, the usual government objective of taxing producers to raise revenues is frequently defeated by the large subsidies provided to consumers. For the partitioner, for whom time is often of the essence, the assessment of welfare effects using the partial equilibrium method may provide reasonably good ‘first cut’ estimates of the order of magnitude of the impact of distortions. But often, these ‘base case estimates’ can and should be adjusted for a number of possible factors. The analyst needs to determine how important accurate estimates of key variables are to the policy makers; he or she then needs to compare the costs involved in generating or gathering the data and doing the calculations with the benefits of a broader and more accurate analysis of the distortionary effects of the particular case in question.

Bone Scanning-Reply

The comments made by Dr Cox are not necessarily in conflict with our original letter. We mentioned diffuse skeletal disorders, such as breast or prostate metastases, as the probable cause of the diminished renal uptake in the particular case in question. We have observed it on several occasions, as has Sy et al. 1 It has proved quite useful. Unfortunately, Dr Cox has not observed it in diffuse skeletal disease as often as a number of other investigators have. My co-authors and I did not wish to imply that diffuse skeletal disease was the only cause of the faint or absent kidney sign. Certainly, primary kidney failure is a major consideration. Additionally, some of Dr Cox's comments regarding the form of the technetium complex may provide another reason for decreased kidney concentration. The important consideration is that the variation from the normal is appreciated. The cause of the

Space Maintenance

A normal healthy primary dentition is of utmost value to the general well-being of a growing child. If this is not maintained, difficulties may develop that will prevail for a lifetime. In considering the construction of a space maintainer to restore a loss in the continuity of the dental arch, the dentist should avail himself of all diagnostic aids at his disposal in formulating the proper mode of therapy. Due consideration should be given to the fundamentals of growth and development, the existing occlusion of the patient, the condition of supporting structures, and the variable factor of heredity as it influences the particular case in question. It has been concluded that in the upper primary anterior dentition, space maintenance is not necessary because of normal physiologic growth. The exception would be for phonetic and esthetic reasons. The space should be preserved if a permanent upper anterior tooth is lost. In the lower anterior segment the space should be retained to prevent a collapse of the arch. In the posterior segment of the arch it is more essential to place a retainer in the second primary molar area than for the first primary molar. The lower second primary molar is particularly important. A space maintainer should approximate or fulfill the following requirements: (1) preserve and retain the original space for the permanent successor, (2) restore function, (3) prevent or inhibit elongation of opposing dentition, (4) require minimum preparation of abutment teeth, (5) avoid interfering with normal physiologic growth and development, and (6) be readily cleaned by the patient. In maintenance of space for the permanent successors it is essential to fabricate carefully an appliance that is in harmony with the balance of the stomatognathic system and conforms to basic biomechanical principles.

THE HULTON PICTURE POST LIBRARY

Introduction FEW librarians have had the good fortune to plan and classify a large library from the ground up, so to speak. Most of us have to take over going concerns, repair deficient concerns, or rebuild on other people's foundations. In the particular case in question I had the rare opportunity to plan a ‘library’ of pictorial material with every possible help and consideration from those who commissioned me.

Indo-European Personal Names

The basic tenet of Indo-Europeanists with regard to personal proper names has been, stated briefly,' that the typical Indo-European name is a dithematic compound, as exemplified most eminently by many Indic, Greek, and Germanic names. Any name that is not compounded in a like manner, it is asserted, is either actually a shortened hypocoristic form of an original dithematic name, or is some sort of nickname or hybrid-at any rate not a genuine original. If indeed the theory went only so far as to state that the predominant feature of a great number of Indo-European names, particularly in Indic, Greek, and Germanic, is a form of composition resulting largely in the dithematic onomastic type, no serious objection could be raised. But the creators and propagators of this theory were obviously determined to arrive at some more comprehensively valid rule. Of course, this rule was bound to include exceptions; but not even the existence of an abnormally great number of exceptions seemed to arouse any grave doubts as to the universal applicability of the rule, nor was it deemed necessary on their account to investigate the causes of the divergencies. First of all, one is struck by that very important exception covering the entire Latin onomastic system, where hardly any trace appears of the so-called IndoEuropean name. Yet at least one scholar thought to have discovered what he believed to be the remnants of the ancient Indo-European system.2 It is affirmed, for example, that Lucius is not derived from lucere, 'quia oriente luce natus est', but is a shortened form (Kurzform) of Lucifer. To create any such hypothetical etymology, particularly in onomastics, means to run great danger of being wrong. For there are actually only a few persons in the world who could tell why the first or any subsequent Lucius was so called, and those persons are either Lucius himself, or perhaps his parents, or at best an authority who had a direct personal knowledge of the particular case in question. Whatever the merits of this one example may be, the same author produces many instances of Latin dithematic names, and in several cases gives a good argument for the derivation of a monothematic from an original dithematic form. But the conclusions, I think, go much further than the evidence warrants:

Polar Diagrams for Airscrew Design

IN the majority of cases, the performance of a new airscrew design is estimated by making use of other test results, already known, and which are recalculated for the particular case in question by applying the laws of similarity.

Fowl Leukosis: IV. Symptoms and Pathology

FOWL leukosis has probably caused more losses to the poultry industry in this country during the last ten years than any other single disease. The complexity of the disease has led to a great deal of confusion as well as a variable terminology which expresses, in most cases, a quite adequate nomenclature for single manifestations but is inadequate as a name for this disease as a whole. There is usually considerable overlapping in the various expressions of the disease so that in each case the nomenclature used pertains to the type of cells in predominance. It would appear all types come from undifferentiated stages. These cells are the predominating cells in the lesions and are termed hemocytoblasts, which are cells possessing potentialities toward any of the blood cell types.A particular case in question can be definitely classified into a type only when enough of these cells have differentiated sufficiently .

Angewandte Photographie in Wissenschaft und Technik

THERE is scarcely a science to-day wherein photography is not employed in one form or another, and even our industries make use of it in a host of different ways. So universal has become the adoption of this form of obtaining permanent records of things living and inanimate that specialists have sprung up in all directions who are able to bring to bear a great amount of experience, not only in how to apply photography to the particular case in question, but the most appropriate apparatus and methods to be adopted to secure the best results.

What is Accounted Successful Vaccination?

Columbus, Ohio, July 9, 1902. To the Editor: —This subject is considered under the Medicolegal Department ofThe Journal, July 5, 1902. It is an important question, and in my opinion the decision is unjust and incorrect. Successful vaccination is the inoculation of a person with the virus of cow-pox to such an extent that he is for an indefinite period of time rendered immune from variola. This is the only tenable definition for any physician who believes in the one great specific prophylactic measure which we possess. On the decision of this point depends much of the result of the contest between the anti-vaccinationists and those who believe that variola can ultimately be stamped out by vaccination. The particular case in question can not be discussed, for we do not know how long before exposure the person was vaccinated; nor do we know the facts on which the testifying

II. A supplementary memoir on the theory of matrices

M. Hermite, in a paper “Sur la théorie de la transformation des fonctions Abéliennes,” Comptes Kendus, t. xl. (1855), pp. 249, &c., establishes incidentally the properties of the matrix for the automorphic linear transformation of the bipartite quadric function xw ' + yz ' — zy '— wx ' or transformation of this function into one of the like form, XW ' + YZ' — ZY' — WX'. These properties are (as will be shown) deducible from a general formula in my “Memoir on the Automorphic Linear Transformation of a Bipartite Quadric Function,” Phil. Trans, vol. cxlviii. (1858), pp. 39-46; hut the particular case in question is an extremely interesting one, the theory whereof is worthy of an independent investigation. For convenience the number of variables is taken to be four; but it will be at once seen that as well the demonstrations as the results are in fact applicable to any even number whatever of variables.

XIII. A memoir upon caustics

The following memoir contains little or nothing that can be considered new in principle; The object of it is to collect together the principal results relating to caustics in plano , the reflecting or refracting curve being a right line or a circle, and to discuss with more care than appears to have been hitherto bestowed upon the subject, some of the more remarkable cases. The memoir contains in particular researches relating to the caustic by refraction of a circle for parallel rays, the caustic by reflexion of a circle for rays proceeding from a point, and the caustic by refraction of a circle for rays proceeding from a point; the result in the last case is not worked out, but it is shown how the equation in rectangular coordinates is to be obtained by equating to zero the discriminant of a rational and integral function of the sixth degree. The memoir treats also of the secondary caustic or orthogonal trajectory of the reflected or refracted rays in the general case of a reflecting or refracting circle and rays proceeding from a point; the curve in question, or rather a secondary caustic, is, as is well known, the Oval of Descartes or 'Cartesian': the equation is discussed by a method which gives rise to some forms of the curve which appear to have escaped the notice of geometers. By considering the caustic as the evolute of the secondary caustic, it is shown that the caustic, in the general case of a reflecting or refracting circle and rays proceeding from a point, is a curve of the sixth class only. The concluding part of the memoir treats of the curve which, when the incident rays are parallel, must be taken for the secondary caustic in the place of the Cartesian, which, for the particular case in question, passes off to infinity. In the course of the memoir, I reproduce a theorem first given, I believe, by me in the Philosophical Magazine, viz. that there are six different systems of a radiant point and refracting circle which give rise to identically the same caustic. The memoir is divided into sections, each of which is to a considerable extent intelligible by itself, and the subject of each section is for the most part explained by the introductory paragraph or paragraphs. Consider a ray of light reflected or refracted at a curve, and suppose that ξ, η , are the coordinates of a point Q on the incident ray, α , β the coordinates of the point G of incidence upon the reflecting or refracting curve, a , b the coordinates of a point N upon the normal at the point of incidence, x , y the coordinates of a point q on the reflected or refracted ray.