Antiparticles Research Articles

Supersymmetry Via EDM (Electric Dipole Moment)

The article begins by mentioning the accepted correlation between Albert Einstein’s relativistic equations, as well as James Clerk Maxwell’s electromagnetic waves, with the Prandtl-Glauert equations for fluid flow. This equation-free mention nevertheless ends with 180° ΔO = + => - (180 Degree Change in Orientation Equals Positive Becomes Negative). Of course, it also means negative can become positive: 180° ΔO = - => +. Using this article’s new equations, the Electric Dipole Moment is introduced and the charges of the quarks composing a neutron are transformed. EDM’s undetectability is explained from the perspective of a hypothetical someone who doesn’t accept the Big Bang but believes the universe is literally infinite and eternal. Then quantum spin of matter particles is discussed, and extended to astronomy’s black holes, in terms of photons and gravitons not being elementary force-carrying particles but being in possession of EDM. The photon-graviton interaction producing quantum spin is proposed as electromagnetic and gravitational vectors in a figure that might be called “Vector-Tensor-Scalar Geometry”, as well as being related to quaternions plus the Higgs boson and field. Then the article returns to black holes, showing how the inability of light to escape them leads to a 4-dimensional space-time: via binary digits or base 2 mathematics, Mobius bands, figure-8 Klein bottles, and Wick rotation. The electric potential of photons and gravitons is then interpreted not strictly as a neutron-identical Electric Dipole Moment but as a vast array of pulses sharing similarities with modern computers and electronics – the binary digits of the previous sentence. As a consequence of the electric force-carriers bringing them into existence, particles of matter and antimatter are symmetrical with bosons in the sense that every boson or fermion is, at its most fundamental level, composed of binary digits. Imaginary numbers are essential to quantum mechanics, and this article connects the imaginary numbers of Wick rotation to the nature of time. Therefore, the words here are not painting a classical picture of space-time. The 1’s and 0’s of binary digits are compatible with quantum mechanics and may be referred to as the Hidden Variables which Einstein advocated to complete quantum physics, and to give its calculations an exactness which would bring a hidden order to its chaotic randomness and superficial uncertainty. If the universe can be quantized and viewed as comprised of infinitesimal ones and zeros, how could it not obey quantum physics? And if those ones and zeros are all ultimately connected by Quantum Gravity, waves and particles could never be separated but wave-particle duality would rule. To finish, many thanks to Albert Einstein for laying the foundations of this article 105 years ago when he published a paper titled “Do gravitational fields play an essential role in the structure of elementary particles?” Immediately before submission for publication, a few topics were added to this article - dark matter, precession, the Hodge conjecture, and the Riemann hypothesis.

Revolutionizing cosmology: the small bang model and its implications on universe genesis

The Small Bang Model (SBM) introduces a revolutionary framework for the genesis of the universe, challenging conventional cosmological theories. By sug-gesting the universe originated from a zero-mass state, facilitated by antimatter black holes, the SBM provides fresh insights into galaxy formation and the dis-tribution of matter and antimatter. This paper outlines the SBM’s foundational principles, contrasts it with the Big Bang theory, and highlights its potential to resolve longstanding cosmological puzzles. Notably, it presents empirical valida-tions demonstrating distinct mass relationships between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies, supporting a novel classification into matter and anti-matter galaxies. The Small Bang model is founded on two pivotal concepts: the theory of Cosmic Inflation and the principle of ’Shunyata Universe’s Genesis’ (or’Emptiness Universe’s Genesis’), a framework envisioning the universe’s incep-tion as small, empty, and cold, entirely devoid of matter or energy. Within this Shunyata beginning, the cosmos as we witness today, abundant in matter and energy, was forged during the 2µs duration of cosmic inflation. Throughout this period, the substantial energy of the Inflaton field was harnessed either through the mediation of micro black holes or directly by the Inflaton’s influence on the spacetime fabric itself. This era was marked by the continuous creation of matter and antimatter particle pairs (such as proton-antiproton and electron-positron, including the creation of photon-antiphoton pairs), permeating the entire expand-ing universe. The SBM predicts that the massive annihilation of antiparticles, induced by the inflaton field throughout the entire universe in the final 15 ns of cosmic inflation, generated two tomographic scans: Cosmic Antiproton Tomogra-phy (CAT) radiation and Cosmic Positron Tomography (CPT) radiation. These two tomographies serve as evidence of the inflaton field’s existence, allowing us to calculate its principal parameters and also to create images of the interiors of hydrogen clouds that formed the first galaxies at the end of cosmic inflation. This phenomenon has not yet been fully understood by physicists because the photons from CAT radiation have shifted into the microwave range, generating the Cos-mic Microwave Background (CMB), and the CPT radiation has transitioned into the FM range, producing the Cosmic FM Background (CFMB), which is 1013 times weaker than the CMB. This weaker signal can be confused with noise gen-erated by FM equipment, thus remaining undetected. These SBM findings offer a groundbreaking perspective on the early universe’s dynamics and the distribu-tion of cosmic matter, and dark matter origin, deepening our understanding of cosmic inflation. Consequently, we invite physicists to study, comprehend, and assess the new cosmological Shunyata beginning, proposed by the Small Bang Model.

Antimatter Enigma Solved: Astronomical Data Allows Identification of 77 Supermassive Antimatter Black Holes and 23 Antimatter Galaxies.

Initial results from the Alpha-CERN antihydrogen experiment indicate no discernible difference in the gravitational behavior between matter and antimatter, challenging CP violation models. Given that antimatter exhibits the same gravitational behavior as matter, distinguishing between a supermassive black hole (SMBH) composed of matter and an antimatter supermassive black hole (ASMBH) becomes challenging, as their gravitational effects are indistinguishable. This raises the question: Could the SMBH in the Milky Way, and all observed spiral galaxies, potentially be an ASMBH, with its event horizon concealing the equivalent number of antimatter particles, thereby preventing matter-antimatter destruction within a matter galaxy? This article assesses astronomical data comparing the mass of 100 SMBHs with their host galaxies. A theoretical value for the logarithmic mass relationship Log( MStellar /MSMBH ) is presented: 2.963 for ASMBHs situated in matter galaxies, and 2.285 for MSBHs in antimatter galaxies. This relationship, derived from the Ulianov Theory, is based on the premise of matter galaxy formation from protons and electrons expelled by ASMBHs during cosmic inflation. The same theory also posits antimatter galaxy formation from antiprotons and positrons released by matter SMBHs during this period. The database analysis (of 100 galaxies and their respective SMBHs) revealed that 77% of the SMBHs are composed of antimatter, resulting in a logarithmic relationship value of (2.945 ± 0.018) for the Log(MStellar/MASMBH ), while 23% are composed of matter, resulting in a value of (2.267 ± 0.036) for the Log( MAStellar/MSMBH). The congruence between these values and the theoretical prediction is likely not mere coincidence. A thorough examination of the results confirms the model's validity and underscores the precision of astronomers' mass measurements, with only 3 cases showing actual measurement errors beyond the predicted range. This discovery is pivotal, as it suggests the Ulianov Theory's potential to produce novel predictions, such as this model. Originating from a cold and empty universe, this model outlines the galaxy mass formation process, in which ASMBHs harness energy from cosmic inflation, converting it into matter and antimatter particles. This process is termed the "Small Bang" model by the author, reflecting its cold and gradual nature, contrasting the explosive nature of the "Big Bang".

Characteristics of Termite Anti Particle Board From Bintaro Fruit Fiber With Bintaro Fruit Seed Extract Coating Using Spray Coating Method

Termites are pests that damage wooden furniture. Termite attacks on wooden furniture are getting higher and wider so that the value of losses due to termite attacks on furniture is increasing from year to year. This research has succeeded in making particle boards from bintaro fruit fibers as fillers and urea formaldehyde resin (UF) as a matrix with a composition of filler mass fractions: the matrix of the particle board to be made is 30:70. The particle board that has been made is then coated using bintaro seed extract and UF resin using the spray coating method. The extract mass fractions of bintaro seeds and UF resins in this study were sample 1 (90:10), sample 2 (80:20), sample 3 (70:30), sample 4 (60:40) and sample 5 (50:50). The physical characterization of particleboard includes density, water absorption and moisture content. The mechanical characterization of particle boards is the bending strength and characterization of particle boards to resistance to termite attacks. The results of this study show that particle boards that have optimum values are sample particle boards 1 with a density value of 0.864 gr / cm³, water absorption of 4.28% which has met SNI 03-2105-2006 and the results of testing the resistance to termites 3.45% have met SNI 01-7207-2006. Because in the manufacture of particle boards are influenced by the structure and physical shape of the raw materials used.

Matter-antimatter rearrangements using the R-matrix method

Antihydrogen atoms, H―, are now routinely created and can be stored for long enough to allow comparison with ordinary matter. A major goal of these efforts is to test potential physics beyond the Standard Model. This will require further developments in the experiments including the accumulation of more antihydrogen atoms and their storage over longer times. The latter is limited by the unavoidable presence of normal hydrogen molecules. Interactions of H― with H2 lead to the destruction of the hard-won antimatter. Little is known about these interactions but quantitative information will be crucial in guiding experimental developments. Physically realistic modelling of rearrangement scattering of “heavy” antimatter particles (antiprotons, p―, and antihydrogen atoms) by normal matter molecules, such as H2 + H―→ Pn + Ps + H (where Pn represents protonium and Ps positronium), requires the development of new theoretical and computational methodologies. R-matrix theory offers a strong prospect for tackling such problems having proved itself in atomic, molecular and optical physics. It divides the problem into a computationally demanding but energy-independent inner region and simpler energy-dependent outer regions. We propose to adapt the new RmatReact ultracold chemistry approach for the more complex molecular matter-antimatter problems. Here, developments required for the inner region, the boundary and outer regions are outlined. We also report some preliminary bound-state calculations on the {p,p,p―} system and a study of the required mixed coordinate systems for the general effective 3-body case and their transformations at the R-matrix boundary surfaces.

Mass dimension one fields with Wigner degeneracy: A theory of dark matter

Whatever dark matter is, it must be one irreducible unitary representation of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group or another. We here develop a formalism of mass dimension one fermions and bosons of spin one half, and show that they provide natural dark matter candidates. By construction, they are covariant under space-time translations and boosts. However, incorporating the rotational symmetry is non-trivial and requires introducing a two-fold Wigner degeneracy thus doubling the degrees of freedom for particles and anti particles from two to four. With Wigner degeneracy, we have a well-defined theory of mass dimension one fields of spin one half that are physically distinct from the Dirac field. They are local, Lorentz covariant and have positive definite Hamiltonians. The developed framework also has the potential to resolve the cosmological constant problem, and supply dark energy.

Detection of spectral hardenings in cosmic-ray boron-to-carbon and boron-to-oxygen flux ratios with DAMPE

Boron nuclei in cosmic rays (CRs) are believed to be mainly produced by the fragmentation of heavier nuclei, such as carbon and oxygen, via collisions with the interstellar matter. Therefore, the boron-to-carbon flux ratio (B/C) and the boron-to-oxygen flux ratio (B/O) are very essential probes of the CR propagation. The energy dependence of the B/C ratio from previous balloon-borne and space-based experiments can be well described by a single power-law up to about 1 TeV/n within uncertainties. This work reports direct measurements of B/C and B/O in the energy range from 10 GeV/n to 5.6 TeV/n with 6 years of data collected by the Dark Matter Particle Explorer, with high statistics and well controlled systematic uncertainties. The energy dependence of both the B/C and B/O ratios can be well fitted by a broken power-law model rather than a single power-law model, suggesting the existence in both flux ratios of a spectral hardening at about 100 GeV/n. The significance of the break is about 5.6σ and 6.9σ for the GEANT4 simulation, and 4.4σ and 6.9σ for the alternative FLUKA simulation, for B/C and B/O, respectively. These results deviate from the predictions of conventional turbulence theories of the interstellar medium (ISM), which point toward a change of turbulence properties of the ISM at different scales or novel propagation effects of CRs, and should be properly incorporated in the indirect detection of dark matter via anti-matter particles.

Matter-Antimatter Annihilation

We know that when an electron, a matter particle, collides with a positron, an antimatter particle, they annihilate each other as the energy in the two particles is carried away by two real photons to conserve energy. The same phenomenon occurs as all matter annihilates an equal quantity of antimatter. In the case of charged particles like the proton and the antiproton, their opposite charges cancel while in the case of neutral particles like the neutron and the antineutron, their opposite spins cancel. In all cases, it is the cancellation of forward moving time for matter and backward moving time for antimatter that is responsible for the annihilation process having taken place. A reactor to produce energy for commercial use has been proposed based on matter antimatter collisions.

Sommerfeld enhancements for asymmetric dark matter

We extend the analysis of asymmetric Dark Matter relic density with the Sommerfeld enhancement to the case where the mediator is massive. In asymmetric Dark Matter models, asymmetric Dark Matter is assumed to couple to the light scalar or vector boson. Asymmetric Dark Matter annihilation cross section is enhanced by the Sommerfeld effect which exists due to the distortion of the wavefunction of asymmetric Dark Matter particle and anti–particle by long–range interactions. The impacts of the Sommerfeld enhancement on the relic densities of asymmetric Dark Matter particle and anti–particle are discussed. The effect of kinetic decoupling on the relic density is also probed when the annihilation cross section is boosted by the Sommerfeld enhancement. Finally, the constraints on the parameter space are given using the observational data of the relic density of Dark Matter.

Pair plasma instability in homogeneous magnetic guide fields

Pair plasmas, collections of both matter and antimatter particles of equal mass, represent a paradigm for the study of basic plasma science, and many open questions exist regarding these unique systems. They are found in many astrophysical settings, such as gamma-ray bursts, and have recently also been produced in carefully designed laboratory experiments. A central research topic in plasma physics is instability; however, unlike their more common ion–electron siblings, pair plasmas are generally thought to be stable to cross field pressure gradients in homogeneous magnetic fields. It is shown here by means of kinetic full-f simulations that, when a pressure gradient is first established, the Gradient-driven Drift Coupling mode is destabilized and becomes turbulent. Force balance is eventually achieved by a combination of flattened pressure profiles due to turbulent transport and establishment of a magnetic field gradient, saturating the growth. During the unstable phase, key physics can be captured by a δf gyrokinetic description, where it is shown analytically and numerically that parallel particle motion results in a coupling of all electromagnetic field components. A fluid model derived therefrom accurately predicts linear eigenmodes and is used to resolve global profile effects. For laser-based electron–positron plasma experiments, prompt instability is predicted with growth times much shorter than plasma lifetimes. Similarly, growth rates are calculated for the planned APEX experiment as well as gamma-ray burst scenarios, suggesting that the instability may contribute to the early evolution of these systems.

Pushing the Limits of Direct Spectra and Composition Measurements

The recent years saw the implementation and deployment of a new generation of instruments flown in space or on stratospheric balloons. They are targeted at the study of a variety of energetic cosmic particles, including protons and nuclei, electrons, antimatter particles (positrons and antiprotons), secondary nuclei (including isotopes), ultraheavy nuclei, all complementing gamma-ray studies. Thus a new wealth of data is providing fresh insights on high-energy phenomena in the Galaxy. The instruments are large and deployed for long exposures, providing for an energy reach that permits direct cross-comparisons with ground-based measurements. We briefly review the state of the field, focusing on present and near future efforts.

The QUPLAS experimental apparatus for antimatter interferometry

QUPLAS (QUantum interferometry and gravitation with Positrons and LASers) is an experimental project for the study of antimatter; it makes use of positrons and positronium and mainly aims at performing quantum interferometry, decoherence and gravitational studies. The first phase of the project, called QUPLAS-0, consisted in the first successful demonstration of quantum interference of an antimatter particle: the positron. The experimental apparatus is composed by the positron beam, the interferometer, and the detector. This paper describes these three elements of QUPLAS-0 and how they were combined to achieve the goal of positron interference.

Recent progress on antimatter and exotic strange particles study at RHIC

We introduce the recent progress on antimatter and exotic strange dibaryon study from our group. The main contents include two parts: we measure the interactions between antimatters via antiprotons correlations in relativistic heavy-ion colliders. The results suggest that there is a strong attraction between antiprotons, enough to overcome the Coulomb repulsive force between antiprotons, combined into antimatter nucleus. We measure the interactions between proton-Ω and their antiparticle pairs via two particle correlations to search for a possible p-Ω diabryon. Our results, in comparison with LQCD prediction, slightly favors a proton-Ω bound system with a binding energy of ~ 27 MeV. Our value is much larger than the binding energy of proton and neutron in a deuteron.

Black-hole jets begin to reveal their antimatter secrets

The first simulations of matter and antimatter particles swirling around a rotating black hole hint at the origins of the enigmatic jets. The first simulations of matter and antimatter particles swirling around a rotating black hole hints at the origins of the enigmatic jets.

Relic Density of Asymmetric Dark Matter in Modified Cosmological Scenarios**Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 11365022 and 11765021

We discuss the relic abundance of asymmetric Dark Matter particles in modified cosmological scenarios where the Hubble rate is changed with respect to the standard cosmological scenario. The modified Hubble rate leaves its imprint on the relic abundance of asymmetric Dark Matter particles if the asymmetric Dark Matter particles freeze–out in this era. For generality we parameterize the modification of the Hubble rate and then calculate the relic abundance of asymmetric Dark Matter particles and anti–particles. We find the abundances for the Dark Matter particles and anti–particles are enhanced in the modified cosmological models. The indirect detection signal is possible for the asymmetric Dark Matter particles due to the increased annihilation rate in the modified cosmological models. Applying Planck data, we find the constraints on the parameters of the modified cosmological models.

Viewpoint: Observing Matter-Antimatter Oscillations

D-mesons are the fourth in a quartet of neutral mesons to be observed oscillating into their antiparticle partners.

Characterization of the 1S\u20132S transition in antihydrogen

In 1928, Dirac published an equation1 that combined quantum mechanics and special relativity. Negative-energy solutions to this equation, rather than being unphysical as initially thought, represented a class of hitherto unobserved and unimagined particles—antimatter. The existence of particles of antimatter was confirmed with the discovery of the positron2 (or anti-electron) by Anderson in 1932, but it is still unknown why matter, rather than antimatter, survived after the Big Bang. As a result, experimental studies of antimatter3–7, including tests of fundamental symmetries such as charge–parity and charge–parity–time, and searches for evidence of primordial antimatter, such as antihelium nuclei, have high priority in contemporary physics research. The fundamental role of the hydrogen atom in the evolution of the Universe and in the historical development of our understanding of quantum physics makes its antimatter counterpart—the antihydrogen atom—of particular interest. Current standard-model physics requires that hydrogen and antihydrogen have the same energy levels and spectral lines. The laser-driven 1S–2S transition was recently observed8 in antihydrogen. Here we characterize one of the hyperfine components of this transition using magnetically trapped atoms of antihydrogen and compare it to model calculations for hydrogen in our apparatus. We find that the shape of the spectral line agrees very well with that expected for hydrogen and that the resonance frequency agrees with that in hydrogen to about 5 kilohertz out of 2.5 × 1015 hertz. This is consistent with charge–parity–time invariance at a relative precision of 2 × 10−12—two orders of magnitude more precise than the previous determination8—corresponding to an absolute energy sensitivity of 2 × 10−20 GeV.

Real magnetic charges in physics of “dark matter” and “black holes”

Experimental and theoretical studies carried out by the author (period: 1968–present) have shown that the magnetic spinor particles (magnetic charges) are real constituents of atoms, nucleons, substance and are the immediate sources of all magnetic fields in Nature. The joint orbital currents of electric and magnetic charges within atomic and nucleons shells are natural sources of the gravitational field which is the vortex electromagnetic field. All varieties of mass are of the atomic–shaped electromagnetic structures consisting of electric and magnetic spinor particles. The masses are, for example, atoms and nucleons. Atomic–shaped device all varieties of mass is the natural and only possible organizations of spinor particles which is able to emit the gravitational field and photons. The necessary condition determining possibility forming of mass is presence of appropriate “assortment” and density of spinor particles from which are collected atoms and nucleons in the particular area of cosmic space. As result of explosions supernovae their stellar content is ejected in the space in form of spinor particles. According to the concept of the World Physical Triad, developed by the author, all spinor particles are divided into particles of Matter and Antimatter. Particles with negative charge belong to Matter and particles with positive charge to Antimatter. The spinor particles which collect together in certain region of the galactic space and represent what is commonly called “Dark matter”. Namely, the so–called “Dark matter” which, in fact, is the “storehouses” of magnetic and electrical spinor particles is the main content of “Black holes”. These spinor particles serve as the initial “raw material” for formation of varieties of the Mass, for example, such as atoms and nucleons. In oblasts of “Black holes” is realized condensation of spinor particles in the compositions nucleons, and then and in atoms, mainly, in the atoms hydrogen. All varieties of Mass after formation in “Black hole” by means its own of gravitational field are pushed out of the “hole” and are sent to replenish of mass in the Universe. Since number the formations of mass within the “Black Hole” is little their gravitational field is also extremely weak. The masses, during their stay in oblast of the “Black holes”, may be sources the weak photons emission which may well be Hawking radiation. As for the main content of “Black holes”, i.e. of particles Matter and Antimatter, then in the absence the mass they can’t form neither the gravitational field, neither the photons. The main reasons that real magnetic charges were “buried alive” in modern theoretical notions are Physics their of confinement in the structures of atoms and substance that is radically different from the confinement of electrons, as well as the vicious electric magnetism of Maxwell in which the magnetic field, by mistaken, was deprived its own source, i.e. of the magnetic pole or magnetic charge.

Dark matter may be sending us positrons

Two hypotheses are discussed about the origins of antimatter particle like positron. First is the dark matter which is consists of 27 percent of the cosmos and second is the by-product of the annihilation of dark matter particle where an international team using the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov Gamma-ray Observatory in Mexico has measured the positrons emanating from two nearby pulsars and found that they cannot account for the surplus reaching Earth.

Is Neutrino its own Antiparticle?

Is Neutrino its own Antiparticle?