Particle Size Distribution Patterns Research Articles

CFD modeling of spray drying of fresh whey: Influence of inlet air temperature on drying, fluid dynamics, and performance indicators

Whey is a very perishable food and a potent source of protein. It might be more commercialized through the process of spray drying, which would enhance its shelf life. No CFD computational models applied to the drying of fresh sweet whey have been reported in the literature to investigate transport phenomena in spray dryers and to predict crucial design parameters such as deposition, powder recovery, and drying efficiency. Using an Eulerian-Langragean technique, the behavior of multiphase flow as well as heat and mass transfer were investigated. The influence of the inlet air temperature was evaluated in relation to the velocity profiles of the continuous and discrete phases, the residence time distribution, the particle diameter formed, the air temperature near the injection zone, the particle temperature, and the mass fraction of evaporated water. Furthermore, performance parameters such as powder recovery, particle deposition, and drying efficiency were projected for varied air inlet temperatures. The velocity, residence time, and particle size distribution patterns were similar for the different air inlet temperatures. Greater variations might be noticed in the injection zone, especially in the temperature and mass fraction profiles. The lowest drying temperature resulted in the lowest particle deposition and the best thermal efficiency, making it the optimal process condition. This investigation can serve as a benchmark for the design of optimized spray dryers with greater thermal efficiency and yield to produce powdered whey.

Improvement in Storage Stability and Physicochemical Properties of Whole-Grain Highland Barley Pulp Prepared by a Novel Industry-Scale Microfluidizer System in Comparison with Colloid Milling.

The aim of this study was to assess the advantages of an industry-scale microfluidizer system (ISMS) to prepare whole-grain highland barley pulp (WHBP) compared with colloid milling. Storage stability was evaluated by particle size, gravity separation stability, and rheological properties, as well as the microstructure observation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS). The results showed that colloid milling failed to effectively homogenize the material, while ISMS sample surfaces were compact and smooth at higher pressures according to visual observation and SEM. The Turbiscan stability index of WHBP by ISMS was much lower as a result of colloid milling, demonstrating ISMS can improve WHBP stability. WHBP by colloid milling displayed a three-peak particle size distribution pattern, while a single-peak pattern was evident after ISMS treatment. A higher shear rate decreased the apparent viscosity, suggesting that WHBP was a shear-thinning fluid. According to CLMS, ISMS can successfully improve homogenization by disrupting the structures of oil bodies, proteins, and starches. The WHBP prepared by ISMS exhibited a higher β-glucan level than that prepared by colloid milling, and showed a significant increase in β-glucan level with ISMS pressure. These findings indicate that using ISMS to produce WHBP is viable for enhancing its storage stability and nutritional value.

Purification, Characterization, and Assessment of Anticancer Activity of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Biosynthesized by Novel Thermophilic Bacillus tequilensis ASFS1‏.

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), particularly iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), are a fascinating group of nanoparticles that have been considerably investigated for biomedical applications because of their superparamagnetic properties, biodegradable nature, and biocompatibility. A novel Gram-positive moderately thermophilic bacterial strain, namely Bacillus tequilensis ASFS.1, was isolated and identified. This strain is capable of producing superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and exhibiting magnetotaxis behavior. This strain swimming behavior was investigated under static and dynamic environments, where it behaved very much similar to the magnetotaxis in magnetotactic bacteria. This study is the first report of a bacterium from the Bacillaceae family that has the potential to intracellular biosynthesis of IONPs. MNPs were separated by a magnetic and reproducible method which was designed for the first time for this study. In addition, UV-visible spectrophotometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction, and thermal gravimetric analysis were utilized to characterize the bio-fabricated magnetite nanoparticles. Analysis of the particle size distribution pattern of the biogenic MNPs by FESEM imaging revealed the size range of 10-100 nm with the size range of 10-40 nm MNPs being the most frequent particles. VSM analysis demonstrated that biogenic MNPs displayed superparamagnetic properties with a high saturation magnetization value of 184 emu/g. After 24 h treatment of 3T3, U87, A549, MCF-7, and HT-29 cell lines with the biogenic MNPs, IC50 values were measured to be 339, 641, 582, 149, and 184 μg mL-1, respectively. This study presents the novel strain ASFS.1 capable of magnetotaxis by the aid of its magnetite nanoparticles and paving information on isolation, characterization, and in vitro cytotoxicity of its MNPs. The MNPs showed promising potential for biomedical applications, obviously subject to additional studies.

Crushing mechanism analysis of sintered ore and study of particle size distribution pattern after crushing

Crushing mechanism analysis of sintered ore and study of particle size distribution pattern after crushing

Unlocking the nanoparticle emission potential: a study of varied filaments in 3D printing.

This study investigates nanoparticle emission during 3D printing processes, assessing various filament materials' impact on air quality. Commonly used 3D printers, including both filament and resin-based types, were examined. The study's scope encompasses diverse filament materials like ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), PLA (polylactic acid), PETG (polyethylene terephthalate glycol), ASA (acrylonitrile styrene acrylate), TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane), PP (polypropylene), nylon, and wood-based variants, alongside three types of resins. The research delves into the relationship between the type of material and nanoparticle emissions, emphasizing temperature's pivotal role. Measurement instruments were employed for nanoparticle quantification, including an engine exhaust particle sizer spectrometer, condensation particle counter, and nanozen dust counters. Notably, results reveal substantial variations in nanoparticle emissions among different filament materials, with ASA, TPU, PP, and ABS showing considerably elevated emission levels and characteristic particle size distribution patterns. The findings prompt practical recommendations for reducing nanoparticle exposure, emphasizing printer confinement, material selection, and adequate ventilation. This study offers insights into potential health risks associated with 3D printing emissions and provides a basis for adopting preventive measures.

Size Distribution as a Forensic Tool to Source Apportion Ambient PM

The particulate matter (PM) emitted from multiple sources contribute to air pollution near highways, affecting, mainly the commuters on road, dwellers and shopkeepers nearby. In this study, the size distribution of the PM near a highway, obtained using real time laser aerosol spectrometer, was used to apportion the contributions from vehicular traffic and road dust. Data on vehicle count and type were obtained for the selected highway stretch. The size distribution of emission from petrol and diesel vehicles and the size distribution of re-suspended dust were obtained through independent studies. Size based distribution of PM in the study area contributed by vehicles, were modelled using AERMOD using the vehicle emissions and vehicle count data. Aggregation of the modelled concentrations of PM of various size ranges with the contribution from re-suspended dust gave size based concentration distributions closely matching with that of PM in ambient air. The size based PM analyses showed that in the study area, 47.36%, 15.74%, and 15.46% of PM2.5, were contributed by diesel vehicles, petrol vehicles and suspended dust, respectively. The corresponding contributions to PM10 were, 14.42%, 10.59% and 68.35%. The emission studies on vehicles showed diesel vehicles contributing significantly higher concentration of PM to ambient air than petrol vehicles, with condition of vehicle influencing the amount of PM emitted. The use of particle size distribution pattern for preliminary source apportionment, demonstrated in this study, has promising environmental forensic applications as it provides a cheap and fast corroborative evidence for responsibility allocation.

Symmetric and Dissymmetric Pseudo‐gemini Amphiphiles Based on Propoxylated Ethyl Piperazine and Fatty Acids

AbstractNovel symmetric and dissymmetric pseudo‐gemini surfactants are synthesized using ethylpiperazine, propylene oxide and six different fatty acids (capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic) as starting materials. The synthesis follows a simple pathway excluding heating or catalyst. Important surface activity properties including critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension at CMC (γCMC), surface pressure at CMC (πCMC), negative logarithm of concentration to achieve 20 mN/m reduction in surface tension (pC20), minimum area at interface (Amin) and maximum surface excess concentration (Γmax) are obtained through surface tension and electrolytic conductivity measurements. Antimicrobial properties of the synthesized amphiphiles are evaluated using disk diffusion method and are compared to those of standard antibiotic agents. Particle size distribution patterns are obtained using dynamic light scattering (DLS). This work investigates the effect of dissymmetry on various surface activity and antimicrobial properties. Dissymmetric pseudo‐gemini amphiphiles have a few times higher CMC compared to analogous symmetric surfactants. However, better antimicrobial properties are observed when there is some dissymmetry between hydrophobic groups.

Diospyros montana mediated reduction, stabilization, and characterization of silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their mosquitocidal potentiality against dengue vector Aedes albopictus

Recent research has focused on nanoparticles. Aedes albopictus is a potential vector that transmits fatal diseases. Recently, Phyto-reduced silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were shown to be mosquito larvicides. This study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles using Diospyros montana leaf extract, characterize them, and test their efficacy as larvicide and pupicide against Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, determine their duration of effectiveness as a larvicide, identify plant compounds that help to synthesize nanoparticles, and assess their effects on non-target organisms. Quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, gallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, and capsaicin are among the novel reducing and capping agents found in D. montana leaf through LCMS analysis. The color shift and distinctive peak in UV–Vis spectroscopy made it simple to see how biogenic AgNPs were produced by converting Ag+ ions into Ag0. Substantial negative value (− 19.10 mv) of zeta potential demonstrated the long-term stability of AgNPs. A moderate range (8.72 − 50.75 nm) of particle size distribution pattern was obtained using the DLS technique. SEM and TEM images depicted the quasi-spherical (or polyhedral) and spherical shape of the nanoparticles, having approximately 16.75 nm average size. Synthesized AgNPs had a low LC90 value (< 10 ppm) for all larval instars and pupae of Ae. albopictus and had negligible mal effect on non-target organisms. Regression equations showed dose-dependent mortality by the positive correlation between mortality rate and AgNPs concentration, and each time the regression coefficient (R2) value was larger than zero. This study shows that D. montana leaf extract is an environment-friendly and sustainable source of an effective reducing and capping agent to synthesize highly stable, ecologically acceptable silver nanoparticles and their application as mosquitocide.

Interaction between potato starch and barley β-glucan and its influence on starch pasting and gelling properties

The interactions between potato starch (PtS) and barley β-glucan (BBG) were investigated by preparing PtS-BBG mixtures, and the pasting, rheological, gelling and structural properties were evaluated. Rapid viscosity analysis suggested that BBG reduced the peak and breakdown viscosity, while increasing the setback viscosity of PtS. PtS-12%BBG showed the lowest leached amylose content (12.02 ± 0.36 %). The particle size distribution pattern of PtS was not changed with the addition of BBG, and the median diameter of PtS-12%BBG (88.21 ± 0.41 μm) was smaller than that of PtS (108.10 ± 6.26 μm). Rheological results showed that PtS and PtS-BBG gels exhibited weak gel behaviors, and BBG could remarkably affect the elastic and viscous modulus of PtS gels. Textural analysis suggested that the strength and hardness of PtS gels were increased when few BBG (<6 %, w/w) was present in the system. BBG improved the freeze-thaw stability of PtS gels. Structural analysis indicated that hydrogen bonds were the main force in the PtS-BBG systems. These results indicated that BBG interacted with starch via hydrogen bonds, which delayed starch gelatinization and improved gelling properties of PtS gels. Overall, this study gained insights into starch-polysaccharide interactions and revealed the possible applications of BBG in food processing.

CFD-PBM Simulation for Continuous Hydrothermal Flow Synthesis of Zirconia Nanoparticles in a Confined Impinging Jet Reactor.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and population balance models (PBM) were coupled together for the first time to simulate the synthesis of zirconia nanoparticles in a continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) system with a self-designed confined impinging jet mixing (CJM) reactor. The hydrodynamic and thermodynamic behaviors within the CJM reactor strongly influenced the formation of the ZrO2 nanoparticles. Crucial parameters, such as velocities, temperatures, mixing conditions, and reaction rates, were analyzed under various supercritical conditions. Temperature and velocity measurements as functions of distance were also investigated. Normal particle size distribution (PSD) patterns were observed in all cases. The mean particle sizes in this study were calculated and compared using PBM aggregation analysis.

Analysis of Influencing Factors of Gangue Ball Milling Based on Multifractal Theory

To study the heterogeneity and local heterogeneity of gangue particle size distribution (PSD) under ball milling, gangue from northern Shaanxi coal mine was taken as a research object. The multifractal pattern of PSD and the variation trend of characteristic parameters of gangue under different ball-to-gangue ratios and grinding times were analyzed by introducing multifractal theory and microscopic research methods such as laser particle size analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the multifractal characteristics of the gangue particle size distribution with different ball-to-gangue ratios and grinding time periods demonstrate obvious changes. When the ball-to-gangue ratio is 3~9, the multifractal parameters D(0), D(1), Δα, and Δf all show linear changes with grinding time. It is demonstrated that due to the phenomenon of particle agglomeration during ball milling, the multifractal characteristics of the particle size distribution of the gangue changes significantly when the ball-to-gangue ratio is 12~15. Furthermore, the results indicate that with the increase in time, D(0), Δα, and Δf show a trend of decreasing first and then increasing, and D(1) and D(1)/D(0) show a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and both reach their extreme values at 30 min.

Multiple Evaluation of Typical Heavy Metals Pollution in Surface Soil and Road Dust from Beijing and Hebei Province, China.

Soil and road dust are important receptors of heavy metals in the environment. Meanwhile, heavy metal could transfer to the atmosphere through resuspension. Due to the serious consequences and atmospheric haze in Jing-Jin-Ji area, it's important to evaluate the pollution level, particle size distribution and sources of heavy metals. For heavy metals in soil samples, similar concentrations to the background values and no obvious pollution or low-level pollution was presented. Higher concentration of Cu (78.9mg/kg) and Zn (261mg/kg) were found in road dust. The source appointment results showed that Mn, Co, Cr, Ni, Zn and Pb in soils and Cr, Co and Mn in road dust were mainly from the natural sources, while traffic source contributed to most of Cu, Zn and Pb in road dust. Different particle size distribution patterns were found in soils and road dusts, and the finest particles presented the highest heavy metal concentrations.

Synchrotron-based characterization of arthroprosthetic CoCrMo particles in human bone marrow

Particles released from cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloys are considered common elicitors of chronic inflammatory adverse effects. There is a lack of data demonstrating particle numbers, size distribution and elemental composition of bone marrow resident particles which would allow for implementation of clinically relevant test strategies in bone marrow models at different degrees of exposure. The aim of this study was to investigate metal particle exposure in human periprosthetic bone marrow of three types of arthroplasty implants. Periprosthetic bone marrow sections from eight patients exposed to CoCrMo particles were analyzed via spatially resolved and synchrotron-based nanoscopic X-ray fluorescence imaging. These analyses revealed lognormal particle size distribution patterns predominantly towards the nanoscale. Analyses of particle numbers and normalization to bone marrow volume and bone marrow cell number indicated particle concentrations of up to 1 × 1011 particles/ml bone marrow or 2 × 104 particles/bone marrow cell, respectively. Analyses of elemental ratios of CoCrMo particles showed that particularly the particles’ Co content depends on particle size. The obtained data point towards Co release from arthroprosthetic particles in the course of dealloying and degradation processes of larger particles within periprosthetic bone marrow. This is the first study providing data based on metal particle analyses to be used for future in vitro and in vivo studies of possible toxic effects in human bone marrow following exposure to arthroprosthetic CoCrMo particles of different concentration, size, and elemental composition.Graphical abstract

Effect of particle size and particle distribution pattern on dynamic behavior of cemented calcareous sand

Calcareous sand has the characteristics of irregular shape, abundant internal voids and low particle strength. Calcareous sand is widely used in cement mortar as substitute of silicon sand. Due to the inherent properties of calcareous sand, the dynamic behavior of cemented calcareous sand (CCS) would differ from that of cemented silicon sand. In this study, a series of split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests were conducted to investigate the effect of particle size and particle distribution pattern on dynamic behavior of CCS. The results indicated that the dynamic stress strain behavior of CCS followed an elastoplastic deformation model. The dynamic compressive strength (DCS) of CCS had an exponential relationship with particle size of calcareous sand. The relationship between transmission coefficient and particle size was consistent with the relationship between DCS and particle size. The effect of finer calcareous sand on DCS was greater than that of coarser calcareous sand for uniform CCS. For CCS with different particle distribution patterns (mixed and layered), coarser calcareous sand inside had more effect on DCS than that of finer calcareous sand. The outcome of this study will provide a reference for guiding the engineering practice by using CCS in island reefs.

Stratification patterns of anammox granular sludge bed: Linking particle size distribution to microbial activity and community

Anammox granular sludge processes are an attractive and efficient biotechnology in the field of wastewater treatment. In this study, the stratification patterns of anammox granular sludge bed (GSB) at steady states were illustrated and its relationship to microbial activity and community were systematically investigated under different nitrogen loading rates (NLRs). Morphological observation and quantitive particle size distribution analysis demonstrated that the GSB at low NLR was mainly composed of micro and fine granules with a big difference between bottom and top sludge layers. But at high NLR, the volumetric mean diameter (VMD) of GSB increased with the size distribution width (Span) declined forming a more homogeneous and coarse granules population. The particle size distribution parameters of GSB could be fast characterized by the optical lightness (L*) parameter (r = −0.771, p < 0.01, n = 16) and held a significant correlation with the nitrogen removal rate (NRR) of anammox system (r > 0.9, p < 0.05). The microbial spatial distribution patterns of different sludge layers were further investigated by high-throughput sequencing. The microbial community α-diversity index and microbial abundance matrix proved that the community structure tend to coverage at high NLR. Significant difference of the relative abundance of microbial community was detected under different NLRs. The VMD of GSB held a significant correlation with the relative abundance of AnAOB (r = 0.556, p < 0.01, n = 16) and other common accompanying bacteria (Denitratisoma and Chloroflexi). This study proved that the apparent particle size distribution patterns of GSB could be a potential auxiliary indicator to reflect the microbial activity and community, which can facilitate the innovative process monitor of anammox system based on visual features.

Abstract 10220: CSL112 (Apolipoprotein A-I (human)) Infusion Rapidly Increases ApoA-I Exchange Rate via Specific Serum Amyloid-Poor HDL Sub-Populations When Administered to Patients Post Myocardial Infarction

Background: Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) exchange rate (AER) into plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) may represent a cell-free measure of HDL function, and predict recurrent major adverse cardiovascular events post-acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Purpose: To characterise the effects of CSL112 (apoA-I (human)) on AER and the relationships with specific HDL subpopulations when administered in the 90-day high-risk period post AMI. Methods: Patients from the AEGIS-I (ApoA-I Event Reducing in Ischemic Syndromes I) study received either placebo, 2g or 6g CSL112 post AMI. The rate of apoA-I exchange into HDL was measured in AEGIS-I plasma samples incubated with fluorescent apoA-I-NBD (7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole) lipid-sensitive reporter for 30 min at 37°C. HDL particle size distribution was assessed by native gel electrophoresis followed by fluorescent imaging and detection of apoA-I and serum amyloid A (SAA1/SAA2) by western blotting. Results: CSL112 infusion increased AER peaking 2 h post infusion and returning to baseline by 24 h. AER was correlated with cholesterol efflux capacity, HDL-C, apoA-I and phosphatidylcholine (all p&lt;0.001). CSL112 infusion induced transient changes in HDL particle size distribution. Small remodelled HDL (S-HDL rem ) derived from CSL112 were detected in plasma 2-4 h after infusion. Large remodeled HDL species (L-HDL rem ) accumulated 2-12 h post infusion. The apoA-1-NBD reporter was confined to distinct HDL subpopulations that contained little SAA. In plasma samples characterized by the baseline pattern of HDL particle size distribution (0 h and 24-48 h post infusion), the apoA-I-NBD reporter predominantly exchanged into the HDL3 subpopulation, but not into large HDL2. Conclusion: Infusion of CSL112 increased AER via exchange into SAA-poor HDL particles. AER may represent a clinically amenable biomarker of HDL functionality. Figure: HDL particle remodelling and AER in a representative subject infused with 6g CSL112 .

Characteristics and Potential Inhalation Exposure Risks of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Solid Fuel Combustion Particles in High Lung Cancer Incidence Area, China

Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) were previously considered an unrecognized composition of air pollutants and might help explain the long-standing medical mystery of why non-smokers develop tobacco-related diseases such as lung cancer. However, there is no investigated on EPFRs in Xuanwei rural areas, especially in high prevalence of lung cancer areas. In this study, we selected six types of coal and three types of biomass in Xuanwei, then conducted simulated combustion, and six group of atmospheric particulate matters (APMs) to explore the content and particle size distribution pattern of EPFRs and a new health risk assessment method to evaluate the risk of EPFRs in PM for adults and children. Our results show that the contribution of EPFRs for biomass combustion, coal combustion and APMs were mainly distributed in the size range of &lt;1.1 μm, which accounted for 76.15 ± 4.14%, 74.85 ± 10.76%, and 75.23 ± 8.18% of PM3.3. The mean g factors and ΔHp-p indicated that the EPFRs were mainly oxygen-centered radicals in PM in Xuanwei. The results suggest that the health risk of EPFRs is significantly increased when the particle size distribution of EPFRs is taken into account, and coal combustion particulate matter (174.70 ± 37.86 cigarettes for an adult, 66.39 ± 14.39 cigarettes per person per year for a child) is more hazardous to humans than biomass combustion particulate matter (69.41 ± 4.83 cigarettes for an adult, 26.37 ± 1.84 cigarettes per person per year for), followed by APMs (102.88 ± 39.99 cigarettes for an adult, 39.10 ±15.20 cigarettes per person per year for) in PM3.3. Our results provides a new perspective and evidence for revealing the reason for the high incidence of lung cancer in Xuanwei, China.

Effect of ultrasonic treatment on the activity of sugar metabolism relative enzymes and quality of coconut water

In this study, tender coconuts were treated with high-intensity ultrasound (US) for 20 min at a frequency of 20 kHz and a power of 2400 W. Compared with control group, US treated coconut water had a higher content of total soluble solid and sugar/acid ratio along with a lower pH value and conductivity, and the contents of sucrose, fructose and glucose were also higher. Results from HS-SPME/GC–MS showed that there was no significant difference in the content of volatile compounds in coconut water before and after US treatment. The activities of sugar metabolism enzymes such as sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, acid invertase (AI) and neutral invertase were inhibited by US, of which AI had the strongest inactivation. Circular dichroism and fluorescence spectra showed that the secondary and tertiary structure of AI molecule were destroyed with the increase of US intensity and time, which was confirmed by the change of particle size distribution pattern and scanning electron microscopy. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics showed that US treatment prevented the recognition and binding of sucrose and AI molecules, thereby inhibiting the decomposition of sucrose. In conclusion, our results indicate that US can inhibit the activity of AI and maintain the sugar content to increase the quality as well as extend the shelflife of coconut water, which will bring more commercial value.

Abstracts from The International Society for Aerosols in Medicine 23rd ISAM Congress Boise, Idaho May 22–26, 2021

Abstracts from The International Society for Aerosols in Medicine 23rd ISAM Congress Boise, Idaho May 22–26, 2021

Development and Characterization of Leuprolide Acetate Encapsulated PLGA Microspheres for Parenteral Controlled Release Depot Injection

Abstract: Objectives: Polylactic acid (PLA) and copolymer polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) are the most versatile drug carriers for long acting release injectable (LAI) formulations for small molecules, peptides and macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. The present research work consists of a PLGA based one-month release microsphere formulation of GnRH agonist leuprolide acetate, using double emulsion (W1/O/W2) technique. Materials and Methods: Microparticles were prepared by double emulsion solvent evaporation technique and critical quality attributes of finished products such as drug loading, entrapment efficiency, particle size distribution (PSD), surface porosity, drug distribution within microparticles were analysed. Results and Conclusion: The microspheres have shown the mean particle size of 15.2 μm and suitable particle size distribution pattern ideal for syringe ability. The microparticles were spherical in shape with uniform pore distribution and uniform distribution of API in the polymer matrix. The drug release has been sustained over a month for the microsphere formulation and could be correlated with the testosterone suppression. Key words: Leuprolide, PLGA Microspheres, Double-emulsion technique, Prostate cancer, Controlled release depot Injection.