Particle-free Solution Research Articles

Micro Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Zn Composites Films Produced by Pulse Electrolysis from a Insoluble Particle-free Solution Containing Zr Ions

Micro Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Zn Composites Films Produced by Pulse Electrolysis from a Insoluble Particle-free Solution Containing Zr Ions

Effect of particulate matters on inactivation of bacteriophage MS2 under irradiation above 320nm.

The inactivation of bacteriophage MS2 under irradiation above 320nm was investigated, focusing on different solution pH, ionic strength, and Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) concentrations when solutions contained organic or inorganic particle matters. Inorganic and organic particles were modeled using kaolinite (KAO) and Microcystis aeruginosa (MA), respectively. The results showed that the two types of particles influenced on MS2 inactivation under different conditions. The lower pH contributed to the greater MS2 aggregation within pH range of 3.0 to 8.0, leading to an increasing inactivation rate. The presence of KAO induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) under the action of irradiation above 320nm, which promoted the inactivation of MS2. By comparison, the [Formula: see text] produced by MA after irradiation promoted the inactivation at pH < 6, whereas when the pH is ≥ 6, the inactivation effect of MS2 was lower than that of particle-free solution because MS2 was no longer aggregated and MA has a shading effect. In the presence of Na+ or Ca2+ cation, irradiation above 320nm could not effectively inactivate the MS2 under particle-free solution. By comparison, KAO increased the inactivation efficiency as a photosensitizer. With the increase of Ca2+ concentration, MS2 was more easily adsorbed to MA than aggregation. Until Ca2+ concentration reached 20mM, the inactivation effect in MA solution was enhanced. In the presence of SRNOM, the inactivation effect increased with the increase of SRNOM concentration. When the SRNOM was 20mM, the inactivation increased in the particle-free solution due to the greater production of [Formula: see text]. Compared with the particle-free solution, the KAO and MA inactivation efficiency was lower.

The effect of polyethylene microplastics on the disinfection of Escherichia coli by sodium hypochlorite

The effect of polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) on the disinfection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) by sodium hypochlorite was investigated in different pH value, ionic strength, and NOM concentration to illustrate the impact of MPs on the pathogenic bacteria disinfection efficiency in nature water environment. The results showed that PE-MPs tended to agglomerate rather than disperse due to their strong hydrophobicity in water. Within 30 s, about 1.5 log10 of E. coli was adsorbed on the surface of PE-MPs, forming subsequent protection for E. coli. Thus, the presence of PE-MPs reduced the inactivation rate of E. coli. As for the particle-free solutions, the higher solution pH, the presence of natural organic matter (NOM), and the higher concentrations of cations (monovalent Na+ and divalent Ca2+) were confirmed as the major influencing factors decreasing the E. coli disinfection efficiency. However, due to the adsorption and protection of PE-MPs on E. coli, the influences of complex chemistry factors on the inactivation of E. coli were reduced. The inactivation of E. coli in PE-MPs (20 NTU) solution was 1 log10 lower than that in particle-free solution under the same water quality conditions. Therefore, considering the complex water chemistry, the existence of MPs could be a potential challenge for disinfection efficiency in the water treatment plants.

An Open Microfluidic Chip for Continuous Sampling of Solute from a Turbulent Particle Suspension.

High solids content complicates in situ analysis of chemical processing, biological suspensions, and environmental streams. In most cases, analytical methods require at least one pre-treatment step of a small volume of sample before a particle-free fluid can be analyzed. We have developed a continuous in situ sampler that can "sip" particle-free solution from a turbulent high solids content stream (a slurry). An open microfluidic chip with an extended slit opening shields the internal laminar flow from the turbulence outside. Unlike other open chips, our chip does not require close proximity to a solid surface and operates in turbulent environments for hours without maintenance. Two applications are demonstrated: monitoring FeIII in a stirred slurry of mixed ore particles at high solids loading (4 %wt) and paracetamol tablet dissolution profiles for two different formulations.

Effect of Polyethylene Glycol on Electrodeposition of Zn Active Metal Oxide Composites from a Particle-Free Solution

Effect of Polyethylene Glycol on Electrodeposition of Zn Active Metal Oxide Composites from a Particle-Free Solution

Batch and Flow Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Grape Stalks: Process Intensification Design up to a Multi-Kilo Scale.

Nowadays, approximately 1 billion kg/y of grape stalks, with a remarkable polyphenols content, are produced worldwide. In this paper, the extraction process intensification of polyphenols in water was achieved under ultrasound-assisted recovery, focusing on kinetics and scaling-up factors. Immersion and cup-horn systems were exploited as acoustic cavitation sources, and the total phenolic content (TPC) was chosen to assess the process efficiency. The kinetics were evaluated by Peleg’s hyperbolic model, and the effect of both the initial feedstock granulometry and ultrasound size-reduction were determined. The results were compared with conventional extraction methods (data analysis by ANOVA). The best polyphenols yield was obtained after 45 min of sonication, giving between 29.71 and 31.89 mg/g (gallic acid equivalents over the dry matter). The extracts were characterized using HPLC-DAD, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, DPPH• assay (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), TEAC assay (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity), and proanthocyanidin content determination. The flow-mode extraction procedure of grape stalks (2 kg) was carried out in a 15 L reactor. A semi-industrial decanter unit and a bag-filter were the keys units of the downstream operations. The resulting particle-free solution underwent nanofiltration on a membrane pilot skid, providing a final polyphenols-enriched stream concentrated up to 355.91%, as shown by the antioxidant activity and TPC.

The Effects of Additives on the Electrodeposition of a Zn–Zr Oxide Composite from Dispersed Particle-Free Solution

The Effects of Additives on the Electrodeposition of a Zn–Zr Oxide Composite from Dispersed Particle-Free Solution

Quantification of colloidal filtration of polystyrene micro-particles on glass substrate using a microfluidic device.

A microfluidic device was designed to investigate filtration of particles in an electrolyte in the presence of liquid flow. Polystyrene spheres in potassium chloride solution at concentrations of 3-100 mM were allowed to settle and adhere to a glass substrate. A particle free solution at the same concentration was then flushed through the microfluidic channel at 0.03-4.0 mL/h. As the hydrodynamic drag on the adhered particles exceeded the intersurface interaction with the substrate, "pull-off" occurred and the particles detached. Filtration efficiency, α, was shown to a function of both ionic concentration of the liquid medium and flow speed, consistent with a phenomenological model based on the classical DLVO theory. The results elucidates the underlying physics of filtration.

Effects of solution chemistry on the sunlight inactivation of particles-associated viruses MS2

The inactivation efficacy of bacteriophage MS2 by simulated sunlight irradiation was investigated to understand the effects of MS2 aggregation and adsorption to particles in solutions with different components. Kaolinite and Microcystis aeruginosa were used as model inorganic and organic particles, respectively. Lower pH and di-valent ions (Ca2+) were main factors on the aggregation and inactivation of MS2. In the presence of both particles, there was no significant impact on the MS2 inactivation efficacy by kaolinite (10–200mM) or Microcystis aeruginosa (102–105Cells/mL) in 1mM NaCl at pH 7. However at lower pH 3, MS2 aggregates formed in the particle-free and kaolinite-containing solutions, caused lower inactivation since the outer viruses of aggregation protect the inner viruses. In addition, more MS2 adsorbed on Microcystis aeruginosa at lower pH (3 and 4). Microcystis aeruginosa would act as a potential photosensitizer for ROS production to inactivate the adsorbed MS2, since extracellular organic matter (EOM) of Microcystis aeruginosa was detected in this study, which has been reported to produce ROS under solar irradiation. At pH 7, Na+ had no effect on the inactivation of MS2, because MS2 was stable and dispersed even at 200mM Na+. MS2 aggregated and adsorbed on particles even at 10mM Ca2+ and led to lower inactivation. Kaolinite cannot offer enough protection to adsorbed MS2 as aggregation and Microcystis aeruginosa acts as potential photosensitizer to produce ROS and inactivate the adsorbed MS2 at high concentration of Ca2+. In particle-free solution, SRNOM inhibited MS2 inactivation by shielding the sunlight and coating MS2 to increase its survival.

Influence of working parameters on the composite electrodeposition

Composite materials are extensively studied, especially in recent years, which have a wide application in industry. Among these composite materials, in this paper we studied about electrolyte composites obtained. The matrix is made up of particles of Ni-P on which have been deposited Si-C hard particles. The amount of phosphorus incorporated into the layer increases with increasing the content of phosphorous acid in the electrolyte. The content of phosphorus incorporated into the coating composition evolves as both solid as well as particle-free solutions. When the content of phosphorous acid in the electrolyte is low and where alloys are micro crystallized, the presence of particulates changes a little the phosphorus content. At the increase of phosphorus content included in the coating is observed that the incorporation of phosphorus is higher for increasing the amount of silicon carbide particles. This matrix study was done according to the amount of phosphorus in the deposited layer. The co-deposited phosphorus modifies the crystallization mechanism so the super saturation nickel network by phosphorus allows the inhibition of the growth of nickel crystallites whose size decreases until the complete amorphization of the solid solution. The development of these deposits was aimed at determining the influence of the variation of phosphorous acid in the electrolyte, and therefore the change in the content of phosphorus included in the layer for the SiC particulate, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, it was intended the influence of heat treatment on the deposition hardness. After the measurements, it is noted that the layer thicknesses are higher for the deposition obtained from electrolyte with small containing of phosphorous acid. The structure of the Ni-P alloy and the composite material Ni-P / SiC, depends on the amount of phosphorus contained in the layer and varies from the crystalline state (the low content of phosphorus) to the amorphous state (the high content of phosphorus). Metallographic investigation and X-ray diffraction on the P20S40 sample structure reveals the existence of nano-crystalline state of the layer, and it is noted that the grains of Ni-P alloy is lower than that incorporated SiC particles that are more evident. Following heat treatment, it was found that the microcrystalline structure of the deposits, consisting of a solid nickel solution supersaturated in phosphorus, is maintained up to 463 K, and at higher temperatures it is producing the precipitation of the Ni3P compound into the nickel matrix.

Characterization of Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis for Quantification and Sizing of Submicron Particles of Therapeutic Proteins

Submicron particles may play important roles in therapeutic protein product quality, stability, and adverse effects in patients. However, quantitation of these particles has been challenging. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) is capable of both sizing and counting submicron particles. We investigated the effects of product and instrument parameters on NTA results for nanoparticle standards and therapeutic protein samples. To obtain proper particle size distributions, complete tracking numbers of at least 200 and 400 were required for latex nanobeads and protein nanoparticles, respectively. In addition, when set at suboptimal values, the minimum expected particle size parameter led to inaccurate sizing and counting for all particles types investigated. A syringe pump allowed for higher sampling volumes, and results were reproducible for nanoparticle sizing and counts at flow rates ≤7 μL/min. Finally, because therapeutic protein products are being formulated at relatively high protein concentrations, we investigated the effects of protein concentration on nanoparticle characterization. With high protein concentrations, nanoparticle sizing was not affected, whereas particle concentrations were significantly reduced. Linear relationships between particle count and dilution factor were obtained when a high protein concentration formulation was diluted into particle-free solutions at the same protein concentrations, but not when dilutions were made into buffer.

An Investigation of pH Mediated Extraction and Precipitation of Phosphorus from Sludge Using Microfiltration: Processing and Costs

Membrane filtration of wastewater sludge is a feasible technology for the recovery of sustainable nutrients in bacteria and particle-free solutions. Diafiltration and acidification strategies were investigated for the recovery of phosphorus (P) from trout farm sludge. Extraction costs were determined using a pilot-scale unit. pH of 2.7 was found to maximize the extraction of P (and metals) and highest concentrations were achieved by acidic leaching of the sludge sediment. Levels of P, Ca, Fe, Mg, and K recovered in soluble fractions were 418 mg/L, 6730 mg/L, 66.8 mg/L, 29 mg/L, and 34.1 mg/L, respectively. Operational costs associated with acidification and power consumption were estimated to be 0.018 kWh/L permeate or 0.037 kWh/g P obtained. The extraction of P by membrane filtration was mainly dependent on pH and cost was considerably lower than that for P-based fertilizers. Owing to the high concentration of Ca and P in the permeate fractions, 99% of the soluble P was precipitated from solution at pH 8. Elemental analysis and FTIR of the precipitate obtained indicated to be carbonated calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite.

Recovery of volatile fatty acids (VFA) from complex waste effluents using membranes

Waste effluents from anaerobic digesters of agricultural waste were treated with a range of membranes, including microfiltration and nanofiltration (NF), to concentrate volatile fatty acids (VFA). Microfiltration was applied successfully to produce sterile, particle-free solutions with a VFA concentration of 21.08 mM of acetic acid and 15.81 mM of butyric acid. These were further treated using a variety of NF membranes: NF270 (Dow Chemicals, USA), HL, DL, DK (Osmonics, USA) and LF10 (Nitto Denko, Japan), achieving retention ratios of up to 75%, and giving retentates of up to 53.94 mM of acetate and 28.38 mM of butyrate. DK and NF270 membranes were identified as the best candidates for VFA separation and concentration from these multicomponent effluents, both in terms of retention and permeate flux. When the effluents are adjusted to alkali conditions, the highest productivity, retention and flux were achieved at pH 7. At higher pH there was a significant reduction in flux.

The Adsorption of Hematite Particles on Steel in Strongly Alkaline Electrolyte

The adsorption of hematite particles is an important but poorly understood elementary step in the electrolytic preparation of iron metal. In this work, a quantitative method of measuring the quantity of particles adsorbed onto a steel surface from a hematite suspension in concentrated sodium hydroxide electrolyte is proposed. The experimental procedure involves a preadsorption step in a hematite suspension and transfer to a particle-free solution, followed by a potentiostatic reduction of the film of adsorbed particles. The resulting current transient yields a quantitative analysis of the quantity of adsorbed in the original solution. This work demonstrates that adsorption is only weakly dependent on the hematite particle concentration and pH (between 12 and 15). A simple phenomenological model for hematite reduction is proposed based on the form of the current–time transients.

Effect of Solid Volume Fraction on Aggregation and Breakage in Colloidal Suspensions in Batch and Continuous Stirred Tanks

Aggregation and breakage of aggregates of fully destabilized polystyrene latex particles in turbulent flow was studied experimentally in both batch and continuous stirred tanks. Small-angle static light scattering (SASLS) was used to monitor the time evolution of two independent moments of the cluster mass distribution (CMD), namely, the mean radius of gyration and the zero angle scattered light intensity. In addition, information about the structure of the aggregates was obtained in terms of the static light scattering structure factor. It was observed that decreasing the solid volume fraction over more than one order of magnitude resulted in monotonically decreasing steady-state values of both moments of the CMD. Using a combination of batch operation and continuous dilution with particle-free solution in the stirred tank, it was found that the steady-state distributions were fully reversible upon changing the solid volume fraction. These observations indicate that the steady-state CMD in this system is controlled by the dynamic equilibrium between aggregation (with the second-order kinetics in cluster concentration) and breakage (with the first-order kinetics in cluster concentration). In addition, by dilution to very low solid volume fractions, we demonstrate the existence of a critical aggregate size below which breakage is negligible.

Formulation and processing of novel conductive solution inks in continuous inkjet printing of 3-D electric circuits

One of the greatest challenges for the inkjet printing electrical circuits is formulation and processing of conductive inks. In the present investigation, two different formulations of particle-free conductive solutions are introduced that are low in cost, easy to deposit, and possess good electrical properties. A novel aqueous solution consisting of silver nitrate and additives is initially described. This solution demonstrates excellent adherence to glass and polymers and has an electrical resistivity only 2.9 times that of bulk silver after curing. A metallo-organic decomposition (MOD) ink is subsequently introduced. This ink produces a close-packed silver crystal microstructure after low-temperature thermolysis and subsequent high-temperature annealing. The electrical conductance of the final consolidated trace produced with the MOD ink is very close to bulk silver. In addition, the traces produced with the MOD material exhibit excellent wear and fracture resistance. When utilized in a specialized continuous inkjet (CIJ) printing technology system, both particle-free solution inks are able to produce conductive traces in three dimensions. The importance of three-dimensional (3-D) printing of conductive traces is finally discussed in relation to the broad range of applications in the freeform fabrication industry.

Flow Cytometry and Environmental Microbiology

This survey unit discusses many of the issues involved for flow cytometry in the field of microbiology, particularly the preparative procedures, which are far more stringent than many other procedures using larger cells. For instance, it is often necessary to filter laboratory agents multiple times to obtain the true particle-free solutions needed for flow cytometry of microbes. It is difficult enough to recognize bacteria in cell extracts from soil, sediment, or sludge given the background of same-size particles. This unit provides an excellent overview of a potentially large application area in flow cytometry and is written by one of the most respected scientists in the field.

Diffusion-controlled corrosion of gas agitated vessel under forced convection conditions

The rate of diffusion-controlled corrosion of a bubble column was studied by determining the rate of diffusion-controlled dissolution of the column wall (copper) in acidified chromate solution. Variables studied were gas (N 2 ) flow rate, physical properties of the solution and the height of the solution in the column. For particle-free solution, the data were correlated by an empirical equation. The effect of solid particles on the rate of diffusion-controlled corrosion in a bubble column containing suspended solid was also studied.

The effect of dismal swamp dissolved organic matter on the adsorption and surface-enhanced hydrolysis of monophenyl terephthalate in aluminum oxide suspensions

It has recently been reported that hydrolysis rates of monophenyl terephthalate (MPT −), an anionic carboxylic acid ester, are more than order of magnitude higher in 10 g/liter aluminum oxide suspensions than in particle-free solutions. The present study demonstrates that natural organic matter (NOM), ubiquitous in aquatic environments, lowers both the extent of MPT − adsorption to the aluminum oxide surface and K h , the rate constant for MPT − hydrolysis. A competitive effect is observed, since inhibition by a particular NOM concentration can be compensated for by increasing the aluminum oxide loading. The presence of NOM and other specifically adsorbing species in natural aquatic environments is expected to have a significant effect on the adsorption and reaction of organic compounds on mineral surfaces.

9] Solubilization of the receptor for intrinsic factor—B12 complex from guinea pig intestinal mucosa

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses an overview of solubilization of the receptor for intrinsic factor-B 12 complex from guinea pig intestinal mucosa. The absorption of dietary vitamin B 12 from the intestine in many animal species requires the presence of intrinsic factor (IF), a glycoprotein secreted by the gastric mucosa. Normally, this protein is produced in large excess over actual requirements and is rarely a limiting factor in absorption. In vitro studies employing everted intestinal sacs, mucosal homogenates, and microvillous membranes prepared from the distal, but not the proximal, small bowel show uptake of IF-B 12 complex in the presence of a physiologic pH and calcium ions. The implication of this is that a receptor for IF-B 12 complex exists at the surface of the ileal cell. This chapter describes solubilization of guinea pig ileal mucosal homogenates employing the detergent Triton X-100. A particle-free solution was obtained that contained all the IF-B 12 receptors estimated to be present on the starting intestinal membranes. It is expected that better quantitation of IF- B12 receptor will help investigators to elucidate the mechanisms of B 12 absorption and malabsorption. The method employed for assaying and quantitating this solubilized receptor is also described in the chapter.