Particle Fineness Research Articles

Evaluating the impact of reducing POFA’s particle fineness on its pozzolanic reactivity and mortar strength

This paper presents the effect of size reduction of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) in the nanoscale to improve the mortar strength. In this work, three different particle sizes of POFA prepared using the LA abrasion machine were used as a cement replacement. The physical and chemical properties, mineralogy, and morphology of all POFA specimens were studied. The effect of size reduction on the pozzolanic reactivity of POFA is also studied. The mortar mix design that contained micro and nano POFA was prepared and evaluated for its compressive and flexural properties at the ages of 7, 28, 56, and 90 days. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the relationship between the factors (cement replacement) and responses (compressive and flexural strength), aiming to find the best mix design. The grinding method in this work produced POFA as small as 110 nm. The nano POFAs were observed to have better pozzolanic reactivity compared to micro POFA. The results show that nano POFA increased the mortar strength activity index by up to 20% compared to micro POFA. The best mix design was found using a combination of 10 and 3% of micro and nano POFA as cement replacement. The best mix design shows excellent early compressive strength (7 days) compared to other mixes, although the difference in long-term compressive strength is insignificant. Similar findings were observed for the flexural strength, whereby the best mix design was obtained using a combination of 10 and 3% of micro and nano POFA. This work may provide useful insight into the effect of size reduction on the pozzolanic reactivity of POFA.

Study of the flow characteristics of the dense bed and its enhancing effect on coal particles separation by CFD-DEM applied in Teeter bed separator

ABSTRACT Teeter bed separator (TBS) plays an important role in coal and mineral fines beneficiation. It is believed that a favorable dense concentrated bed is the key to ensuring the effective particle separation. This paper mainly presents the investigation of the flow characteristics of the dense bed and its enhancing effect on particle fines separation by CFD-DEM to reveal the complex separation behavior of TBS. First, the enhancing effect of the dense bed for separating real fine coal is experimentally studied. The specific simulation for particle motion is further verified by the literature experiment. The simulated dynamic behavior of the mismatch-prone particles reveals that the dense bed in the concentration range of 20–47% could promote particle separation by density. The fact is that a certain velocity difference is generated between mismatch-prone particles, and the smaller heavier particles move faster than the larger lighter particles. It is especially beneficial for separating fine coal material in TBS. The enhancing mechanism of the dense bed is further revealed by analyzing the mismatch-prone particle forces of collision and fluid drag force. Comprehensively, the appropriate bed concentration of 35–45% is suggested for the actual TBS operation.

A Hydration Model to Evaluate the Properties of Cement-Quartz Powder Hybrid Concrete.

Although quartz powder is a common concrete filling material, the importance and originality of this study lies in the development of a hydration model for quartz powder-cement binary mixtures and the adoption of this model to predict the development of concrete material properties. The purpose of this study is to use this model to promote the material design of environmentally friendly concrete and to elucidate the relationships in the development of the various properties of quartz powder concrete. The method used in this study was as follows: The parameters of the hydration model were obtained through seven days of hydration heat experiments. The hydration heat up to 28 days was also calculated, and the various properties of the concrete were predicted from the heat of hydration. The main findings of this study were as follows: (1) The ultimate hydration heat released per gram of cement for the different quartz powder substitution rates and quartz powder particle fineness was the same, at 390.145 J/g cement, as was the shape index of the hydration model at -1.003. (2) Moreover, through the model calculations, we found that, at the twenty-eighth day of the curing period for the quartz powder specimens with different quartz powder substitution amounts and different fineness, the reaction level of the cement was similar, at 0.963, as were the values of the cumulative heat of hydration, with both at 375.5 J/g cement. (3) The model showed that, in the late stage (28 days) of hydration for quartz powders of different fineness and when the substitution amount was the same, the cumulative heat of hydration over 28 days was similar. (4) The properties of concrete were evaluated using the calculated hydration heat. Overall, the predictive performance of the power and linear functions was similar, with no significant differences being found.

Co-grinding treatment for developing integrated-properties SCMs from basic oxygen furnace slag and furnace bottom ash: A step toward synthesis advanced SCMs

The recycling of the basic oxygen furnace slag (BOF) and the furnace bottom ash (FBA) as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) will contribute to achieving the sustainability requirements of the infrastructure sector. The BOF possesses inherent hydraulic properties due to its high content of glass network-modifying phases (e.g., CaO, MgO, Na2O, and K2O). However, its poor grindability, variability in quality, and purity are factors that may limit its reuse as a SCM. This paper aims to explore the impact of co-grinding BOF with FBA on the chemical, physical, and microscopic properties of the new combinations and their effect on the performance of their designed mortar. Combinations consisting of three ratios of BOF to FBA (3:1, 3:2, and 1:1) were synthesized, and the results of the co-grinding were compared with those equivalents in separate grinding. The findings indicate that co-grinding improved the fineness and synergies of the BOF-FBA particles without significantly altering the crystalline phases or developing new ones compared to the original materials. Combined grinding had a positive effect on the flowability of mortar mixtures and the development of compressive strength at all curing ages. Microstructural analyses revealed denser and more compact microstructures in mortar designed from the co-ground BOF-FBA combinations, along with lower Ca/Si and Si/Al ratios, indicating the positive influence of co-grinding on the growth of hydrates.

The impact of different stirrer designs and mill orientations on the grinding efficiency

The primary objective of this research is to examine the impact of various stirrer designs in different mill orientations on the efficiency of calcite grinding in a dry stirred mill. In the context of the research, a series of batch grinding experiments were performed using a laboratory-scale stirred mill that could be oriented vertically or horizontally. Four distinct stirrer designs, namely 3-pin, 5-pin, 3-disc, and 5-disc, all with the same diameters, were employed in these studies. Stress intensity analysis was used to evaluate the experimental outcomes. The findings indicated that the number of stirrers present on the shaft, whether in the form of pins or discs, significantly influenced the effectiveness of the grinding process. Furthermore, the horizontal orientation performance of the 5-disc design provided the best particle fineness compared to other combinations. Additionally, the batch grinding experiments provided indications that the disc design yielded favorable results when employed in the horizontal mill configuration, while the pin design proved to be successful when utilized in the vertical mill configuration. Aside from these, design variations had an impact on the particle size distribution width characteristics of the products. The design parameters were also evaluated in terms of the stress intensity-particle size distribution width relationship.

Effect of milled pegmatite quarry wastes powders on structure, microstructure and mechanical properties of pegmatite-based geopolymers

In this investigation, mechanical activation (MA) of pegmatite quarry wastes was perform via an eccentric vibratory mill to improve the geopolymeric reactivity. The MA at miscellaneous times (0 to 90 min) resulted in different activation degrees of samples with improved the fineness of particle size and specific surface area from 2.974 to 5.311 m2.g− 1. Geopolymer binders were synthesized by partly replacing the pegmatite quarry waste with 12.5 wt% of metakaolin. The activating solution used was a mixture of 10 M NaOH and Na2SiO3 solution with a volume ratio of 1:1. Reaction kinetics, compressive strength, water absorption, chemical (FT-IR, XRD, 27Al and 29Si MAS NMR), and microstructural (SEM/EDS and TEM) analyses were done to characterize the obtained geopolymer binders. The microstructural characterization reveals that undissolved/unreacted particles decreased while the non-bridge particles increased with pegmatite milled. Under SEM/EDS and TEM, fineness of pegmatite particles is highlighted by the formation of more reaction product. As a result, the compressive strength of geopolymer binders improved from 22.3 to 51.6 MPa for 0 to 60 min of milling. From these results, there is feasibility of valorising feldspathic (pegmatite) quarry wastes as alternative aluminosilicate precursors to develop environmentally-friendly geopolymer binders. The resulting binders with high-strength and low water absorption (≤ 8.6%) associated to minimization of CO2-emissions can be used as potential candidate in structural applications.

Faceted gold nanocrystal film over nanosphere for sensitive SERS distinction of fungicides by deep learning analysis

Metal film over nanosphere (MFON) as a classical SERS-active substrate has attracted numerous attention and applications due to its excellent sensitivity and signal uniformity. However, such MFON substrates prepared by metal deposition require strictly controlled experimental conditions with high cost to obtain high batch reproducibility. In addition, the precise adjustment of the metal particle fineness and crystal facet is hard to conduct, limiting the SERS signal for further improvement. In this work, we propose multifaceted Au nanocrystal over nanosphere (AuNCFON) structures based on a facile and robust interfacial assembly technique. Notably, the preparation method could reduce significant loss of metallic materials without the requirement of large-scale instrumentation, and allows precise control of the metal film thickness and the nanocrystal facet. Specifically, the size and facet of nanocrystals on PS spheres are systematically regulated and the Au dodecahedral films with {110} facet on PS arrays exhibit optimal SERS activity. The SERS intensity is amplified by an enhancement factor of 0.13 × 107 with excellent signal homogeneity and batch reproducibility. Finally, the sensitive and accurate distinction of similarly structured molecules including crystal violet and malachite green (fungicides) is demonstrated assisted by principal component analysis-partial least squares (PCA-PLS) algorithm. The AuNCFON SERS substrate combined with deep learning analysis has a broad application prospect in reliable identification of chemical pollutants.

Effect of Rice Husk Ash on the Properties of Concrete

Abstract: As a binder for infrastructure development, conventional Portland cement is currently the primary material that is used. However, cement production has a substantial impact on the environment, and many pozzolanic materials can reduce their carbon footprint with conventional Portland cement. In this experimental study, replacement of OPC (ordinary portland cement) is replaced with the ash produced from rice husk (An agricultural waste) and analyzed for durability and strength performance in concrete samples and mortar as well as chemical composition analysis and microstructure observation of rice hull ash according to X-ray differential test data were also conducted in the research analysis. it is produced by burning of husk (produced by rice barley waste) of oxygen for the production of rice husk ash. Its chemical composition is rich in silicates and aluminates which promotes the binding property of ordinary Portland cement and does not affect the IST(Initial setting time), FST(Final setting time) and does not increase the fineness of the cement particles hence it gives significant results with cement replacement. It was determined that 10% rice husk ash replacement was the optimum value for rice husk ash replacement based on the strength and workability criteria of the concrete quality assurance system.

Utilization of wastes/by-products as a grinding additive

In this work, the use of water (W) as a grinding additive in addition to waste/by-products such as olive black water (BW) and residue of olive black water (RBW) in calcite dry grinding to be sized in microns was investigated at a laboratory scale. The test results were evaluated based on product fineness, grinding time, liquid material dosage, and powder flowability. The study revealed that the use of any kind of liquid materials tested improved the grinding process compared to the blank condition. Considering RBW, powder flowability increased as its concentration increased. The findings from both the BW and W data revealed that the dose increase does not yield favorable outcomes in relation to the ffp index. Nevertheless, there was a noticeable enhancement in particle fineness.

Rheological properties of CEMI type microfine cement slurry with different fineness

In geotechnical engineering, rheological properties of CEMI type microfine cement slurries are deficient. In this paper, rheological performance of microfine cementitious slurry is studied systematically under five particle fineness, five water-binder ratios (W/B), and different contents of superplasticizers (SP) (naphthalene-based (N) and polycarboxylate-based (PCE)). Rheological performance included rheological behavior (fluidity and flow time), key parameters (yield stress, plastic viscosity, and hysteresis area), and time dependent viscosity. Their correlations and reasons were discussed. The results showed that rheological parameters did not change significantly when the W/B is greater than 1.5. For MCIV slurry without SP, when the W/B increased from 1.5 to 2.0, yield stress decreased from 2.3 to 1.53 Pa, plastic viscosity decreased from 8 to 4.5 mPa·s, and hysteretic area is reduced from 466.6 to 206.8 Pa/s. The W/B affects rheological parameters significantly compared with the fineness. The critical rheological model transformation condition of MCII slurry was determined when W/B was 1.2 without SP. For MCIII and MCIV grouts with W/B of 1.0, rheological parameters of slurries with 0.3% PCE are close to those with 0.7 % N. Quantitative relationships among rheological parameters and behavior were established, and correlations were determined. Moreover, relationships among apparent viscosity and W/B, fineness and time are established. To ensure grouting effectiveness in applications, a combination of W/B of 1.0–1.5, MCIII or MCIV fineness, 0.3–0.4% PCE or 0.5–0.7 % N is suggested.

Carbonized Melamine Cyanurate as a Palladium Catalyst Support for the Dehydrogenation of N-heterocyclic Compounds in LOHC Technology

In this work, the use of graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with improved texture characteristics for the synthesis of supported palladium catalysts of dehydrogenation of nitrogen-containing heterocycles was studied. This process is key to the creation of liquid organic carrier technology (LOHC) using N-heterocycles as reversibly hydrogenated/dehydrogenated substrates. For the preparation of graphite-like carbon nitride supports with advanced textural characteristics, well-established technology of the melamine cyanurate complex carbonization and standard techniques of adsorption precipitation together with wet impregnation were used for the synthesis of Pd-containing systems. The activity of the synthesized catalysts was studied in decahydroquinoline dehydrogenation. The high weight content of extractable hydrogen (7.2 wt%) and the high extraction rate, respectively, make it possible to consider these substances as the most promising N-heterocyclic compounds for this technology. It was shown that an increase in the specific surface area of g-C3N4 allows for achieving a slightly lower but comparable fineness of palladium particles for the 1 wt% Pd/MCA-500 sample, compared to the standard 1 wt% Pd/C. In this case, the catalytic activity of 1 wt% Pd/MCA-500 in the dehydrogenation of both substrates exceeded the analogous parameter for catalysts supported by nitrogen-free supports. This regularity is presumably associated with the electron-donor effect of surface nitrogen, which favorably affects the dehydrogenation rate as well as the stability of catalytic systems.

Mechanical grinding kinetics and particle packing novel characterization of iron ore tailings as inert filler for cement mortar

This study utilized image processing techniques to extract the morphological parameters of IOTs and established a grinding kinetic equation for particle morphology. The Divas-Aliavden equation and RRB model were applied to analyze the grinding kinetics of particle physical parameters. The Fuller and MAA particle packing models were employed to discuss the packing structure and density of particles in mortar. The relationship between particle physical parameters and compressive strength in the IOTs-cement system was explored through path analysis and grey correlation analysis. The results indicated that as the grinding process of IOTs progressed, the particle fineness decreased, the uniformity of particle size distribution and roundness increased, and using IOTs as inert fillers in mortar improved the particle packing structure and increased system density. Path analysis revealed the key influence of particle roundness on compressive strength, while the grey correlation analysis revealed that particles in the 2–60 μm range exerted a positive impact on the compressive strength of the composite binder system, with the most pronounced effect observed within the 8–16 μm range. Based on economic and technical considerations, the optimal mechanical grinding time for IOTs used as inert filler in cement mortar was determined to be 2.5 h.

Long-term replenishment strategy of SiC-doped Mn-Fe particles for high-temperature thermochemical energy storage

Thermal chemical energy storage (TCES) is a promising technology for large-scale energy storage, but long-term use of TCES materials can lead to attrition and reaction performance deterioration, compromising heat storage capacity and system continuity. To tackle this challenge, it is imperative to develop effective replenishment strategies and investigate the evolution of TCES materials. In this study, SiC-doped Mn-Fe particles exhibited superior performance, with only 1.87% mass loss ratio after 4.32×105 rotations attrition testing and a reaction conversion of 91.7% even after 800 reaction cycles. However, assessing material suitability for TCES systems necessitates analyzing both attrition resistance and reaction performance. A replenishment strategy was proposed, based on the attrition conversion factor and analysis of dissipated energy of particles in concentrated solar power (CSP) plants. Compared to undoped Mn-Fe particles, the annual replenishment ratio was reduced by one order of magnitude for SiC-doped particles, to only 1.26% (0.5 wt% SiC) and 0.994% (1 wt% SiC). The replenishment strategy and strengthened particles result in curtailed particle fines and particle flow interruption, and enhanced economics. Continuous replenishment strategy can undoubtedly cater to the requisite heat storage capacity demands for protracted system operation and extend system stability, promoting the advancement of TCES technology.

Effect of Monodisperse Coal Particles on the Maximum Drop Spreading after Impact on a Solid Wall

The effect of coal hydrophilic particles in water-glycerol drops on the maximum diameter of spreading along a hydrophobic solid surface is experimentally studied by analyzing the velocity of internal flows by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The grinding fineness of coal particles was 45–80 μm and 120–140 μm. Their concentration was 0.06 wt.% and 1 wt.%. The impact of particle-laden drops on a solid surface occurred at Weber numbers (We) from 30 to 120. It revealed the interrelated influence of We and the concentration of coal particles on changes in the maximum absolute velocity of internal flows in a drop within the kinetic and spreading phases of the drop-wall impact. It is explored the behavior of internal convective flows in the longitudinal section of a drop parallel to the plane of the solid wall. The kinetic energy of the translational motion of coal particles in a spreading drop compensates for the energy expended by the drop on sliding friction along the wall. At We = 120, the inertia-driven spreading of the particle-laden drop is mainly determined by the dynamics of the deformable Taylor rim. An increase in We contributes to more noticeable differences in the convection velocities in spreading drops. When the drop spreading diameter rises at the maximum velocity of internal flows, a growth of the maximum spreading diameter occurs. The presence of coal particles causes a general tendency to reduce drop spreading.

Improving Concrete Infrastructure Project Conditions by Mitigating Alkali–Silica Reactivity of Fine Aggregates

Alkali–silica reactivity (ASR) is one of multiple reactions responsible for premature loss in concrete infrastructure service life. ASR results in the formation of expansive, white-colored gel-like material which results in internal stresses within hardened concrete. ASR-induced stresses result in concrete cracking, spalling, and increased reinforcement steel corrosion rates. The main objective of this research is to improve the conditions of concrete infrastructure projects by mitigating ASR’s damaging effect. The expansion of accelerated mortar bars poured using fine aggregates collected from different sources is measured versus time to evaluate the aggregates’ reactivity. Different percentages of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), including class C fly ash and microsilica, were used in remixing mortar bars to evaluate the efficiency of different types of SCMs in mitigating mortar bar expansion. The research findings showed that SCMs can mitigate ASR, thus decreasing mortar bar expansion. The efficiency of SCMs in ASR mitigation is highly dependent on the incorporated SCM percentage and particle fineness. Silica fume, having the smallest particle size, displayed higher rates of ASR mitigation, followed by fly ash. The outcomes of this research will assist design engineers in avoiding future losses due to ASR cracking in concrete infrastructure projects, and reduce the excessive need for maintenance, repair, and replacement activities.

Study on Physical Properties of Desulfurized Electrolytic Manganese Residue Cement and Properties of Mortar.

The desulfurized electrolytic manganese residue (DMR) was prepared by calcination and desulfurization of industrial waste electrolytic manganese residue, and the original DMR was ground to prepare DMR fine powder (GDMR) with specific surface areas of 383 m2/kg, 428 m2/kg, and 629 m2/kg. The effects of particle fineness and content of GDMR (GDMR content=0%, 10%, 20%, 30%) on the physical properties of cement and the mechanical properties of mortar were studied. After that, the leachability of heavy metal ions was tested, and the hydration products of GDMR cement were analyzed using XRD and SEM. The results show that the addition of GDMR can regulate the fluidity and water requirement for the normal consistency of cement, delay the hydration process of cement, increase the initial setting and final setting time of cement, and reduce the strength of cement mortar, especially the strength of early age mortar. As the fineness of GDMR increases, the reduction of bending strength and compressive strength decreases, and the activity index increases. The content of GDMR has a significant effect on short-term strength. With the increase in GDMR content, the strength reduction degree becomes higher and the activity index decreases. When the content of GDMR was 30%, the 3D compressive strength and bending strength decreased by 33.1% and 29%. When the content of GDMR in cement is less than 20%, the maximum limit of leachable heavy metal content in cement clinker can be met.

Effect of addition of alumina and rare-earth oxide particles on the corrosion resistance and mechanism of low carbon low alloy steel

The corrosion mechanism of the low carbon low alloy steel with Al2O3 particles and rare Earth (RE) oxide particles was compared in a simulated marine environment. It is shown that when the Al2O3-containing particles are introduced, the number density of nonmetallic particles of the steel increases twice, and the average particle size decreases from approximately 2.4 μm to 1.4 μm. With the introduction of Al2O3-containing particles, the amount of pitting corrosion increases. Furthermore, pitting corrosion occurs more uniformly owing to the fineness of the Al2O3 particles, thereby leading to smaller, shallower pits after the Al2O3 particles are shed. Hence, the corrosion performance of the steel with Al2O3 particles is significantly improved than that of the steel without Al2O3 particles. By adding RE oxide particles into steel, the nonmetallic particles in steel are refined but not as effectively as that achieved by adding the Al2O3-containing particles. Different from Al2O3 particles, Cu is obviously enriched in the location of RE oxide particles at the initial corrosion stage, which makes the steel exhibit the best corrosion resistance. Cu enrichment is attributed to the mobile Cu present in the rust layer and to the micro acid region formed around the RE oxide particles.

The intrinsic relationship between flocculation effect and apparent viscosity of fresh slurry

Apparent viscosity considerably influence the migration and diffusion of the slurries. However, the effect of particle structure on the slurry viscosity is still indeterminate. In this study, the distribution of flocculent particles was measured using a particle track analyzer with focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) system. A rheometer was used to measure apparent viscosity of fresh slurry. Three factors of water-cement ratio (W/C), particle shape, and particle fineness directly change the particle structure, and indirectly affect apparent viscosity of slurry. Increased W/C reduces the flocculation degree, the particle fineness increases the particle interparticle in the slurry, and the microbead action of fly ash makes it challenging to form flocculent structures. These factors affect the ratio of bound water, flocculent water, and free water, as well as the interparticle force, thereby changing the slurry viscosity. Further, an effective volume fraction was proposed, and revealed a change in viscosity as the result of the particle structure. The results demonstrate the rationality of the analysis and the predictions. The established relationship provides design basis for the application of other materials and additives. The paper's originality is that the effective volume fraction (ϕm) is proposed and the relationship between flocculent structure and slurry viscosity is established under multiple factors.

Formation of Metal-Oxide Nanocomposites with Highly Dispersed Co Particles from a Co-Zr Powder Blend by Mechanical Alloying and Hydrogen Treatment.

The use of metal powders produced by mechanical treatment in various fields, such as catalysis or gas absorption, is often limited by the low specific surface area of the resulting particles. One of the possible solutions for increasing the particle fineness is hydrogen treatment; however, its effect on the structure of mechanically treated powders remains unexplored. In this work, for the first time, a metal-oxide nanocomposite powder was produced by mechanical alloying (MA) in a high-energy planetary ball mill from commercial powders of Zr and Co in the atomic ratio Co:Zr = 53:47 in an inert atmosphere, followed by high-pressure hydrogenation at room temperature. The initial powders and products of alloying and hydrogenation were studied by XRD, 59Co Internal Field NMR, SEM, and HRTEM microscopy with EDX mapping, as well as Raman spectroscopy. MA resulted in significant amorphization of the powders, as well as extensive oxidation of zirconium by water according to the so-called "Fukushima effect". Moreover, an increase in hcp Co sites was observed. 59Co IF NMR spectra revealed the formation of magnetically single-domain cobalt particles after hydrogenation. The crystallite sizes remained unchanged, which was not observed earlier. The pulverization of Co and an increase in hcp Co sites made this nanocomposite suitable for the synthesis of promising Fischer-Tropsch catalysts.

Mechanical Activation of OPC for Lower Strength UHPC with Reduced Silica Fume Content

Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) traditionally exhibits compressive strength exceeding 150 MPa. However, variants have been identified with slightly lesser strengths that still surpass those of standard concrete; these are termed Lower Strength Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (LSUHPC). This study focused on the strategic utilization of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in LSUHPC formulation while significantly curtailing the extensive use of silica fume, which is a common practice in UHPC production. Typically, high-performance concrete, with strengths ranging from 120-150 MPa, is produced using fine aggregates, heavy doses of silica fume, superplasticizer, and fiber. Contrary to this traditional method, our research developed an LSUHPC mix design with a significantly reduced volume of silica fume. For the current research stage, the use of steel fiber was omitted. To counteract the reduction in silica fume, the OPC was subjected to mechanical grinding to enhance its particle fineness and reactivity. Additionally, a low volume of class F fly ash was incorporated into the mixture to improve its workability. This adjustment was theorized to diminish inter-particle voids, reduce the water requirement, and increase the mixture’s density. With a fixed superplasticizer dosage of 4%, the aim was to minimize the water-to-binder ratio, maintaining workability and achieving enhanced particle packing and compressive strength. Following a series of grinding, particle fineness analyses, mix design formulations, and consistency tests, it was confirmed that the strategic application of OPC, combined with fly ash and reduced silica fume levels in the LSUHPC formulation, can achieve the targeted high compressive strength. This approach opens the door for cost-efficient LSUHPC production by drastically reducing the use of silica fume.