Particle Board Research Articles

Zeolite‐Based “Particle Board” Membranes for Rapid and Selective Hydrogen Permeation

AbstractZeolites, with their well‐defined pore sizes and outstanding stability, are regarded as the quintessential material for precise molecular separation tasks. However, the leap from easily produced zeolite powders to synthesizing free‐standing zeolite membranes, which can fully leverage their ordered porosity, presents substantial technical hurdles. Addressing this challenge, this study introduces polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM‐1) as adhesives through a wrapping‐compression method for the facile fabrication of high‐performance and free‐standing zeolite (FAU) “particle board” membranes. The 3D tomogram reconstruction from the focused ion beam‐scanning electron microscope images reveals the “particle board” membranes exhibit hierarchical porous structures. The non‐interconnecting macropores between zeolite particles facilitate the rapid H2 permeation, and the zeolites’ ordered micropores sieve the gas molecules. The optimized FAU@PIM‐1 free‐standing membrane with hierarchically pore structures demonstrated hydrogen permeance (2240 GPU) alongside H2/CH4 selectivity (31.68) for mixed gas and maintained this performance level under pressure ranges from 1.2 to 4.0 bar and over protracted operational periods (up to 3200 h). Meanwhile, EMT and MFI‐type zeolites have also been successfully applied to validate the versatility of this method, demonstrating its widespread potential for the fabrication of various free‐standing zeolite membranes.

Study on withdrawal force capacity of insert nut in wood-based materials used for case furniture

ABSTRACT This study aimed to further investigate optimal interference fits of the insert nut in wood-based materials using the digital image correlation method (DICM). A complete two-factor 3 × 5 factorial experiment was designed to study the withdrawal force capacity (WFC) of the insert nut in wood-based materials considering three material types, particle board (PB), plywood (PL), and block board (BB), and five interference fits, 0.2, 0.7, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.7 mm. Additionally, the mechanical properties of wood-based materials were measured and used to further analyse WFC. The results showed that material type, interference fit and their interaction had significant effects on WFC. The maximum WFC of PL (1117 N) was greater than that of BB (1015 N) followed by PB (690 N). The DICM can visually evaluate and determine the optimal interference fit of the insert nut in wood-based materials. Three-order polynomial equations can be used to predict the WFCs of the insert nut in wood-based materials evaluated relating to interference fit. The maximum WFCs of wood-based materials may relate to the yield strengths of materials perpendicular to plane. The optimal interference fits for the insert nut in PB, PL, and BB are 0.7, 0.9, and 1.2 mm, respectively.

A Comparative Study of the Physio-Mechanical Properties of Iron Fillings and Mild Steel Chips in Reinforced Particleboard

This study compared the physio-mechanical characteristics of mild steel chips and iron fillings on sawdust-produced particleboard to regular particleboard made from sawdust alone, using identical production conditions. Particle board was made using 1.18mm sawdust, 3mm mild steel chips, and iron filler with diameters of 0.15mm, 0.425mm, 0.6mm, 1.18mm, and 2.0mm. 70g of sawdust, 40g of iron fillings, and 40g of mild steel chips were used in the production process. 50ml urea formaldehyde was used as a binder. The atomic absorption spectroscopy was determined for iron fillings and mild steel chips. Particleboards were produced at a temperature of 160°C and a pressure of 20 tons for 15 minutes. Mechanical property tested indicates that particleboard containing iron filings has a lower Modulus of rupture (MOR) because the size of the iron filings in the particleboard reduces as the MOR increases. The particle size of iron filling with the value of 2.0mm had the least MOR of 3.99mpa/m2 in iron filling samples. The MOR of Mild steel chips was higher compared to all the samples analyzed. Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) of particleboard produced from iron filings increases as the particle sizes of iron filings increases. The samples containing iron filings alone showed the highest MOE of 244.89 MPa/m2 for 2.0 mm particle board, while the ones containing mild steel chips had the highest MOE of 282.82 MPa/m2 across all samples, suggesting their strength as reinforcement. The rate of water absorption and thickness of swell of particleboard produced from iron filings increases as the size of the iron fillings increase.

The Influences of Selected Factors on Bending Moment Capacity of Case Furniture Joints

This study experimentally investigated the effects of selected factors on the bending moment capacity (BMC) of case furniture joints. The main aim was to explore mixed applications of wood-based materials and fasteners in manufacturing case furniture to reduce material costs. The study examined the effects of the face member material—particle board (PB), plywood (PL), and block board (BB)—edge member material (PB, PL, and BB), and joint shape (T-shape and L-shape) on BMC. Additionally, the study evaluated the effects of joint type (two eccentrics (TE), two dowels (TD), and one eccentric and one dowel (ED)), and material type (PB, PL, and BB) on BMC for L-shaped joints. The results showed that joint shape and face member material significantly affected the BMC of case furniture joint. The BMCs of T-shaped joints were significantly greater than those of L-shaped joints, regardless of the material of the face and edge members, except when the face member was made of PL. For L-shaped joints with PL face members, the BMCs were significantly higher compared to others. Joints constructed with TE exhibited significantly higher BMC compared to ED and TD for the same material type. For PB, TE joints exhibited an increase of approximately 3.0 Nm and 2.0 Nm compared to TD and ED, respectively. For PL, TE showed an increase of 9.1 Nm and 4.1 Nm compared to ED and TD, respectively. For BB, the increases were 7.0 Nm and 6.6 Nm compared to ED and TD. The BMC of joints made with PL and constructed with TE and ED was significantly greater than those of BB, followed by PB. However, for joints assembled with TD, there was no significant difference among the three materials. The ratios of BMC for joints constructed with ED compared to the half-sum of TE and TD were 0.73, 1.04, and 0.79 for PB, PL, and BB, respectively. These results suggest that the face member material predominantly influences the BMC of case furniture joints, indicating the potential to reduce costs by combining different materials and joint types.

Olymethylsilsesquioxane Oligomers as Ecologically Friendly Binding Agents for Particle Boards

The possibility of using multifunctional methylsilsesquioxane oligomers as ecologically friendly binding agents for wood chipboards is investigated. The physical and mechanical properties of the resulting particle boards are studied and compared with those of the boards containing a formaldehyde resin as a binder.

Leveraging Spruce Bark Particle Morphology for Enhanced Internal Bonding in Particleboard Production.

The continuous rise in global demand for wood products has led to an increase in prices and a surge in research into alternative resources. As a byproduct of the timber industry, bark has emerged as a promising supplement in particleboard (PB) production. However, its anatomical structure, the presence of extractives, and its inferior mechanical properties complicate the production process, which have not yet been fully overcome at a commercial scale. This study proposes a paradigm shift, advocating for separate and specialized bark constituent processing in a wet state. Three bark-based raw materials-namely, outer bark particles, bark fiber clumps, and bark fibers-were investigated under varying wood content scenarios. PBs with a target density of 0.7 g/cm3 and a thickness of 16 mm were produced using mixtures of these bark-based materials and wood particles in different ratios bonded with a urea-formaldehyde adhesive. The results demonstrated that these bark constituents exhibit distinct properties that can be optimized through tailored processing techniques. Compared to bark fibers, outer bark particles displayed about 40% lower water absorption and thickness swelling. However, bark fibers improved the internal bond by about 50% due to their favorable morphology compared to outer bark. These findings highlight the potential of bark as a valuable resource for particleboard production and pave the way for its efficient utilization through specialized processing strategies.

Preparation and properties of a rigid hemp shiv insulation particle board using citric acid-glycerol mixture as an eco-friendly binder

Particle boards are commonly manufactured from wood-based material bound with a thermosetting adhesive based on the reaction of formaldehyde with phenol, urea, melamine, or co-condensates. The use of formaldehyde is a cause for concern due to its harmful emissions. This study investigates the use of an alternative binder combined with particles derived from a short-cycle crop as an alternative to timber derived particles. A low density particle board was developed using hemp shiv as an aggregate with a binder made with crude glycerol, derived from the waste stream of the bio-diesel industry, esterified with citric acid under heat activation. This board was characterized and found to have good mechanical properties, low thermal conductivity, and good moisture buffering. Dimensional stability was compromised by swelling when exposed to water, but it will be possible to address this shortcoming using hydrophobic additives. The acoustic properties of the board were also found to be excellent, showing potential for use as a thermally insulating acoustic separator for internal walls.

Some physical and mechanical properties of particle boards produced with hazelnut husk and astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) plant

In this study, under laboratory conditions, hazelnut husk and astragalus plant were mixed separately into black pine wood chips, and multi-purpose boards were produced from the obtained chips with urea formaldehyde glue. After the hazelnut husk and astragalus plant were dried and ground, they were added to the chip and glue mixture in certain proportions. Hazelnut husk mixture ratios were applied as 100 %; 0 %, 75 %; 25 %, 50 %; 50 %, 25 %; 75 %, 0 %; 100 % to black pine wood chip in the particle board mixture. These ratios were made in the same way for the astragalus plant. From these mixtures, chipboard blanks of 16 mm thickness and densities between 0,68 g/cm3 and 0,72 g/cm3 were produced. Density, moisture content, thickness increase, water intake, bending strength, modulus of elasticity in bending and tensile strength perpendicular to the surface were tested in physical and mechanical experiments. According to the results obtained, as the participation rate of hazelnut shells and astragalus increased, the durability properties of the panels decreased. At the same time, it shows that the technological properties of the panels produced by adding up to 25 % astragalus plant and hazelnut shells to the mixture comply with the standards.

Examination of the effect of air gaps on impact sound insulation performance of dry-type double floor system

The dry-type double floor system is a floor finishing structure widely installed for apartments and offices in Japan. However, after installing the double floor system, it is found that the impact sound insulation performance using a heavy-weight impact source is usually reduced due to the resonance of the air layer between the floor panels and the concrete slab. To reduce this adverse effect, small air gaps are set between the floor panels and the surrounding walls. In this paper, an experimental study is conducted firstly. A small specimen including particle board, support legs and air gaps is made to examine the effect of air gaps experimentally. Then, the air gaps are built as a Maxwell model considering that the air gaps act as the orifice of air spring. The theoretical analysis is conducted to explain the mechanism of impact sound insulation of the double floor system with or without air gaps. Finally, a parametric study is conducted to investigate the effect of air gaps with different dimensions on the impact sound insulation performance of the double floor system.

Optimization of mixing ratio for the production of particle board from bamboo leaves, saw dust and urea formaldehyde

This study investigated the best mix sawdust, bamboo leaves, and urea formaldehyde to create particleboard by optimizing the mixing ratio. Finding the optimal ratio of sawdust, urea formaldehyde, and bamboo leaves for the binders used in particle board production was the aim of this study. The particle boards' mechanical and physical tests were investigated. The surface morphology of particleboards and its elemental compositions were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The result observed from mechanical and physical tests conducted particle boards showed that best particleboard of composition 100 % sawdust, 50 % bamboo leaves and 2.5 g urea had the highest density of 675.643 kg/m3, modulus rupture of 3.84 N/mm2 and modulus elasticity of 2756 N/mm2. The optimal level generated by the experimental design of composition 50 % sawdust, 50 % bamboo leaves and 2.0 g urea were validated. MOR of 13.02 N/mm2 and MOE observed were 881.39 N/mm2. The SEM and EDS results revealed that optimal particleboard of validated experiment had surface with more fibrous network structures than particle board of the best process level. The particleboard that was produced from validated experiment complied with the American National Standard ANSI/A208.1–999.

Strategic pathways for a bioeconomy with high value-added products: Lessons learnt from the Latvian forest sector

Climate change, the increasing global demand for food and feed and the loss of biodiversity, requires a shift towards a sustainable, innovative and knowledge-based bioeconomy. Simultaneously, the implementation of a strategic approach to the utilization of the sector and associated bioresources that aligns with the principles of sustainability represents a significant challenge. The aim of this study is therefore to develop a methodology for policy and decision makers to facilitate a knowledge-based bioeconomy policy planning framework. To map the development opportunities of the bioeconomy, a detailed analysis was conducted on the Latvian forest sector. This entailed an examination of the system's components within the sector, which involved the collection and analysis of statistical data, reports, and official information from forest sector stakeholders, with the objective of obtaining a comprehensive overview of Latvia's forest sector. Following the identification of the current enablers and constraints of the sector, a selection of niche products with high value-added for sector development was made. During group model building experts: (1) developed a SWOT matrix for the Latvian forest sector; (2) selected three wood-based high value-added products – textile from trees; particle board; natural thermal packaging; (3) elaborated SWOT/TOWS analysis to facilitate strategy development for the niche products. The developed methodology incorporates a synthesis of established scientific methods, including SWOT, TOWS, and AHP, with a bioeconomy system component analysis approach. The methodology therefore not only systematises the process of forest sector analysis, but also applies the findings to the development of sector development pathways aimed at shifting from low value-added to high value-added production. The innovation of the methodology lies not only in the combination of methods used, but also in the insights gained, which allow for a narrower product development perspective to be taken in order to understand the enablers and constraints of the sector and vice versa.

Experimental and numerical study on mounting force and withdrawal strength of self-threaded dowels in particleboard

Traditional and alternative joining techniques have been used for many years at the connection points of structural bearing systems. Especially, glued doweled and screwed type mechanical connections are widely used in wooden structures and furniture constructions. Although there are many studies related to the strength of dowel and screw joints, limited papers describe the practical use of self-threaded dowels (STDs) in the joints. In this study, thread geometry effect of the STDs in particleboard (PB) was investigated by determining the mounting force and withdrawal strength values. For this purpose, STDs including three different thread width (0,2 - 0,3 - 0,4 mm) and two different thread length (1 - 2 mm) were designed, produced and tested under static compressive and tensile forces. All STDs were produced with polylactic acid (PLA) by using Layer Plastic Deposition (LPD) method in 3D printing technology. Uniaxial compression tests were performed in order to determine the minimum mounting force while the tension tests were performed for determining the maximum withdrawal force required to put the STDs into the hole and pull out them, respectively. Numerical analysis (FEM) were used to analyze the contact pressures and stresses of the STD joints. Abaqus v6.13-1 software was utilized for the numerical analyses. In addition, multiple regression analysis was carried out to predict the mounting force and withdrawal strength of the STDs. Results showed that the predictive expressions developed provided reasonable estimates for mounting force and withdrawal strength of STDs. According to the statistical analyses; thread width, thread length and their interaction have significantly affected both mounting force and withdrawal strength of STDs. At the end of the experimental and numerical tests, STDs with 0,2 mm width and 2 mm length threads gave the lowest mounting force values, stresses and contact forces. However, the highest withdrawal strength values were obtained from the STDs with 0,3 mm width and 1 mm length threads. According to the results of the study, the optimum STD was the one with 0,3 mm thread width and 2 mm thread length. In conclusion, the STDs can be utilized as an alternative fastener to the conventional glued dowel type joints in PB. However, corner joints constructed of different kinds of wood-based composites and connected with the STDs should be investigated in the future studies.

Particleboard from the residues of wooden door production as a closed material cycle

The research was aimed at verifying that waste material from the production of wooden doors can be used to produce type P2 particleboard by EN 312 standards and that the interior door leaves made from it will meet the required tests. For this purpose, particleboards consisting of wood-based panel waste material were produced using MUF resins. The mechanical, physical and hygienic properties of the particleboard produced were investigated. Based on the results, it was confirmed that the boards made from both 100 % and 50 % waste met all the requirements for type-P2 particleboards. Prototype door leaves were then manufactured using boards made from 50 % waste and tested for functional properties. The door leaves for static torsional strength and resistance to vertical loads, soft and heavy impacts and strong body impacts meet the requirements for Class 1 by EN 1192, and resistance to repeated opening and closing cycles meets the requirements for Class 3 by EN 12400. The results indicate that producing the particleboards from waste from the same production line of interior door leaves does not impair the properties of the doors and the particle boards can be used to produce them. This product fits in with the idea of a circular economy and the idea itself contributes to the sustainability of production processes by managing part of the waste generated.

Environmentally Friendly Particle Board from Sawdust with the Addition of PP and PET Plastic Waste without Using UF Adhesive

Environmentally Friendly Particle Board from Sawdust with the Addition of PP and PET Plastic Waste without Using UF Adhesive

Optimization of microwave-produced coal-derived char insulation foam using response surface methodology

A new char-based insulation foam (CIF) is developed using coal-derived pyrolysis char (PC) and lignin, a paper and pulp industry byproduct. In this study, CIF is prepared by adopting the microwave method and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is utilized to optimize predictions about the properties such as thermal conductivity, foam texture, compressive strength, and pore distribution of CIF. The three independent variables including percent char content, lignin/char ratio, and foaming agent/polyol ratio are considered in the RSM methodology. The face-centered central composite design is selected to obtain 17 test runs. Optimization of the predicted responses is performed to find the recipe considering a composite desirability function. Confirmatory test results show agreement between the predicted and observed values, with the percent error ranging from 0.00 % to 11.35 %, thereby confirming the accuracy of the prediction equations. The optimized CIF exhibits a thermal conductivity of 0.0633 W/m.K and a compressive strength of 695 kPa making it comparable to or better than traditional building insulation products such as fiber insulation, polymer composite, particle board, and ceramic glass foam. Therefore, this new CIF has the potential to be used as an energy-saving insulation material for building envelopes.

Additive manufacturing of wood composite parts by individual layer fabrication - influence of process parameters on product properties

Individual Layer Fabrication (ILF) is a novel additive manufacturing process that was developed to create objects with high wood content and high mechanical strength. Here, thin and individually contoured wood composite panels are created via Binder Jetting and subsequent mechanical pressing. Like in Sheet Lamination, these panels are then laminated onto each other to create a three-dimensional object. With wood contents (more than 85 mass percent) and mechanical properties (more than 30 MPa flexural strength) on par with other engineered wood products like particle boards and plywood, the produced objects are well suited for the construction and furniture industry. To gain a deeper understanding of the process, the influence of processing parameters on the geometric and mechanical properties of the finished objects were investigated. As process parameters the amounts of adhesive and the pressing forces for both panel production and lamination were selected. It was discovered that the interaction between the amount of adhesive and the pressure used to produce the panels is highly relevant for the geometric properties. The three core mechanisms that are responsible for the mechanical properties of produced parts were identified and can be ranked in the following order: 1) the amount of adhesive in the panels binding the particles, 2) the density of the panels, 3) the amount of adhesive for laminating the panels.

The effect of the feed rate and revolutions of the cutting tool on the amounts of created chips in dust and respirable sizes from milling particleboards, and medium-density fibreboards

The CNC finish milling of wood-based materials creates chips in a wide size range, where considerable amounts were found even below <10.0μm. The presented article studied the effect of technological variables on determined amounts of chips in dust sizes and respirable range from medium-density fibreboards (MDF) and particleboards (PTCB). The materials were milled at a constant width of cut (ae) by 1mm, with the feed speed (vf) in the range of 6, 8, 10, and 12m·min-1, and with revolutions of the cutting tool (n) in the range of 16,000; 18,000; and 20,000revs·min-1. In dust size, we cover chips in the size range below <0.125mm, and respirable size below <10.0μm. The dust sizes from collected chip samples were determined by sieve analysis with pre-defined mesh sizes by weighting the retained mass on specific sieves and with the laser analysis we estimated the amounts of chips in sizes <10.0μm. The number of chips in the dust size ranged for MDF by 34.7-40.8w% and in PTCB by 38.1-54.7w%. Amount of chips in respirable size for MDF by 0.01-18% and for PTCB by 0.01-4.5% of the total mass volume. Increasing the (vf) from 6 to 12m/min significantly lowered amounts of Fine and chips in respirable size (p<0.05) in PTCB, no matter on adjusted cutting tool (n). In MDF such effect was observed only with (n) 20000revs/min for respirable sizes.

Performance assessment of particle board from organic wastes using polymer matrix

Performance assessment of particle board from organic wastes using polymer matrix

Power Generation using Speed Breakers and Potholes Detection

Abstract: A large amount of energy is wasted by the vehicles on roads when they apply heavy breaks on speed breakers. This happens due to friction and a high level of energy is produced. Energy can be extracted from the vehicles speed and weight. Another major issue is of major accidents caused by potholes on Indian roads. It is really important to identify these potholes and notify the driver about them to avoid these fatal accidents. Our project is an attempt to solve both these issues an effective, innovative and feasible manner. The domains in our project are energy generation/conservation and image processing. To generate electricity, we want a fast-moving face that can generate electricity. The reciprocating motion of the reducer is converted into rotational motion thanks to the rack and pinion device and a special system called the cylinder. We have developed a smart speed reducer that passes from both sides of the car and generates electricity from there. This system is assembled using all particle board and connecting rods. The system uses a high-speed machine that uses shafts, rollers and electric motors to generate electricity. The roller mechanism is used to return the reducer to its original position. It converts rotational motion into linear motion, but in some cases we use it to convert linear motion into rotational motion. The mechanism is economical and easy to install. With proper planning, we can generate a lot of electricity from traffic. Now let's briefly look at the meaning of the hole. Ultrasonic sensors are used to identify holes and bumps and measure their depth and height respectively. This helps people avoid fatal accidents. These two ideas together we solve two problems that people face. Therefore, this project preserves the essence of design thinking

Properties of Particle Boards Laminated with Different Grammage Decor Papers

Properties of Particle Boards Laminated with Different Grammage Decor Papers