Participatory Ergonomics Research Articles

Application of Participatory Ergonomic Method to Reduce Musculoskeletal Disorders With Rapid Whole Body Assessment (REBA) at PT. Adyawinsa Stamping Industries

PT. Adyawinsa Stamping Industry is one of the automotive companies in Karawang, West Java. In the production process, most of the work has poor posture, which can cause VascularDisorders (MSDs). In the process of eliminating and reducing the risk of MSDs in the workplace, the level of MSD risk experienced by workers is calculated using the REBA method. The results of the REBA calculation obtained several activities with values above 9 (meaning that an improvement is needed). To improve the work system using the Participatory ergonomic (PE) method involving the operator, management and ergonomics. The results of the application of PE in helping to reduce the risk level of MSDs are engineering (making auxiliary tools and also management engineering) that can improve the work posture used, namely using the REBA method. Based on the results of the REBA calculation after the improvement, the risk generated is a risk level smaller than the previous posture, namely medium and low. Real improvements are hoped to create a safe, comfortable, and productive workplace.

Cost-Effectiveness of a Multi-faceted Workplace Intervention to Reduce Musculoskeletal Pain in Nursing Staff: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial (INTEVAL_Spain).

To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a multifaceted workplace intervention to reduce musculoskeletal pain (MSP) in nursing staff. The study was a 1-year cluster-randomized controlled trial. The intervention combined participatory ergonomics, health promotion, and case management. The control group received usual care. Societal and health system perspectives were used. Costs included direct health and indirect costs. The effects were MSP and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). MSP was measured using the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire at baseline and 6- and 12-month follow-up. QALYs were measured using the EuroQol-5D-3L at 6- and 12-month follow-up. Incremental costs and QALYs were modelled using generalized linear models. MSP was analysed through generalized logistic models. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated, and cost-effectiveness planes and acceptability curves were constructed. Total mean costs per person were €614 and €216 for the intervention and control group, respectively, with a societal perspective. The intervention mean cost was €38/person. From the societal perspective, the ICER showed that overall additional €68 (€9 from a health system perspective) were required to achieve 1-extra-percentage-point reduction of MSP. ICERs were €34 from the societal and €4 from the health system perspectives for neck, shoulders and upper back pain; €53 and €7 for low back; €179 and €23 for hands; €39 and €5 for legs; €115 and €14 for the knees; €36 and €5 for feet For MSP in the elbows. For participants with pain in the elbow, and for QALYs, the ICER showed that the intervention group was dominated by the control group. This intervention was not cost-effective in terms of QALYs. However, in terms of MSP, with a willingness to pay of €100, the probability of the intervention being cost-effective was around 90%. Further studies incorporating our recommendations are needed to confirm these findings. ISRCTN15780649, retrospectively registered.

Promoting safety of underground machinery operators through participatory ergonomics and fuzzy model analysis to foster sustainable mining practices

One of the most vital parameters to achieve sustainability in any field is encompassing the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) of the workers. In mining industry where heavy earth moving machineries are largely employed, ergonomic hazards turn out to be significant OHS hazards causing Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in the operators. Nevertheless, the Indian mining industry lacks a comprehensive technique of OHS risk assessment, especially for ergonomic hazards that cause MSDs. This research appraises ergonomic hazards and develops Fuzzy Musculoskeletal-disorders Index (FMI) model to evaluate ergonomic-related MSDs. Work process and work tool ergonomic risk factors were identified through literature review and directives recommended by experts. Work posture was evaluated using RULA. The data-collecting approach was implemented using participatory ergonomic and design science principles. The FMI results show average MSDs score of 3.69, indicating high to extremely high risk. Surface plots show that combined work tool and work process was the most sensitive factors to MSDs risk compared to other two combinations. A two-sample t-test validated the FMI. The findings should help safety experts and managers develop effective OHS management plans and programmes for the sustainability of Indian mining industry.

Redesign of elderly beds as an effort to overcome degenerative diseases using a participatory approach

The utilization of beds among the elderly, especially those with degenerative diseases, presents health and comfort challenges. To address these issues, this research aims to redesign elderly beds using a participatory ergonomics method at Madania Potonoro Nursing Home. By involving the elderly and caregivers in the process, the research findings highlight the need for bed improvements. The proposed design includes additional features such as a folding table, bookshelf, cane holder, assistive standing devices, and a drink holder, based on identified needs. Anthropometric dimensions, including Shoulder Width (SW), Height (H), Popliteal Height (PH), Elbow Height in Sitting (EHS), Elbow Height in Standing (EHS), Seat Depth (SD), and Maximum Grip Diameter (MGD), serve as guidelines for bed design. Analyzing these dimensions at the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles, adjustments are made to accommodate additional attributes or features on the bed. The recommended design not only provides optimal comfort and safety for the elderly but also improves their overall quality of life. This research emphasizes the importance of involving users in the design process to ensure solutions align with their needs and preferences.

Perancangan Desain Pola Parkir Sepeda Motor Menggunakan Metode Ergonomi Partisipatori (Studi Kasus : Universitas PGRI Wiranegara)

The limited access to public transportation to Universitas PGRI Wiranegara (UNIWARA) has increased the preference for using private vehicles, thereby emphasizing the need for adequate parking facilities. This study aims to create an optimal design for motorcycle parking patterns at UNIWARA that aligns with user needs, utilizing the Participatory Ergonomics method. Through three participatory ergonomic stages, namely the initial interview stage, group discussion stage, and parking pattern design stage, several issues were identified, including the irregular use of parking facilities, suboptimal capacity, poor vehicle circulation, and excessive interventions by parking attendants. The result of the motorcycle parking design using participatory ergonomics revealed a total capacity of 732 motorcycles in three parking sectors. The design specifications include a parking angle of 90°, a parking unit width of 0.75 meters, a parking unit length of 2 meters, and a parking circulation lane width exceeding 1.5 meters. These specifications address the identified issues and provide a well-structured parking environment that meets the needs and comfort of users. Keywords: Participatory Ergonomics, Parking Facilities, Parking Pattern

Pengaruh Desain Stasiun Kerja Dengan Pendekatan Participatory Ergonomics untuk Meningkatkan Produktivitas Karyawan: Studi Kasus SMK Az-Zawiyah Tanjung Batu

In the context of education, the success of an institution is not only determined by the quality of curriculum and teaching, but also by adequate working environment conditions. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of workstation design with a participatory ergonomics approach on employee productivity in the teachers' room and principal's room. The result of this study is that there is an influence of workstation design elements, layout and physical environment on the application of Participatory Ergonomics in improving employee productivity of SMK Az-Zawiyah Tanjung Batu. This is because the sig t value of the workstation design variable is 0,007 < α = 0,05, the layout variable is 0,012 < α = 0,05, and the physical environment variable is 0,009 < α = 0,05. There is a joint influence (simultaneously) elements of workstation design, layout, and physical environment on employee productivity SMK Az-Zawiyah Tanjung Batu this is because the sig value F variable workstation design, layout, and physical environment amounted to < 0,001 < α = 0,05.

PERBAIKAN SISTEM KERJA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PRODUKTIVITAS DI IKM TULAKIR FIBERGLASS

This research was conducted to improve work systems in order to increase productivity by identifying and analyzing the factors that cause worker complaints, as well as minimizing complaints felt by workers using a participatory ergonomics approach in the form of focus group discussions (FGD) so that companies can immediately make improvements to the work system in order to create a work system that is ergonomic, optimal, and according to the needs of workers. Data analysis used statistical tests in the form of a the different tests with the signed rank test to find out differences by comparing pre-test data between initial conditions work system with post test data work system improvement design.Keywords: Worker Complaint; Work System; Ergonomic Participatory; Design

Assessing Workplace Violence: Methodological Considerations.

The risk of violence is present in all workplaces. It must be accurately assessed to establish prevention and protection measures tailored to the features of each situation. The risk management process requires compliance in a sequential order: 1) risk identification, 2) quantitative risk assessment, and 3) impact assessment. Gathering workers' experiences using lists, focus groups, or participatory ergonomics groups is necessary to identify the phenomenon. For risk assessment, spontaneous reporting of events is often insufficient. It may be complemented with two methods: systematic recording of violent events that occurred in the past year during periodic medical examinations of workers and targeted surveys. The epidemiological analysis of data from individual interviews and surveys provides the phenomenon's prevalence, incidence, and evolution. Moreover, reporting the harm suffered by victims of violence allows constructing impact matrices to allocate resources where they are most needed.

Redesign of Automatic Vacuum Cleaner with Participatory Approach

While using automatic vacuum cleaners, users found dissatisfaction namely dust problem, obstacle problem, and narrow space problem. Therefore, the problems in this automatic vacuum cleaner must be fixed so that it can maximize user productivity. The methods that researchers will use to carry out this research include the participatory ergonomic which is a method for translating consumer needs into an optimal and solutive products by gain aspirations from users and stakeholders. The next method is Maynard Operation Sequence Technique which is a predetermined motion time method that aims to determine the standard time for doing work. There are also participatory usability and ergonomics methods that help this research. For the dust problem, researchers have looked for a solution to the problem, namely by adding SLAM and Artificial Intelligence logarithms to the automatic. For the narrow space problem, researchers have designed different nozzles for the automatic to use. For this exact problem, researchers have added a crevice nozzle to the automatic so that the automatic can insert suction in narrow areas such as the back of cupboards. Researchers created this feature so that users no longer need to bother cleaning dust from sofas, tables and other items in the user’s room.

Applying implementation science to evaluate participatory ergonomics program for continuous improvement: A case study in the construction industry

While participatory ergonomics (PE) presents numerous benefits, its empirical effectiveness remains elusive due to the lack of transparency in implementation contexts and processes. This hinders our ability to discern the reasons behind a program's success or failure and to determine optimization and adaptation strategies. To unravel this “black box,” we present a case study using implementation science to evaluate a PE program and illuminate the mechanisms linking process to outcome. The study examines a 4.5-year PE program at a construction company, targeting musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) from material-cart handling. Using the RE-AIM framework and Implementation Causal Pathway Model, we evaluated implementation process and catalogued contextual factors through worker surveys (n = 106), safety document review (27 training sessions and 7 construction projects), and key informant observations. We assessed the program's impact using a 42-worker survey and an analysis of 8-year injury data, and determined the return-on-investment (ROI) by monetizing the collected data. The program achieved significant impact: Workers' ergonomic knowledge improved from 73% in baseline to 86% in follow-up; 97% of workers reported at least one positive change in their crews; and no cart handling injuries occurred after the first program change, resulting in a ROI rate of 1.99. Implementation process evaluation revealed that seamless integration, tailored intervention, and ongoing adjustments contributed to the success. Five organizational factors necessary for the effective functioning of these three strategies were identified, along with three moderators that amplified their influence. Finally, this case study demonstrates that implementation science offers a coherent structure for evaluating PE programs, uncovering mechanisms of change, and informing future improvements and adaptations. Our research facilitates knowledge transfer from implementation science to ergonomics, eventually leading to more cost-effective PE programs that are faithfully implemented across various industrial settings to prevent MSDs.

Application of Participatory Ergonomics to the Dissemination of a Quality Improvement Program for Optimizing Blood Culture Use.

Blood cultures are overused in pediatric ICUs (PICUs), which may lead to unnecessary antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance. Using a participatory ergonomics (PE) approach, the authors disseminated a quality improvement (QI) program for optimizing blood culture use in PICUs to a national 14-hospital collaborative. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dissemination process and its impact on blood culture reduction. The PE approach emphasized three key principles (stakeholder participation, application of human factors and ergonomics knowledge and tools, and cross-site collaboration) with a six-step dissemination process. Data on interactions between sites and the coordinating team and site experiences with the dissemination process were collected using site diaries and semiannual surveys with local QI teams, respectively, and correlated with the site-specific change in blood culture rates. Overall, participating sites were able to successfully implement the program and reduced their blood culture rates from 149.4 blood cultures per 1,000 patient-days/month before implementation to 100.5 blood cultures per 1,000 patient-days/month after implementation, corresponding to a 32.7% relative reduction (p < 0.001). Variations in the dissemination process, as well as in local interventions and implementation strategies, were observed across sites. Site-specific changes in blood culture rates were weakly negatively correlated with the number of preintervention interactions with the coordinating team (p = 0.057) but not correlated with their experiences with the six domains of the dissemination process or their interventions. The authors applied a PE approach to disseminate a QI program for optimizing PICU blood culture use to a multisite collaborative. Working with local stakeholders, participating sites tailored their interventions and implementation processes and achieved the goal of reducing blood culture use.

A participatory ergonomics intervention to re-design work and improve the musculoskeletal health of paramedics: protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial

BackgroundIn this paper, we present the protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness and implementation of a participative risk management intervention to address work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The aims of the study include to evaluate the implementation process and the impact of the intervention on work related musculoskeletal pain and discomfort and exposure to physical and psychosocial hazards in paramedics over a 12-month period.MethodsThe intervention in this study is to implement A Participative Hazard Identification and Risk Management (APHIRM) toolkit in an ambulance service. Eighteen work groups containing eligible participants (registered paramedics) will be randomised into the intervention or wait-list control arm in one of three rolling recruitment periods. The APHIRM toolkit survey will be offered at baseline and 12 months later, to all current eligible participants in each work group allocated to the trial. The intervention work groups will receive the remainder of the APHIRM toolkit procedures. Identifying data about individual participants will not be collected in the survey, to protect participant privacy and encourage participation. Changes in primary (musculoskeletal pain and discomfort) and secondary (exposure to physical and psychosocial hazards at work) outcomes measured in the survey will be analysed comparing the baseline and follow up response of the cluster. A process evaluation is included to analyse the implementation and associated barriers or facilitators.DiscussionThis study is important in providing a comprehensive approach which focusses on both physical and psychosocial hazards using worker participation, to address WMSDs, a well-known and significant problem for ambulance services. The effectiveness of the intervention in work groups will be rigorously evaluated. If significant positive results are observed, the intervention may be adopted in ambulance services, both nationally and internationally.Trial registrationISRCTN77150219. Registered 21 November 2021.

Using stakeholder intervention refinement teams to develop approaches for real-time integration of patient-reported safety information during older adults’ hospital-to-home-health care transitions

Background The hospital-to-home transition remains a high-risk care interval for older adults. Skilled home health (HH) agencies are uniquely positioned to address care-transitions-associated patient safety threats. We previously developed the Hospital-to-Home-Health Transition Quality (H3TQ) Index to identify safety issues after hospital discharge. Our objective is to evaluate a participatory ergonomics process engaging stakeholders to develop strategies to implement the H3TQ into HH agency workflow to improve transition-associated safety issues in real-time. Methods Stakeholders participated in three, two-hour Intervention Refinement Team (IRT) meetings with a focus on: (1) identifying facilitators and barriers to collect H3TQ data in real-time, (2) integration of H3TQ into workflows, and (3) sharing H3TQ safety threat information to improve care transition safety outcomes. We used the human factors engineering-informed Systems Ambiguity Framework to guide the structure of IRT meetings and qualitative data analysis to evaluate the IRT process itself. Results Stakeholders (N = 9) represented patients, family caregivers, and HH staff. Stakeholders identified three key strategies for H3TQ implementation: (1) mechanism and timing of H3TQ data collection using multiple platforms; (2) data sharing conditions for safety reporting across the health system; and (3) identification of targeted care transitions outcomes for improvement. Participants highly rated IRT meetings regarding meeting usefulness, comfort, and degree of input into the discussion. Conclusions The IRT participatory ergonomics process was successful. Stakeholders identified strategies to facilitate implementation of the H3TQ implementation to improve the hospital-to-HH. IRTs have potential application to other health system issues related to the care of people with complex needs.

Co-Design with Patients for Improving Patient Safety: Strategies, Barriers and pitfalls.

What happens when "frontline" workers are patients and family members performing health-related tasks? As more and more complex healthcare tasks are performed by patients and family members, and more emphasis is placed on patient- and family-centered care, strategies are needed to engage patients and family members in co-design "work systems" and patient-professional collaborative work. Human factors professionals are well-equipped to apply participatory ergonomics to patient and collaborative tasks. However, there are a number of barriers and pitfalls in engaging patients in design. Moving from tokenism to meaningful engagement in research requires patience, constant reflection, and a commitment to codesign. Our panel will explore the continuum of engagement and strategies to move from tokenism to partnership to cocreation in patient safety research, ranging from ambulatory medication safety to diagnosis in the emergency department. Strategies and barriers are presented as a starting point to discuss how to achieve effective work system designs.

Exploration of Ergonomic Aspect in Nursing Care through Participatory Ergonomic Approach

The participatory ergonomics approach is a process that involves people who aim to explore in depth the aspects that influence the problems faced in a group. Nurses are a professional group of health workers who have a high potential for experiencing musculoskeletal disorders as a result of manual activities. Nurse activities such as lifting, pushing and moving patients in an effort to provide nursing care require great energy. This research is an explorative study with a cross-sectional study design that aims to explore problems and conduct studies based on eight ergonomic aspects of providing nursing care. The research was conducted at RSU (General Hospital) Bangli with 30 respondents as implementing nurses who worked in services. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) is a method used to obtain information about ergonomic aspects that have the potential to cause complaints to nurses in providing nursing care. The instrument used in this research is the steps of the workshop implementation from Manuaba. Problem analysis is carried out then prioritized based on Urgent, Important and essential. Six (6) issues were raised in the discussion, including; work attitudes, work facilities, workload, nutrition, work environment, information conditions and social conditions. Based on the priority scale, the improvement of work attitudes is the top priority to be addressed and improvement suggestions in the form of socializing ergonomic work postures to nurses at RSUD (General Hospital) Bangli. This research was carried out up to the proposed improvement stage, so that in further research the implementation stage could be carried out in order that an evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed improvements could be carried out. Further research can be focused on proposed improvements for aspects that still have potential hazards apart from aspects of work attitude that have been discussed in this study.

Leveraging the Science of Teamwork to Sustain Handoff Improvements in Cardiovascular Surgery.

Improving the reliability of handoffs and care transitions is an important goal for many health care organizations. Increasing evidence shows that human-centered design and improved teamwork can lead to sustainable care transition improvements and better patient outcomes. This study was conducted within a cardiovascular service line at an academic medical center that performs more than 600 surgical procedures annually. A handoff process previously implemented at the center was poorly adopted. This work aimed to improve cardiovascular handoffs by applying human factors and the science of teamwork. The study's quality improvement method used Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles and participatory design and ergonomics to develop, implement, and assess a new handoff process and bundle. Trained observers analyzed video-recorded and live handoffs to assess teamwork, leadership, communication, coordination, cooperation, and sustainability of unit-defined handoff best practices. The intervention included a teamwork-focused redesign process and handoff bundle with supporting cognitive aids and assessment metrics. The study assessed 153 handoffs in multiple phases over 3 years (2016-2019). Quantitative and qualitative assessments of clinician (teamwork) and implementation outcomes were performed. Compared with the baseline, the observed handoffs demonstrated improved team leadership (p < 0.0001), communication (p < 0.0001), coordination (p = 0.0018), and cooperation (p = 0.007) following the deployment of the handoff bundle. Sustained improvements in fidelity to unit-defined handoff best practices continued 2.3 years post-deployment of the handoff bundle. Participatory design and ergonomics, combined with implementation and safety science principles, can provide an evidence-based approach for sustaining complex sociotechnical change and making handoffs more reliable.

UPAYA PREVENTIF DENGAN ERGONOMI PARTISIPATORI MENINGKATKAN PEMAHAMAN DAN PERILAKU MASYARAKAT TERHADAP RABIES DI DESA CEPAKA KEDIRI TABANAN

In 2022 rabies cases in Bali will experience a sharp increase, this condition shows that the government program has not been successful in achieving zero rabies. Therefore, a socialization and education program in community service was carried out by Triatma Mulya University in Cepaka Village, Tabanan, Bali as a form of Higher Education's concern for the environment. Preventive efforts are carried out using a participatory ergonomics approach involving all stakeholders from the government, academics, experts, community leaders, animal lovers groups and the community. The success of the community service program can be seen from the enthusiasm of the residents to take part in the activity. There were 56 residents who took part in the activity with 94 animals that were vaccinated, sterilized or castrated and from the pretest and posttest questionnaires conducted, it was obtained an increase in people's understanding and behavior towards rabies. The average increase in people's understanding of rabies is 7.47. Whereas in the behavior variable towards rabies, there is an average increase of 4.57.

Surgical Instrument Designers and Inventors-Where are the Women?

Historically, surgical instruments were designed by men for male surgeons. Although instrumentation has changed with the changing paradigms of surgery, it has failed to adapt to the changing surgical workforce. Almost 30% of surgeons are female and nearly 90% of surveyed female surgeons report poor instrument design and associated musculoskeletal injuries from use. Understanding the current state of handheld surgical instrument design, published literature was reviewed, surgical instrument collections were contacted, and the U.S. Patent and Trademark databases were queried to identify public patents and pre-granted applications of female inventors of handheld surgical instruments. Twenty-five female inventors were identified from published literature and 1551 unique females hold patents. This number pales when the denominator of male inventors is considered. Hence, to address the female surgeon's lack of instrumentation and design, there is a critical need for participatory ergonomics whereby both the female surgeon and engineer collaborate on design.

A New Zealand regional work-related sprains and strains surveillance, management and prevention programme: study protocol

BackgroundThe impact and costs associated with work-related sprains and strains in New Zealand and globally are substantial and a major occupational and public health burden. In New Zealand around one-third of all sprains and strains workers compensation (ACC) claims (2019) are for back injuries, but shoulder and arm injuries are increasing at a faster rate than other sprain and strain injuries (ACC, 2020). A need exists for a change to current approaches to sprains and strains prevention, to more effectively manage this significant and persistent problem in workplaces. Designing out hazards is one of the most effective means of preventing occupational injuries and illnesses. This paper outlines the study protocol of the surveillance, management and prevention programme and describes the utilisation of prevention through design principles in the prevention of work-related sprains and strains in agriculture/horticulture/food production in the Hawkes Bay region of New Zealand.MethodsThis is a prospective mixed methods study incorporating the collection of quantitative data to describe the epidemiology of work related sprains and strains injuries presenting to the regional health centre (Hastings Health Centre) over a period of 24 months and qualitative data from participants presenting at the health centre to identify high risk industry sectors/ occupations/ workplaces and tasks and design, develop and apply prevention through design principles/ solutions/interventions to critical features of the work and work environment and undertake an outcome evaluation during the last 6 months of the project.DiscussionThe purpose of this project is to establish an epidemiological surveillance programme to assess the incidence and prevalence of work-related sprains and strains according to age, sex, industry sector and occupation to target efforts to prevent work-related sprains and strains, by applying prevention through design (PtD) principles in selected workplaces in agriculture. The collection of more detailed case, occupational and work history data from a sample of patients presenting at the HHC clinic will identify high risk industry sectors/occupations/workplaces and tasks. Assessment techniques will include comprehensive design, design thinking and human factors/ergonomics methodologies through co-design and participatory ergonomics techniques. The PtD solutions/ interventions implemented will be evaluated using a quasi-experimental design consisting of a pre-test/ post-test with-in subjects design with control groups that do not receive the intervention.

Impact of Office Ergonomic Elements on Employee Performance: A Case Study of Larsen and Toubro, Surat

Ergonomics is said to have a great potential when it comes to designing of any artefact. Office ergonomics, a branch of ergonomics, seeks to understand how physical characteristics of humans are relevant in designing the workplace and is often used by organisations as an input to minimize the amount of discomfort faced by the employees. The provision of this input by the organisation generates a need to understand if it has any impact on the output produced by the employees. This paper seeks to understand this relationship and study the impact of office ergonomics on the performance of the employees. Additionally, it tries to discover the presence of participatory ergonomics (PE) in the organisation. 75 employees were randomly drawn from different departments of Larsen and Toubro, Surat, India and a questionnaire was administered to assess the relationship between 9 ergonomic elements (independent variables) and employee performance (dependent variable) by building a multiple regression model in R. The regression was first carried out for the 75 employees, post which the type of department that employees belong to (manufacturing or non-manufacturing) was added in the multiple regression model to test if department type moderates the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The study also tried to understand the implementation of PE in the organisation. Overall, for all employees, architectonic details and colour of the walls showed significant impact on performance. When departmental setup was introduced in the model as a moderating variable, it did not change the results of the model. Thus, departmental setup was found to be irrelevant in moderating the relationship between the variables.