Status Of Participants Research Articles

Early sports specialization in Japanese young soccer players and related factors.

Although understanding the status of sports participation is essential for preventing injuries in young athletes, the level of specialization and relevant information in Japan is unknown. This study aimed to clarify the status of sports specialization and examine the relationships between specialization and training status in Japanese young soccer players. Four hundred Japanese young male soccer players were included. The players' parents completed a web questionnaire that consisted of three-point questions regarding specialization and training status (year, days of playing soccer, age when starting soccer). The level of specialization and accompanying information were calculated, and data were compared by specialization status. Of the participants, 53.8% demonstrated a high level of specialization. In addition, 74.5% considered soccer more important than other sports, 89.0% trained in soccer for more than 8 months of the year, and 74.0% had quit other sports to focus on soccer or played only soccer. The proportion of participants who played only soccer was significantly higher in the high-specialization group (37.6%) than in the moderate-specialization (22.5%; P < .01) and low-specialization (7.1%; P < .01) groups. By specialization status at grades 4 to 6 (9-12 years), 40.3% of participants demonstrated a high level of specialization. Young Japanese soccer players tend toward early specialization. Factors contributing to the high specialization level are being active throughout the year and rarely playing other sports. Training volume should be controlled, and an environment allowing young soccer players to participate in other sports simultaneously is needed, with early specialization being avoided.

Правовой статус участников вооруженных конфликтов в международном гуманитарном праве

At a time when the world is gripped by local and full-scale military conflicts, the question of who can be held accountable for war crimes remains relevant. War has no excuses, because without exception it is associated with cruelty and violence. However, even in conditions of military conflicts, the warring parties are obliged to comply with international regulations in order to avoid unjustified casualties and destruction. International humanitarian law clearly separates the two polar parties involved in hostilities - combatants and civilians. Such a separation is necessary in order to understand who a direct participant is and who needs protection in armed conflicts. In this regard, the article pays great attention to the study of documents establishing the status of direct participants in armed conflicts and civilians. For a comprehensive study of the identified issues, the Geneva Conventions adopted in 1949 and the Additional Protocols thereto of 1977 were analyzed. Special attention is paid to Additional Protocol I, which develops the main provisions of the Geneva Conventions relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts. In these documents, the rights of combatants and civilians were regulated by international law, as well as the status of medical personnel and representatives of the clergy in conditions of military confrontations is separately regulated. In the presented work, international and non-international armed conflicts were also studied.

To Compare the Growth of School Going Children with Rag Picking Children: Cross Sectional Study, UP, India

One of the greatest problems for India is undernutrition among children. The current study attempted to compare the growth of school going children with rag picking children as both groups of children were exposed to a very different childhood environment which may assumed to be influential in their growth. A descriptive survey design was adopted. A purposive sampling method was used to recruit 120 children of which 60 children were rag pickers and 60 were school going children. The tools included the IAP height and weight Standards and Water low Classification used to classify the nutrition status of the study participants. In school going children around 52 children were normal, 07 children were under grade I PEM, 01 was under grade II PEM whereas in Rag picking children around 29 children were in grade I PEM, 14 children were under grade II PEM, 09 children were under grade III PEM and 08 children belonged to grade IV PEM.

Правовой статус участников вооруженных конфликтов в международном гуманитарном праве

At a time when the world is gripped by local and full-scale military conflicts, the question of who can be held accountable for war crimes remains relevant. War has no excuses, because without exception it is associated with cruelty and violence. However, even in conditions of military conflicts, the warring parties are obliged to comply with international regulations in order to avoid unjustified casualties and destruction. International humanitarian law clearly separates the two polar parties involved in hostilities - combatants and civilians. Such a separation is necessary in order to understand who a direct participant is and who needs protection in armed conflicts. In this regard, the article pays great attention to the study of documents establishing the status of direct participants in armed conflicts and civilians. For a comprehensive study of the identified issues, the Geneva Conventions adopted in 1949 and the Additional Protocols thereto of 1977 were analyzed. Special attention is paid to Additional Protocol I, which develops the main provisions of the Geneva Conventions relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts. In these documents, the rights of combatants and civilians were regulated by international law, as well as the status of medical personnel and representatives of the clergy in conditions of military confrontations is separately regulated. In the presented work, international and non-international armed conflicts were also studied.

Coordination of the interests of the parties to labor relations and the state at the labor market

In modern conditions, the role of the state is significantly increasing — both in the sphere of the national economy as a whole and in the sphere of labor. This is due to a number of circumstances, including, first of all, factors of a transient, extraordinary nature. However, much more important is the long-term factor associated with the radical transformation of the economy, with its transition to the type that is defined as the “supply economy”. The supply economy assumes not just the reaction of the economy to the demand developing in different sectors of social life, but above all the impact on the formation of this demand. It is obvious that this task cannot be solved by internal, purely market means — an active social policy is required, which is designed to be developed and implemented by the state, which, according to the force of the Russian Constitution, is a social state. The directions of this policy are extremely diverse, but to a very significant extent it concerns the sphere of the labor market and labor relations. The traditional task of the state in this area is to coordinate the socially significant interests of social groups of workers and employers as participants in the labor market. In turn, the solution of this problem is connected with the need to carry out a number of organizational and legal measures aimed at streamlining the legal status of labor market participants and protecting their rights and legitimate interests. The logical consequence of solving this global task is the transformation of the system of domestic law, which should find its expression in the allocation and formation of an array of legal norms on employment — initially as a special branch of legislation within which the social policy of the state will be implemented, and in the future — an independent branch of law.

ФІНАНСОВИЙ ТА СТАТИСТИЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ В УПРАВЛІННІ РИЗИКАМИ НА ФІНАНСОВОМУ РИНКУ У КОНТЕКСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ «INDUSTRY 5.0»

One of the basic principles of the financial market is transparency, which is directly related to the reliability and accessibility of information held by financial market participants. Accordingly, in the context of ensuring the implementation of the "Industry 5.0" concept, the article considers the problems of information support for market participants and analytical procedures in the risk management system. It is noted that the functioning of the financial market of Ukraine today is taking place in conditions of uncertainty and high risks, and digitalization has a significant impact on the functioning of the financial market. The article aims to study the current features and functional load of financial and statistical analysis in financial market risk management and identify the problematic issues and prospects for overcoming them in the context of the formation of Industry 5.0. The article emphasizes the need to increase the level of financial and digital literacy of the population as a prerequisite for developing the financial market. It is established that applying an exclusively retrospective approach in the context of forming information support for managerial decision-making in the financial market is inappropriate. It is also noted that when making decisions by financial market participants, in addition to traditional financial analysis, it is necessary to analyze environmental and social information. This makes it expedient to disseminate ESG principles and standards in Ukraine. The leading place in the financial services market of Ukraine is occupied by banks. Over the past ten years, the number of commercial banks in Ukraine has decreased from 180 to 63, which in the context of the formation of Industry 5.0 can be seen as a consequence of optimizing the structure of the banking segment of the financial market. Financial analysis plays a significant role in managing risks in the financial market, the main information source for which is accounting information, primarily financial statements. Market participants based on information signals, which are a unique information source, make management decisions regarding a particular action in the financial market. The article considers the feedback and influence of information on the status of financial market participants on prices in the financial market and the influence of prices in the financial market on decision-making by various market participants. Prices are the main source of information for making important decisions, forecasting, etc. Areas for further research include scientific substantiation and methodological support of consulting activities in the field of information support of financial market participants.

Evaluating awareness and understanding of cardiovascular disease risks among type 2 diabetic patients in healthcare centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the most common complications of diabetes and is the leading cause of death and disability in many diabetic patients. The present study aimed at evaluating awareness and understanding of CVD risks among Type 2 diabetic patients in healthcare centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 701 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Data collected included age, nationality, gender, marital status, education, smoking status, co-morbidities, occupation, and income of participants. The heart disease facts questionnaire (HDFQ) was used to assess patients&amp;apos; understanding of the risks of heart diseases. Results: Among the participants, 52.6% were female, 23.8% were aged 18-29 years, and 91.2% were Saudi nationals. Additionally, 53.5% had a bachelor&amp;apos;s degree. The mean knowledge score on the HDFQ was 16.99 ± 4.66, with the highest mean score for smoking as a risk factor. Male patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) had a higher mean score indicating a greater understanding of heart and vascular disease risks compared to female patients. Overall, 57.1% of the participants had adequate knowledge. Adequate knowledge was significantly higher among older participants, Saudi nationals, married participants, and those with a bachelor&amp;apos;s degree. A significant positive correlation was found between age and HDFQ scores. Conclusion: Despite more than half of the participants having adequate knowledge of the disease&amp;apos;s risk factors, there is a need to raise awareness among Saudi Arabian patients with DM regarding all the risk factors for CVD.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СОЦИАЛЬНО-КУЛЬТУРНЫХ УСЛОВИЙ НА УРОВЕНЬ ФАМИЛЬЯРНОСТИ В ОБЩЕНИИ

Socio-cultural factors influence on manifestation of familiarity communication in modern society is studied in the article. Familiarity communication is defined in the work as a specific form of speech behavior, conventionally fixed by the cultural and socio-historical practice. Research of personal speech preferences in a socio-cultural context makes it possible to substantiate the reasons for choice of certain verbal or non-verbal means with familiarity orientation, which is regulated by the level of cultural, ethical, moral and value attitudes formation of both the individual and society as a whole. It is noted that differences in familiarity communicative style use in institutional and everyday spheres of society are caused by socially determined distribution of communicants' socio-cultural characteristics and are associated with cooperative or disjunctive communication strategy implementation. The paper describes the results of empirical material analysis, which combined samples of modern speech oral statements by native Russian speakers and modern literary works fragments with examples of common ways and means of expressing familiarity, as well as the author's sociological survey. The data obtained as a result of processing indicate dependence of familiarity manifestation degree on participants' social-role or status position in communication, as well as the particular socio-communicative situation specific conditions.

U-shaped association between serum Klotho and all-cause mortality in US cardiovascular patients: a prospective cohort study.

Increased levels of serum Klotho have been associated with a reduced risk of several cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, limited studies exist on the association between serum Klotho and mortality in patients with CVD. We collected data from CVD patients in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning 2007 to 2016. We linked NHANES data with the National Death Index to determine the survival status of participants. Univariate and multivariable Cox regression models were used to investigate the relationship between serum Klotho levels and mortality in CVD patients. The relationship between serum Klotho quartiles and mortality in CVD patients was visualized using Kaplan-Meier (KM) curves and restricted cubic spine. Finally, subgroup analyses were used to examine the association between serum Klotho and all-cause mortality in different populations. 1905 patients with CVD were finally enrolled in our study with a mean follow-up of 7.1 years. The average age of the participants was 63.4 years, with 58.40% being male. KM showed that lower Klotho levels were associated with lower survival rates. After adjusting for potential confounders, patients with higher serum Klotho levels had lower all-cause mortality (Q1: 1.00, Q2: 0.58 (0.42-0.80), Q3: 0.69 (0.47-1.01), and Q4:0.64 (0.45-0.92). However, the relationship between serum Klotho levels and cardiovascular mortality was not statistically significant. Dose-response analysis shows a U-shaped relationship between serum Klotho levels and all-cause mortality in patients with CVD (Pnonlinear=0.002). Subgroup analysis indicated that participants with a history of hypertension had a higher risk of all-cause mortality in serum Klotho Q4 compared to Q1 (P trend <0.05). The relationship between serum Klotho levels and all-cause mortality in CVD patients exhibits a U-shaped association. The underlying mechanisms of this association need further investigation.

Association of Dietary Flavonoids Intake With All‐Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Cohort Study From the NHANES Database

The relationship between dietary flavonoid intake and mortality in the diabetic kidney disease (DKD) population is unknown. So this study is aimed at investigating the association of total dietary flavonoid intake and their subclasses with all‐cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Data of this cohort study were extracted from the NHANES (2007–2010 and 2017–2018). The survival status of participants was determined by linking to the National Death Index through the end of 2019. Flavonoid intake was measured using two 24‐h dietary recall interviews. The Kaplan–Meier curves and weighted Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to assess the effect of dietary flavonoid intake on CVD and all‐cause mortality, with adjustments for multiple covariates. A total of 1155 participants were included for analysis. After a median follow‐up of 76.36 (S.E: 3.24) months, 409 participants died of all‐cause mortality, of which 138 died of CVD. In the fully adjusted model, higher total dietary flavonoids intake (HR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.52–0.92) was associated with lower all‐cause mortality and subclasses of higher flavones (HR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.35–0.85) was also with lower all‐cause mortality. In subclasses of flavonoids, higher intake of both anthocyanidins (HR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.28 to 0.87) and flavones (HR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.28–0.87) were associated with lower odds of CVD mortality. Higher flavonoid intake was associated with a reduced risk of CVD and all‐cause mortality in DKD. Higher flavonoid intake provides a potential opportunity to improve the prognosis of DKD. And future research into the mechanisms between flavonoids and mortality is needed.

Determining the status of participants in secret procedural activities in criminal proceedings

Determining the status of participants in secret procedural activities in criminal proceedings

Using a chatbot as a digital tool at the primary health care level.

Aim: To analyze the feasibility of utilizing a digital tool such as a chatbot at the primary health care level as part of a health program. Materials and Methods: With the involvement of a general practitioner and the use of a digital tool, a chatbot, a three-month health program was conducted for employees of an IT company. The chatbot was used to collect information, monitor the health status of participants and provide personalized health recommendations. To evaluate the program's effectiveness survey was conducted to compare participants answers before and after using standardized evaluation scales. A questionnaire based on the Evaluation and Management Services Guide was created to collect medical information on the health status of participants before and after the program. Results: After the program, the average total score of participants' health complaints and symptoms decreased (from 27.1 to 16.1, p=0.019). The average severity of the chief complaint on a scale of 0 to 10 decreased from 5.08 to 2.27, or by 55.3% (p=0.00676). The frequency of individual complaints such as eye pain, decreased concentration, increased fatigue and irritability also dropped. Conclusions: The chatbot enabled the primary care physician to respond promptly to participants' health complaints. The results demonstrated the potential of chatbots as innovative and accessible digital tools at the primary health care level for providing recommendations, monitoring health, and contacting a primary care physician in a timely manner.

Psychosomatic health status and corresponding comorbid network analysis of college students in traditional Chinese medicine schools.

Depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms are highly comorbid and represent the most prevalent psychosomatic health issues. Few studies have investigated the network structure of psychosomatic symptoms among traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) students. This study aims to investigate the psychosomatic health status of college students in TCM universities, while simultaneously constructing a network structure of common somatic symptoms and psychological symptoms. Online investigation was conducted among 665 students from a university of Chinese medicine. Health Status Questionnaire, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) were used to assess the mental symptoms and physical status of participants. With the R software processing, a network model of psychosomatic symptoms was constructed. Specifically, we computed the predictability (PRE), expected influence (EI), and bridging expected influence (BEI) of each symptom. Meanwhile, the stability and accuracy of the network were evaluated using the case-deletion bootstrap method. Among the participants, 277 (41.65%) subjects exhibited depressive symptoms, and 244 (36.69%) subjects showed symptoms of anxiety. Common somatic symptoms included fatigue, forgetfulness, sighing, thirst, and sweating. Within the psychosomatic symptoms network, " worrying too much about things ", "uncontrollable worries" and "weakness" exhibited the high EI and PRE, suggesting they are central symptoms. " Little interest or pleasure in doing things," " feeling down, depressed, or hopeless," " dyssomnia," and "sighing" with high BEI values demonstrated that they are bridging symptoms in the comorbid network. The psychosomatic health status of college students in traditional Chinese medicine schools is concerning, showing high tendencies for depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms. There exists a complex relationship between somatic symptoms and psychological symptoms among students. " Worrying too much about things ", "uncontrollable worries" and "weakness" enable to serve as comorbid intervention targets for anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms. Addressing " little interest or pleasure in doing things," " feeling down, depressed, or hopeless," " dyssomnia," and "sighing" may effectively prevent the mutual transmission between psychological and physical symptoms. The network model highlighting the potential targeting symptoms to intervene in the treatment of psychosomatic health.

Attitude and practices of female blood donors toward blood donation at Al-Baha University, Saudi Arabia

Objective: To evaluate the attitudes and behaviors of female blood donors at Al Baha University in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This descriptive study was conducted in March 2022 among female blood donors at Al Baha University, Saudi Arabia. It included 147 female blood donors. The data were collected by interview questionnaire which was composed of demographic characteristics section and attitude and practice section. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 22. Results: The average age of female blood donors was 29.2±7.4 years, and 29.3% of them donated blood previously while 85.7% were willing to donate. About 36.1 perceived their health status as excellent and 74.1% believed that they were eligible for donation. We found that 66.0% of participants had neutral attitude, 28.6% had good attitude and 5.4% poor attitude toward blood donation. The practice of female students at Al Baha University was high since 83% of recruited participants donated blood. Moreover, the education, residence and source of information of blood donors were significantly associated with blood donors’ attitude, while practice of blood donation was significantly influenced by perceived healthy status of participants. There was a significant correlation between good attitude toward blood donation and practicing the donation among female blood donors at Al Baha University, Saudi Arabia. Conclusions: The female blood donors at Al Baha University had good or neutral attitude toward blood donation. Their attitude was significantly affected by education, residence and source of information, while the donation of blood was significantly influenced by perceived healthy status of participants. There was a significant correlation between good attitude toward blood donation and practicing the donation.

The Psychosomatic Health Status of Polish Psychiatric Nurses in Relation to Socio-Demographic Variables

Objective: The main aim of the study was to assess the psychosomatic health status of psychiatric nurses based on sociodemographic variables. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted at the Mazovian Provincial Hospital in Ząbki on a group of 101 individuals working in nursing positions. All participants gave voluntary and free consent to participate in the study. The study obtained approval from the bioethical committee. The health status of the respondents was assessed using a standardized, validated GHQ-28 questionnaire. The level of significance was set at p=0.05. Results: Social dysfunction among participants increased with age and length of employment at the current workplace (p &lt; 0.05). Significantly higher scores (p &lt; 0.05) in this area were observed in individuals in marital relationships and those with higher education. The intensity of anxiety and insomnia was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) in individuals in marital relationships, respondents with secondary education, and those with a total work experience exceeding 30 years and over 15 years in the current workplace. The intensity of depressive symptoms was associated with a lack of higher education among respondents. The factor with the greatest impact on somatic symptoms among surveyed nurses (p &lt; 0.05) was age over 50. Conclusions: There is a significant association between the intensity of somatic symptoms, anxiety, insomnia, and functional disorders and the age of participants. There is a significant association between the intensity of anxiety and insomnia symptoms, functional impairments, and the marital status of participants. There is a significant association between the intensity of depressive symptoms, anxiety, insomnia, and social dysfunction and the education level of participants.

Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs among Patients with Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders – A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) such as oral leukoplakia, erythroplakia, lichen planus, and oral submucous fibrosis have been shown to have a high rate of transformation to oral cancer. Although many studies have already been done on the risk factors of OPMDs and oral cancer, there are only a few literature on oral health status of patients suffering from OPMDs in Indian scenario. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the oral health status and treatment needs of patients with OPMDs. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out at the Department of Oncology, Rajarajeswhwari Medical college and hospital and Outpatient Department of Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital in Bengaluru after obtaining required permission from the concerned authorities and due ethical clearance. Clinical examination was conducted using the World Health Organization Oral Health Assessment Form for Adults, 2013. Results: Majority of the participants were males, with an age range of 21–75 years, and majority were suffering from leukoplakia (49.9%). Decayed, missing, and filled tooth component was statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05) when comparing mean Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth scores between age, gender, and socioeconomic status. The highest CPI score (score of 2) was found highest in participants (32.47%) with leukoplakia. Regarding the treatment needs, about 94.5% of the participants needed prompt treatment (including scaling). Conclusion: Results revealed that the oral health status of participants with OPMD was average. The CPI score (periodontal status) was high in most participants with OPMD, with the maximum score of 2 found in a large number of participants.

Некоторые вопросы практики возмещения убытков

A prerequisite for a stable turnover cycle is the possibility of full and fair compensation for losses incurred in connection with the execution of contracts. The idea of damages as a universal legal instrument does not change the relevance throughout the world of the continuous development of the principle of legal regulation, causing the complication of cyclical turnover. However, when applying the requirements for regulating the property status of participants in a circular flow, the measure of liability - penalties, losses and unjust enrichment - continues to raise questions. Using the example of resolving disputes under construction contracts, the authors of this article show that the potential of the protective mechanism for compensation for losses has not been fully disclosed; in particular, it is an effective legal means of bringing the parties into a position of proper fulfillment of the obligation. Purpose. The purpose of this article is to determine the potential for a more complete application of the civil remedy for the recovery of damages. Methodology. Achieving this goal was ensured by the use of general scientific and specific scientific research methods: dialectical, formal-logical, comparative legal, and the method of scientific analysis. Results. When considering the possibility of compensation for losses under a current contract, it is concluded that the main idea of compensation for losses, in addition to compensation for property damage (expenses), is to bring the parties to the contract into a position of proper fulfillment of the obligation. It is this understanding of this protective mechanism that meets the goals of effective protection of the rights of participants in property transactions. Conclusion. Current legislation reflects the universal nature of such a legal remedy as compensation for damages. However, in many cases it continues to be applied by courts with extreme caution. To avoid unjustified narrowing of the use of this protective mechanism in contractual obligations, based on modern trends in the development of law, compensation for damages should be considered as a result of bringing the parties to the position of proper performance of the obligation.

Pain Reduction in Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome With Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy: A Critically Appraised Topic

In active populations with medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS), is extracorporeal shockwave therapy an effective treatment to reduce pain? A computerized search was conducted in October 2021. Inclusion criteria consisted of participants 18+ years old with diagnosed MTSS for 21+ days, where pain was in the posterior medial aspect of the tibia. Exclusion criteria involved patients with tibial fractures, compartment syndrome, and prior treatment of MTSS with extracorporeal shockwave therapy. Results were measured by the number of days athletes could complete the running protocol pain-free according to the Likert scale (p = .008), visual analog scale (p = .001), and Roles and Maudsley scale (RMS; p = .002). The third study showed no statistical significance in pain reduction or self-perception of change in symptoms on the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS; p = .05). Using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology scale, one study received a 17/22 since no biases were addressed, lack of participant status in each stage of the study, no numbers or analysis reported in each group, and no explanation of external validity or funding. The single-blind randomized controlled trial received a 10/11 using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale and one level of evidence. The double-blind sham randomized controlled trial received an 11/11 and one level of evidence (LOE). The research appraised would mostly agree the use of extracorporeal shockwave therapy could reduce pain in MTSS in active populations. The strength of recommendation is B.

Apolipoprotein E Genetic Variant and Blood Lipid Responses to Plant Sterols: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of Clinical Trials.

Plant sterols/stanols are effective cholesterol-lowering agents. However, it is unclear whether the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genetic variants influence it. We investigated whether ApoE genetic variants modulate the responses of blood lipids to dietary intervention plant sterols/stanols in adults and if the intervention dose and duration, as well as the age and status of participants, influence this effect. Randomized clinical trials were identified by searching databases in the Cochrane Library. Random-effect models were used to estimate the pooled effect size of each outcome of interest total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were used to investigate the effects of potential modifiers on the outcomes of interest. Eleven articles were selected from 3,248 retrieved abstracts. Plant sterol/stanol intervention was associated with a more significant reduction in LDL levels in the E3 group [-0.251 mmol/L; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), -0.488 to -0.015] compared with both the E4 and E2 groups. In E4 carriers, the plant sterol/stanol intervention dose and duration resulted in a larger decrease in LDL levels (-0.088027 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.154690 to -0.021364). In conclusion, ApoE genetic variants affected the response of blood LDL levels to supplementation with plant sterols/stanols, as individuals with E3 variant showed significantly decreased LDL levels compared with the other genotypes. However, future studies recruiting participants according to their ApoE genetic variants are needed to confirm our conclusion.

Epidemiological Proileof Children with Malnutrition at Child Malnutrition Treatment Center (CMTC)in Saurashtra Region

Introduction: Adequate Nutrition is important for optimum growth, immunity, neurological and cognitive development of the child. Malnutrition leads to illness and mortality among under 5 children. Nearly 40% under 5 children are malnourished in Gujarat despite many nutritional programmes. Objectives: To assess the epidemiological factors of malnourished children at Child Malnutrition Treatment Centre (CMTC) and to ind outthe association between epidemiological factors and nutritional status of study participants. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on Children admitted at CMTC at Narayan Nagar Urban Health Center, the only one and newly established CMTC in Rajkot city in year 2015. Study duration was 14 months. Interview of mothers of 120 children was conducted to know epidemiological factors of malnourished children. Weight on admission was noted from register. Pre-formed, semi-structured proforma used. Results: Out of 120 children, 5.8%, 55.8%, 34.2% and 4.2% were from &lt;1, 1-3, 3-5 and &gt;5 year age groups respectively. Nearly 40% children belonged to Socioeconomic Class IV. The proportion of Low Birth Weight children was 40%. Current feeding practice was appropriate in 10.8% children according to IMNCI guideline. Upper Respiratory Tract Infection occurred in 76.7% children with average 4.5 episodes. High birth order of children is statistically signi icant with severity of malnutrition. Birth weight and feeding practices of children were not associated with grade of malnutrition. Conclusion: Need based education of mothers for preventing low birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding, quantity and type of routine diet etc. should be given.