Participation Motivation Questionnaire Research Articles

A Comparative Study of Motivation in Sports Training among Senior and Junior Professional Football Players in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic has brought significant changes to the lives of athletes, particularly regarding the uncertainty surrounding the continuation of sports training and the postponement of sporting events. Given these disruptions to athletes’ routines, the role of motivation in sports participation is considered even more crucial. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the differences in motivation for sports participation during the Covid-19 pandemic between senior and junior professional football players. The sample consisted of 358 elite football players from the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The players were divided into two groups: senior (n=193, 24.87±3.78 years) and junior (n=165, 18.08±1.00 years) football players. The Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) was utilized, comprising 19 items classified into six motivational dimensions: “Sports success”, “Social status”, “Friendship”, “Physical health”, “Sports activity”, and “Support”. A five-point Likert scale was used in the questionnaire, which was administered electronically via Google Forms. Results revealed that junior football players achieved significantly higher values in only three out of the 19 items: “Want to be popular” (.005), “Want to get status” (.001), and “Wished for friendly games” (.000). However, there were no differences between the senior and junior football player groups in the remaining 16 items. Also, both groups displayed exceptionally high motivation levels in the dimensions of “Sports success”, “Physical health”, and “’Friendship”, while the weakest results were observed in the dimension of ‘Support’ for both groups. Despite the specific challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic, the motivation to play football remains very high among both senior and junior football players. This study is essential as it provides insights into football players’ motivation and identifies differences in motivation levels between junior and senior players. The findings can be valuable for practical purposes, aiming to enhance motivation among football players, especially during circumstances where training conditions are disrupted, such as the Covid-19 pandemic.

The Effect of Motivation to Participate in Sports on Happiness Level in University Students

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of individuals' motivation to participate in sports on their happiness level. This study is a descriptive survey study on the impact of Bayburt University students' attitudes about sports on their levels of happiness. This study is a descriptive survey study on the impact of Bayburt University sports sciences faculty students' participation motivation to sports on their levels of happiness. The population of this study, which examined the effect of motivation to participate in sports on happiness level, consisted of students studying at Bayburt University. The sample consisted of a total of 357 people, 129 of whom were female and 228 of whom were male, studying in different departments of the sports sciences faculty of the same university. "Personal Information Form", " Participation Motivation Questionnaire " and "Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form" were used as data collection tools. SPSS 25 package program was used for statistical analysis. Normality test, spearman correlation and simple linear regression analysis were used in the analysis of the data. When the effect of the participants' motivation to participate in sports on their happiness levels is investigated, it is seen that motivation to participate in sports has a significant effect on the happiness levels of university students. In conclusion, considering the findings obtained from the research, it is seen that there was a relationship between motivation to participate in sports and happiness in the study, and that motivation to participate in sports had an effect on the happiness levels of individuals.

Preparation, Exercising, and Motivation in Sports Practice during COVID-19 Pandemic among Young Football Players in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The Covid-19 outbreak has also led to significant changes in football, such as the suspension of leagues, isolation, and the fact that football players are forced to train on their own. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if there were differences in the level of preparation, practices, and motivation for athletic training among young professional football players during the Covid-19 pandemic, depending on the level of competition. The sample of respondents consisted of 82 young football players from Bosnia and Herzegovina, divided into the first league group (n=47, 18.30±0.62 age) and the second league group (n=35, 17.66±0.73 age). The questionnaire for sports preparation and training (SPEQ) was used, which consists of 11 items and was created according to the existing questionnaire for self-assessment of the level of preparation and type of training of athletes during the training process in the Covid-19 pandemic. Also, a questionnaire on sports motivation during the Covid-19 pandemic was used, consisting of 18 items related to motivation to participate in sports, modified according to the Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ). A five-point Likert scale was used for the questionnaire. The questionnaire was available in electronic form and was sent to the football players through a Google form. The difference was found only in the frequency of the type of exercise in two variables, while there were no differences between the groups of young football players in the other variables of training frequency, level of preparation, and motivation in sports training. It was also established that despite the Covid-19 situation, the motivation for sports training among young football players was at a very high level.

Motivational Structure for Sports Practice during COVID-19 Pandemic in Professional Football Players

Investigating of the athletes’ motivation for sports practice is necessary to encourage them to participate in sport, and continue exercising. During the Covid-19 pandemic period due to changes in athletes’ routines, the role of motivation to play sports could be even more important. The research aimed to determine the motivation structure for sports practice in football players with the help of factor analysis. The sample of respondents consisted of 360 professional football players (21.71±4.42 years) from the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina. A questionnaire on motivation for sports during the Covid-19 pandemic period was used, consisting of 18 items related to motivation to play sports and modified according to the Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ). A five-point Likert scale was used in the questionnaire. The questionnaire was in electronic form and was sent to the football players via Google form. Factor analysis identified six dimensions: ‘Sport success’, ‘Support’, ‘Social status’, ‘Friendship’, ‘Physical health’, and ‘Sports activities’. These six dimensions explain the total manifest motivation participation space with 62.26% of the total variance. In conclusion, this study contributed to the understanding of the motivational structure of professional football players for playing sports. That is, the main motivational dimensions for engaging and committing to sports during the Covid-19 pandemic were singled out. This all points to the importance of this research and may serve future studies that will examine the motivational structure of professional athletes.

Analysis of the participation of women in football in Indonesia

In general, football is considered a male-dominated sport but recent trends show a significant improvement in women’s participation in the sport. The aim of this study was to identify and explain the reasons for women’s participation in football in Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 29 female athletes of the Indonesian women’s national football team using the Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) assessed by Guttman scale. The data was analyzed using a descriptive percentage approach and then grouped based on participation criteria. The results showed that more than half of the women participants in football in Indonesia were 17 years old (53%) and had a senior high school education (66%). Most of the time, women participants were encouraged by peers (87%), parents (86%), facilities and infrastructures (97%), awareness (76%), interest (79%), attachment (87%), and loyalty (90%). Participation rates were also influenced by the existence of football clubs (100%) and the training programs implemented (100%). It is concluded that women’s football participation in Indonesia is largely influenced by micro-level factors (peers and parents), macro-level factors (existence of football clubs, their facilities and infrastructures, and their training programs), and psycho-sociological factors (awareness, interest, attachment and loyalty).

Comparison of Motivation to Participate in Physical Activity between Individuals with and without Smartwatch Use

This study aimed to determine and compare the motivations of individuals using and not using smartwatches with the physical activity tracking feature to engage in physical activity. Of the 311 individuals who were contacted on social media platforms and volunteered to participate in the study, randomly selected 100 individuals, half using smartwatches and half not using smartwatches, were included in the sample. As data collection tools, a personal information form prepared by the researchers was used to determine the personal characteristics of the participants, and the fitness/energy release and action/activity status subscales of the Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ), developed by Gill et al. in 1983 and adapted to Turkish by Oyar et al. in 2001, was administered to measure the participants’ level of engaging in physical activity. The data obtained from the data collection tools were subjected to statistical analyses using SPSS v. 26 software. Parametrical statistics were used in line with the results of the data normality test. According to the research findings, the participants who used smartwatches had a significantly higher score in the fitness/energy release subscale of PMQ (x̄2.14±.466) compared to those that did not use smartwatches (x̄1.79±.351) (p=.036). According to the point-biserial correlation analysis, there was a statistically significant, positive, and strong correlation between using smartwatches and motivation to participate in sports for the fitness/energy release subscale (rpb=.694, p<.001). Keywords: Smartwatch, Physical Activity, Motivation

The Relationship Between Social Capital and Physical Activity Participation Motivation in the Elderly

Background: In recent years, social capital, and especially its importance among the elderly has attracted the attention of researchers. Moreover, it was suggested that older adults lack sufficient physical activity that may be due to the lack of motivation. Accordingly, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between social capital and physical activity participation motivation among the elderly living in the west of Tehran City, Iran, in 2020. Methods: This was a descriptive correlational study. The research population consisted of aged individuals present in the public areas of the west of Tehran City, Iran (districts 5, 9, 21, & 22 of Tehran Municipality), such as sidewalks and passages, shopping centers, parks, mosques, and so on. In total, 400 subjects were recruited by the multistage sampling method. The Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT), Participation Motivation Questionnaire for Older Adults (PMQOA), and Onyx and Bullen social capital scale were used to gather the required data. The obtained data were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Independent Samples t-test, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in SPSS at the significance level of P<0.05. Results: The Mean±SD social capital of the study subjects was equal to 86.27±23.3. The fitness and social factors of activity participation motives had the highest (49.72±19.34) and lowest (18.97±15.96) Mean±SD values (based on an index of 0-100). Social capital was significantly associated with physical activity participation motivators (except fitness & medical subscales) (P<0.05). Social capital was also associated with occupational status, the number of children, house size, and the economic status of the research subjects (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the obtained results, the social capital of the elderly participating in this study was pretty low. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between social capital and the motivators of physical activity participation (apart from fitness & medical); this result signifies the necessity of attention to the social capital of the elderly.

Association of Physical Fitness Indicators with Health Profile and Lifestyle of Children

Objective: High physical fitness (PF) level is a significant health determinant in children and adolescents so that it is important to identify the factors affecting PF in this population. Despite available studies highlighting the relationship between PF and characteristics of children, there is still a need to uncover how the health status and lifestyle of children impact different PF indicators. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between physical fitness, and the health profile and lifestyle of children. Methods: This study was conducted with 110 (58 girls; age 11.85±0.35) adolescents between February and March 2020. The preditors of PF which were gender, body mass index, physical activity level (PAL) measured via Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ), motivation measured via Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ), sleep time, and tablet usage time regressed against PF related outcome measured using 6 Minutes Walk test (6MWT), T-Test, vertical jump test and broad jump test (BJT). Results: There were significant associations between T-test performance, and gender, BMI (being obese), and PAL. PAL and gender were also significant predictors for 6MWT and BJT respectively. PF was not significantly associated with motivation, sleep, and table usage time. A high level of physical activity, being male, and low BMI score resulted in better PF performance. Conclusion: The health profile and lifestyle of adolescents may estimate the significant proportion of variabilities observed in physical fitness levels in adolescents.

The Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation towards Physical Activity among Malaysian Technical University (UTeM) Students

This study explores the inherent and external factors which influence university students' involvement in physical activity. As the key respondents were reacting to the adapted Exercise Reward Inventory and Participation Motivation questionnaire, 400 students comprising 200 males and 200 females were sampled. It shows that health and fitness (M = 4.37) are the intrinsic highest mean value variables, whereas peers and friends (M = 3.97) are factors for extrinsic variables. There are substantial differences in the presence of inherent health and fitness motives between gender and physical influences (t = - 6.51, p < 1.05) (t = - 5.05, p < 0.05). Only in the family did there appear to be substantial sex variations in extrinsic motivation (t = 6.98, p < 0.05). There were only substantial variations of sex in relation to external motivation in the family (t = 6.98, p < 0.05). Lastly, the most contributing factors to physical activity are the inherent motivational and extrinsic motivational factors (the position of the university). University should emphasise the opportunity to promote physical activity among more students by encouraging safer cultural activities between men and women. This study is also important for the physical and spiritual growth of healthy students. This experience shows that the most successful way, particularly for students, is to make the next generation safe and energy efficient.

The Effect of Motivation on Students Studying in Sports Departments

This study aims to analyze participation motivation of the students studying in the department of Physical education and Sports teaching. The study population consists of 160 students from the Department of Physical Education and Sports Teaching in Kazım Karabekir Faculty of Education at Atat&amp;uuml;rk University in the 2019-2020 academic year. The study sample is 99 students out of 160 students by choosing the random sampling method. A form consisting of two parts has been used as a data collection tool in the study. In the first part of the data collection tool, there is a personal information form, including the students&amp;rsquo; age, gender, and sports information branch. In the second part, participation motivation questionnaire has been used. Normal distribution criteria have been controlled using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests in the obtained data. Non-parametric tests have been used in the next stage&amp;rsquo;s statistical analysis. While comparisons of gender and sports type have been fulfilled with the Mann Whitney-U test, the Kruskal Wallis test has been used for the age variable. Consequently, it has been observed that the most crucial reason directing students to sports is &amp;ldquo;skill development&amp;rdquo; and the least important reason is &amp;ldquo;friends&amp;rdquo;. When looking at the values obtained from the Participation Motivation Questionnaire by gender, it is evident that there is no statistically significant difference according to the scores obtained by male and female students from the sub-dimensions of the scale.

Social support and sports participation motivations of female adolescents in India - study of age transition and achievement level

Abstract Motivation is likely a pivotal factor contributing to sports participation. In India, because of the unsupportive sports/physical education environment, girls participate less in sports and other physical activities than boys. Therefore, embedding a planned healthy environment with good social support may maximize and, consequently, increase their participation in various sports and physical activities. Considering this unabated dialogue and assuming that motivation is a pivotal need for female sports participation, this study examined the differences in motivation to participate in sports among female adolescents across three age categories: early (11–14 years old), middle (15–18 years old), and late (19–21 years old) adolescence. A total of 528 female adolescents from Assam, India participated in the study. Participation in physical education courses was the criterion for the participants, and they were invited to complete the Participation Motivation Questionnaire. A factor analysis with direct oblimin rotation using the maximum likelihood extraction method yielded a 23-item, five-factor structure that exhibited moderate internal consistency. An ANOVA revealed significant differences across all three age categories regarding all the extracted factors. Moreover, t-tests of all sub-factors identified significant differences between the two achievement levels of district-level and inter-district-level athletes. This study provides sound psychometric and comparative results that are useful for education and formative reviews in applied settings and research purposes. It also serves as a measurement tool for embedding motivation to participate in physical activities and sports among female adolescents and the development of strategic ideas to assist female adolescents from less privileged areas to experience healthy growth and a healthy lifestyle.

PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION AMONG YOUNG SOCCER ATHLETES: RESEARCH EVIDENCE FROM GREECE

The purpose of this study was to determine participation motives of youth soccer players and to examine their participation motives with regard to their age, sport experience, and training volume levels. The sample of this empirical research consisted of 171 young soccer athletes from 16 different soccer teams, all located in the prefecture of Ilia, Western Greece. The well-known sports participation motivation questionnaire (PMQ) was used. Analysis of data was conducted by the use non-parametric k-independent-samples t-tests. The results showed that among the components of the sports participation motivation, significant differences were observed for the aspects of achievement and the aspect of finding friendship. No other significant differences were found. The results of this study confirm that sport experience and the athletes’ age is effective in motivating athletes' continuation and commitment to their physical activity. Article visualizations:

Motivation for Participation in Sports Based on Athletes in Team and Individual Sports

Abstract There are many reasons why individuals are motivated to participate in sports. For athletes to participate in and keep up exercise, investigating the participation motivation of athletes is necessary. The aim of this study was to compare sport participation motivation of athletes in team and individual disciplines. The sample consisted of 265 athletes including four teams from football, volleyball, basketball, and handball and two individual disciplines of kung fu and taekwondo which were randomly selected. The 30-item sports participation motivation questionnaire (PMQ) was used. Analysis of data was conducted by the use of independent-samples t-test. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the sports participation motivation of athletes in a team and individual sports as well as between male and female athletes. But, among the components of the sports participation motivation, only the aspect of achievement in a team and individual sports and the aspect of finding friendship in male and female athletes existed, no other significant difference was observed. The results of this study show that sports discipline and the athlete’s gender is effective in motivating athletes’ continuation and commitment to a physical activity.

Motives of Pre-service Classroom Teachers for Sports Activity Participation

The current study aims to evaluate the pre-service classroom teachers’ motivations to participate in sports activities. The study group of the current research employing the survey model is comprised of the students attending the Department of Classroom Teacher Education in the Education Faculty of Mugla Sitki Kocman University. A total of 295 students; 212 females and 83 males, participated in the study on a volunteer basis. The research employed the “Sports Participation Motivation Questionnaire” developed by Oyar, Asci, Celebi and Mulazimoglu (2001) to collect data. In the analysis of the collected data, SPSS program package was used. In order to determine the between-groups difference, “t test” and “variance analysis” were employed. In light of the findings of the current study, it can be argued that the female students’ motivation to participate in sports activities (in the sub-dimensions of team spirit, making friends, desire to compete, skill development and be active) is higher than that of the male students. Depending on the grade levels, it was found that the first year students’ motivation to participate in sports activities is more oriented to being with friends when compared to the second year students. The students stated that they spend an hour doing sports a week; thus, they feel relaxed and gain new skills. The students stating that they are not interested in any branch of sports in the university also stated that they are willing to participate in sports activities. Though there are no licensed athletes in their families, some of the students want to be active in sports activities due to their desire to compete and make friends. As a result, it can be maintained that the classroom teachers view sports participation as a need and their motivation in this respect is high.

“Quero ser um atleta rico e famoso”: motivos para a prática esportiva de jovens atletas escolares

O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar os motivos para prática esportiva de jovens atletas escolares, além das variáveis: sexo, idade e tempo de treino. Trezentos e sessenta e cinco jovens atletas (216 meninas e 149 meninos; idade 13 anos ± 0,8) foram avaliados mediante instrumento Participation Motivation Questionnaire. O principal motivo para a prática de esporte elencado pelas atletas do sexo feminino foi Competência Técnica (4,38 ± 0,09). Seguido por Aptidão Física (4,07 ± 0,83) e Atividade em Grupo (4,02 ± 0,78). Já para os atletas do sexo masculino, Competência Técnica (4,51 ± 0,51) seguidos por Competição (4,34 ± 0,78) e Atividade em Grupo (4,17 ± 0,74). A diferença entre os meninos e meninas ocorreu nos motivos: Afiliação e relacionamento social (P&lt;0,05). Os jovens atletas atribuíram maior importância para aspectos equivalentes ao aprimoramento das habilidades técnicas, aprender novas habilidades e seguir para um alto nível.

Motives for sports practice in young soccer and volleyball athletes

The reasons why athletes, especially young people, seek to adhere to sports practice has aroused the interest of research. The aim of this study was to identify the reasons for the sports practice of young soccer and volleyball athletes according to gender, age, family economic class, practice time and level of competitiveness. 188 athletes, 56 volleyball athletes and 132 soccer players aged 10-16 participated in the study. The reasons for the sport were identified through the Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ). The data were analyzed through Covariance Analysis. The results indicated that, in general, the most important reason for sports practice was “Technical Competence” (4.51±0.54), followed by factors of intermediate importance: “Competition” (4.30±0.73), “Group Activity” (4.29±0.71) and “Physical Fitness” (4.25±0.64). Low-income families (C) attributed greater importance to the motivation factors related to “Social Recognition” and “Group Activity”. Athletes with lower practice time conceded less relevance to “Group Activity” and “Affiliation”, while those with a national competitive level demonstrated greater importance to all motivation factors, with the exception of “Competition.” Young athletes have been motivated to practice sports, especially for reasons related to self-realization, improvement of technical skills and overcoming challenges. Differences were also identified between family economic class groups, practice time and competitive level in the motivation factors for sports practice.

Participation in a school-based walking intervention changes the motivation to undertake physical activity in middle-school students.

The motivation to perform physical activity is a crucial factor in achieving a persistent active lifestyle. However, motivation decreases with increasing age from childhood to adolescence. The promotion of physical activity in educational settings might be an important tool to increase motivation and, consequently, to decrease sedentary behavior. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of a 4-month school-based walking intervention on motivation to participate in physical activity among Italian middle-school students. This study included 276 students (mean age 13 ± 1 years, 41.3% female). A total of 138 students (intervention group) participated in a brief walking intervention that was added to their routine daily school activity, while a convenience sample of 138 students performed the routine daily school activity. The activity consisted of walking one kilometer outside of school buildings during the morning break. Motivation data were collected before and after the walking breaks using the Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ). Controlling for age, significant interactions between group and time were observed in the “Social Status” [F(1,273) = 4.851; p = 0.028], “Team” [F(1,273) = 6.015; p = 0.015] and “Energy Release” components [F(1,273) = 8.527; p = 0.038]. Specifically, a significant decrease in the “Social Status” components of the PMQ and an increase in the “Team” and “Energy Release” components were observed in the intervention group. On the contrary. control group showed an increase in “Social Status” and a decrease in the “Team” and “Energy Release” components. Within this developmental context, incorporation of the walking activity helped to modify the motivational orientation towards physical activity to include more intrinsic factors, which were related to the possibility of remaining with classmates and peer groups and releasing a surplus of energy.

Relationship between Social Identification and Sport Participation amongst Staff of Developmental and Maintenance of Sports in Iran

Social identification determined as one of the imperative factor that specialized one society from the another one. In fact, this factor has been impacted by various items such as sport participation and appears comprehensively. Sport participation has considerable influence on health of society and conducts individuals’ identification in different ways. In this regard, the present study focused on the relationship between social identification and sport participation amongst 270 staff who are working on developmental and maintenance of sports in Iran. The data has been got based on Social Identification (Safarnia, 1993), and Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ; Gill et al., 1983). The results showed that the sport participation has meaningful relation with social identification. In reality, the staff who considered on team working as participation and supply this main factor on their daily life shown better social identification. Keywords : Social Identification, Sport Participation, Staff, Iran

The Relationship Between Mental Health with Sports Participation Motivation in Female Students of Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between mental health and sports participation motivation in female students of Islamic Azad University Karaj Branch. Method: This study was a descriptive research that its method was correlation and it was conducted through cross-sectional and survey. Sixty female students (Mage=4/23 ±) were selected as a convenience sample from Islamic Azad University Karaj Branch in all academic levels and in the second semester 2015-2016. The instrument of this study was included a demographic questionnaire, Goldberg’s General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and Gill’s Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ). The collected data were analyzed by Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient. Results: The results showed that there was a there was a significant relationship between mental health (P=0.05) and social dysfunction (P=0.021) with sports participation motivation in students and students’ sports participation motivation increased significantly with the reduction of mental problems and the social dysfunction subscale. Also, there was no significant relationship between depression (P=0.388), anxiety (P=0.425), and somatic symptoms (P=0.199) with sports participation motivation in students and mental health subscales were not a significant predictor for students’ sports participation motivation (P=0.198). Conclusions: It is suggested that we can provide a positive effect on students’ mental and physical health in the campus and dormitories through the creation of a good atmosphere, desirable learning and training environment, the training place of different sports, counseling centers for the provision of counseling services due to the improvement of mental health, and the holding of workshops.

Expressed motives of amateur karate and taekwondo athletes for sport participation

This study aimed to investigate amateur karate and taekwondo athletes' participation motivation mutually. A total of 206 amateur karate and taekwondo athletes voluntarily participated in the study. In the study to collect data Turkish version of Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) used. The questionnaire consisted of 30 items and eight factors. In the evaluation of data in addition to descriptive statistical methods, MANOVA was used to identify significant differences. As a result, according to descriptive statistics, while the most important motive for sport participation was found to be as "skills development," the least important motive was found to be as "friend" for both karate and taekwondo athletes. But MANOVA results did not reveal any significant differences (p>.05). This result is thought to be because of both karate and taekwondo are individual sport branches and requires both skill and talent.