Participation In Recreational Sports Research Articles

Return to athletics after total knee arthroplasty: a survey study of 784 recreational athletes across 12 sports.

Postoperative return to recreational activity is a common concern among the increasingly active total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patient population, though there is a paucity of research characterizing sport-specific return and function. This study aimed to assess participation level, postoperative return to activity, sport function, and limitations for recreational athletes undergoing TKA. A survey of recreational sports participation among primary, elective TKA patients from a single academic center between June 2011 and January 2022 was conducted. Of the 10,777 surveys administered, responses were received from 1,063 (9.9%) patients, among whom 784 indicated being active in cycling (273 [34.8%]), running (33 [4.2%]), jogging (68 [8.7%]), swimming (228 [29.1%]), tennis (63 [8.0%]), skiing (55 [7.0%]), or high-impact team sports (64 [8.2%]) between two years preoperatively and time of survey administration, and were included for analyses. Cycling (62.3% at two years preoperatively vs. 59.0% at latest follow-up) and swimming (62.7% at two years preoperatively vs. 63.6% at latest follow-up) demonstrated the most favorable participation rate changes, while running (84.0% at two years preoperatively vs. 48.5% at latest follow-up) and skiing (72.7% at two years preoperatively vs. 45.5% at latest follow-up) demonstrated the least favorable participation rate changes. The majority of respondents were "satisfied" or "very satisfied" with their return across all sports, though dissatisfaction was highest among runners and joggers. For cycling, running, jogging, and swimming, respondents most commonly reported no change in speed or distance capacity, though among these cyclists reported the highest rates of improved speed and distance. The majority of returning skiers reported improved balance, form, and ability to put on skis. Return to sport is feasible following TKA with high satisfaction. Swimming and cycling represent manageable postoperative activities with high return-rates, while runners and joggers face increased difficulty returning to equal or better activity levels. Patients should receive individualized, sports-specific counseling regarding their expected postoperative course based on their goals of treatment.

Australian sport and physical activity behaviours pre, during and post-COVID-19

BackgroundGlobally, COVID-19 and associated restrictions impacted negatively on recreational physical activity (RPA). Participation in community sport was significantly impacted with cancelled training and competitions. Whilst team and club-based sport participation declined during COVID-19 restrictions, participation in some physical activities actually increased, particularly individual and online activities and outdoor activities not requiring facilities.AimThe aim of this study is to investigate changes in the patterns of participation in club-based sport, informal sport and other RPA in Australia from pre, during and post-COVID-19 restrictions. Further, these participation patterns are broken down by gender, age and region of residence.MethodsTwo longitudinal waves of an online survey were conducted in mid-2020 and mid-2021. The first wave also captured retrospective pre-COVID19 (2019) data. Two sections of the survey dealt respectively with two ‘settings’ of RPA: organised club sport, and less structured sport and recreational physical activity (designated ‘other RPA’). For each year 2019–2021 each individual was categorized as participating (Yes/No) in each of club sport and other RPA. For each setting, the proportions of each pattern of participation were tabulated, and the results for the demographic cohorts were compared.ResultsA total of 1,138 Australians aged 13 years and above completed both waves of the survey. Overall, there were considerable differences between the patterns of club sport and other RPA. Most individuals who participated in other RPA (69%) were able to and did participate continuously throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. However, and not surprisingly, the club-sport participants were forced to drop out in 2020 during COVID-19 restrictions, and less than half reported returning to play post-COVID-19 restrictions. Less than a quarter of sports club participants were able to continue to play throughout COVID-19 and beyond. Significantly more males returned to playing sport 51% than females 44%.ConclusionParticipation in community club-based sport has been significantly negatively impacted by COVID-19, more so than participation in some other recreational sport and physical activities. Further, fewer females than males returned to playing community sport, and priority and specific attention should be given to understanding why women and girls have not returned to playing community club-based sport.

Today's Older Adults: Strategies of Facilitating Sport Participation

As the U.S. population ages, park and recreation (P&R) professionals face increasing demand to provide age-appropriate and health-promoting programming for older adults. Recent qualitative research suggests older adults are interested in participating in sport programs tailored to their age group. Using socioecological theory as the guiding framework, and leisure constraint theory specifically, the current study explored participation and interest in recreational sport among older adults across the U.S. and their perceptions of how local P&R agencies currently meet, or fail to meet, their needs. Data, collected in 2019 via a nationwide online survey completed by 1,203 adults aged 50 and over, provided insights into the current population of older adults who are diverse in terms of health status, amount of discretionary time, and interest/experience with sport. Although most participants suggested they do not regularly participate in recreational sport, approximately half indicated they would be interested to try a new sport if opportunities were available, and they are motivated by health benefits, social opportunities, and enjoyment of recreational sport. Sports with the most interest were golf, pickleball, and softball. Additionally, participants expressed interest in bowling, hiking, tennis, volleyball, and swimming. Unfortunately, less than 20% of participants indicated they were satisfied or highly satisfied with the sport opportunities for older adults available through their local P&R department. Related to constraints, participants reported that constraints hindering their participation in recreational sport include physical or health-related factors (e.g., not being in good enough shape, not having the sport-related skills), lack of companions with whom to participate, lack of awareness of opportunities, lack of access to fields/facilities, and cost. The findings also relate to leisure facilitators within the constraint negotiation model, and suggests P&R agencies can facilitate sport participation among older adults by promoting the health, social, and fun aspects of participation; offering opportunities targeted at beginners with no skill/experience required; ensuring programs are age-specific and modified to reduce risk of injury; facilitating introductions among players or providing opportunities for individuals to join teams; ensuring that low-cost options exist, and increasing awareness among older adults through channels effective for this age group (e.g., personal invitation, Facebook). The findings highlight the importance of making older adults a priority when planning sport opportunities and understanding their sport-related interests and unique needs.

Participation in Recreational Sports and Student Engagement in a South African University

Using culturally relevant frameworks, this study explored students’ self-reported sense of belonging and noncognitive learning outcomes as a result of cocurricular involvement in recreational activities at a South African University. Survey responses from 1,884 students involved in various cocurricular activities suggest the positive influence recreational sport involvement has on student learning outcomes, with students’ gender, finances, and accommodation playing a role. This study contributes to the literature by providing insights from a non-U.S. context.

Physical Activity and Bladder Cancer Risk: Findings of the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study.

The association of physical activity with the risk of bladder cancer remains inconsistent among Asian populations. We aimed to examine the association in a large Japanese cohort. In a population-based prospective cohort study, a total of 50,374 Japanese adults aged 40-79 years without a history of cancer or cardiovascular disease who had information on physical activity from self-administrated questionnaires were used for analysis. We performed Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident bladder cancer after adjusting for several potential confounders. During the median 17.5 years of follow-up, 153 incident bladder cancers (116 men and 37 women) were identified. After the multivariable adjustment, HRs (95% CI) of bladder cancer concerning those with recreational sports participation of 1-2 hr/wk, 3-4 hr/wk, and 5 hr/wk and more were 0.67 (0.38-1.20), 0.79 (0.36-1.74), and 0.28 (0.09-0.89), respectively (p for trend=0.017). Compared with mostly sitting at the workplace, occupational physical activity of standing and walking were associated with a lower risk of bladder cancer (HR, 0.53 [95% CI, 0.32 to 0.85]). Hours of daily walking were not associated with the risk. The lower risk of bladder cancer was more evident for recreational sports (HR, 0.33 [95% CI, 0.10 to 1.00]), and for occupational standing and walking activity at work (HR, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.33 to 0.98]) among men. Recreational sports participation and occupational physical activity were inversely associated with the risk of bladder cancer among Japanese, especially in men.

Exercise Behavior And Recreational Sport Participation Predict Academic Success And Graduation In University Students

Exercise Behavior And Recreational Sport Participation Predict Academic Success And Graduation In University Students

확장된 합리적행동이론을 적용한 중국인 유학생의 레저스포츠 참여 행동의도에 관한 분석

This study was to analyze the behavioral intentions of Chinese students studying in South Korea to participate in leisure sports. To this end, hypotheses were tested by using the Extended Theory of Reasoning Behavior(TRA) of motivation for recreational sports participation. The researchers surveyed 275 Chinese international students in Korea. This study was used to the structural equation modeling(SEM) of AMOS and SPSS as the research method. As a result, motivation to participate in recreational sports influences attitudes, and attitudes and subjective norms influence behavioral intentions. In this respect, the rational behavior theory newly proposed by this research model is expected to serve as the baseline data for future research on the behavior analysis of international students studying in the South Korea.

Poster 342: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Recreational Athletes Aged 40 and Older: Activity Level as an Indication

Objectives: The number of patients that are continuing to be active is extending into middle age. Many in this population report consistent participation in recreational sports. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is the gold standard for treatment among young athletic patients, but nonoperative treatment has historically been utilized more often in older patient populations. It has been traditionally thought that older adult patients do not share the same activity level as younger patients and thus are not in need of surgical treatment of an ACL injury. There is some hesitancy to treat older patients if they have mild to moderate pre-existing arthritis, but in recent years the literature has demonstrated good outcomes in this population. The type of graft used in older patients is another source of controversy, with many surgeons opting to use allograft rather than a patient’s native tissue for ACLR. Factors that can inform decision-making such as pre-injury activity level and employment have not been thoroughly assessed for these patients. The purpose of this study was to better understand indications for ACLR in patients aged 40 and older by characterizing their activity level, mechanisms of injury, employment status, demographics, surgical characteristics, and patient reported outcomes (PROs). Methods: A registry of prospectively-collected PROs from a single metropolitan ambulatory surgical center was retrospectively reviewed for patients that received an ACLR from 2009-2016. Patients younger than 40 years old, revision procedures, and concomitant ligament repairs or reconstructions were excluded. Demographic, employment, activity, injury, and surgical characteristics were extracted via chart review. The level of strength required by the patient’s occupation was stratified by the definitions from the United States Department of Labor Occupation Requirements Survey (graded as “sedentary”, “light work”, “medium work”, “heavy work”, “very heavy work”). Surgical outcomes include ACLR failure or re-rupture, ipsilateral knee re-operations, and complications. PROs utilized were the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) and Knee Injury & Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) collected pre-operatively and at two years post-operatively. Results: A total of 141 patients were identified. More than half the patients were female (n=81, 58%) and the average age was 47 years old (range: 40-66). Approximately 87% (n=124) of patients had PRO data. The average KOOS and SANE at two-year follow-up were 80.0 ± 15.9 and 85.3 ± 22.0, respectively. The average change from baseline score were 20.8 ± 20.2 and 24.1 ± 30.3 for KOOS and SANE, respectively. Pre-existing arthritis was found in the majority of patients (n=88, 62%). The most common graft type used for ACLR in this group was allograft (n=95, 67%). Injured menisci were typically treated with meniscectomy vs repair (n=65, 56%). The majority of patients (n=104, 77%) were engaged in a sport when they sustained an ACL injury, with 96% being engaged in a sport that requires running, jumping, and other high-impact activity. Those injured while involved in a sport on average demonstrated higher KOOS scores at baseline and at two-year follow up compared to those that were not involved in a sport (61.5 ± 18.0 vs 51.6 ± 18.0 at baseline, p=0.045; 82.8 ± 13.7 vs 70.8 ± 19.5 at two years, p=0.0048). A total of 27 of the sporting-related injuries occurred in patients age 50 or older (60% of n=45 patients age 50 years or older). All of these patients expressed a desire to return to sport and pre-injury activity. Skiing was the most frequently cited sport (n=41, 29%). Most ACL injuries were acute, with just 10% found to be chronic. The mechanism of injury varied by activity, but non-contact type ACL injuries were the most prevalent (n=66, 49%). Although most patients worked in a sedentary or desk job environment (n=87, 65%), some worked in very heavy-duty jobs (n=18, 14%). There was a low incidence of re-ruptures and re-operations (4.5% and 8.7%, respectively). Conclusions: The majority of patients aged 40 and over sustained ACL injuries while engaging in sports, with all of these patients citing a desire to return to sport and pre-injury activity level as their reason for wanting an ACLR. Patients were mostly treated with allograft compared to autograft, and meniscal injuries were most frequently treated through meniscectomy instead of repair. Many of these patients had some form of pre-existing arthritis and still went on to have surgery with excellent outcomes. PROs were also found to be higher initially and at two-year follow-up in the more active adult group, suggesting that pre-injury and post-injury activity level is associated with improved outcomes. When an older adult patient presents with an ACL tear, surgeons should consider the activity level and desires of the patient as they determine the appropriate avenue of treatment. There is certainly a role for conducting ACLR in patients aged 40 or older. [Table: see text][Table: see text][Table: see text]

Application of european society of cardiology guidelines 2020 on competitive sports eligibility in a large population of subjects with surgically corrected congenital heart disease

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Congenital heart disease (CHD) affects approximately 0.5-1% of the general population. Thanks to the improvement of medical and surgical techniques, in developed countries 90% of individuals with CHD reach adulthood and, consequently, the demand for participation in sporting activities also increases. Recently, the European Society of Cardiology have given recommendations on participation in recreational and competitive sports (ESC 2020) based on a clinical and functional algorithm. Purpose To show the prevalence of the eligibility for competitive sports proposed by ESC 2020 in a real CHD population and the prevalence of real engagement in physical activity (both competitive and non-competitive). Also, to evaluate the difference in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and the impact of training among different sport eligibility classes. Methods Retrospective study of 401 patients with surgically corrected CHD and followed up with cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) performed on treadmill or cycle ergometer until patients’ exhaustion. Subjects were divided in 4 classes according with ESC 2020 guidelines and corresponding to the eligibility for all competitive sport (A), all except endurance specialties (B), only for skill disciplines (C) or not eligible (D). Results Median (IQR) age was 18.0(13.0; 21.5) years; 266 patients (66.3%) were males. 34% were in class D, 13% in class B, 25% in class C and 28% in class A. Within the entire population, 179 subjects (44.6%) carried out structured exercise training, corresponding to 60.7% of subjects in class A, 45.1% of those in class B, 41.7% of those in class C and 41.1% of those in class D. VO2peak/Kg was similar between class A [39.2 (33.6-44.4) mL/Kg/min] and B [37.9 (30.6-42.6) mL/Kg/min], but significantly different between class A vs. class C [33.3 (28.3-41.4) mL/Kg/min p<.0001] and class D [32.2 (27.6-39.3) mL/Kg/min p<.0001]. Also, functional impairment, defined as <85% of the predicted for age and sex, resulted significantly higher in patients in the lower classes of sport eligibility (C and D) than in the higher ones, with a prevalence of impaired CRF of 22.5% in class A, 42.5% in class B, 55.1% in class C and 57.0% in class D (p <.0001). Paired comparison showed significant differences in CRF (VO2peak/Kg) between trained and untrained subjects both within and across ESC 2020 classes, while there was no significant difference between paired groups of different classes who presented the same level of physical activity (Figure 1). Conclusions Subjects in class A had better functional capacity than those in C and D classes, but exercise training (competitive or non-competitive) can have a significant impact on CRF level. Figure 1 shows that trained people in D class had higher CRF than untrained in A class, supporting that functional evaluation and an individualized exercise prescription may recruit functional "reserve" by improving the VO2peak as key prognostic component.

The role of past campus recreational sports participation in predicting students’ stress and competence during the COVID-19 pandemic

This pilot study predicted the association of pre-lockdown campus recreational sports (CRS) participation with post-secondary students’ stressors and perceived competence during the campus lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Students with CRS membership at a Canadian university completed online questionnaires before and during the campus lockdown. Factor analysis showed that campus lockdowns added new stressors such as academic uncertainty, self-support struggles, and e-learning challenges to students’ academic life. Regression analysis also indicated that students who participated more frequently in recreational activities before the pandemic, experienced lower levels of pandemic-related stressors and reported higher levels of perceived competence to handle challenges and master their school workload during the lockdown. Results suggest that the impact of CRS activities on reducing levels of stress contribute to wellbeing above and beyond physical health benefits. Greater CRS participation cultivates personal strengths toward gaining lifelong skills and expansion of self to effectively manage negative life challenges.

Campus Recreational Sports Participation and Academic Cheating: A Pilot Study

College student participation in extracurricular activities is recognized as a contributing factor to an increase in academic cheating behaviors. National Intramural and Recreational Sport Association (NIRSA)-sponsored sports emphasize that all participants demonstrate appropriate ethical behaviors (i.e., sportsmanship) throughout competition. This study explores the impact that participation in recreational sports programs in college has on the frequency of self-reported instances of academic cheating. Specifically, we assess whether participation in NIRSA-sponsored activities which focus on the development of ethical behaviors in sports (i.e., sportsmanship), translates into ethical behaviors in the classroom, as measured through self-reported instances of academic dishonesty. Results show that participation in NIRSA-sponsored programs is directly related to an increase in self-reported instances of academic cheating.

Rationale for Pre-Race Aspirin to Attenuate Risk for Marathon-Related Cardiac Arrest: Confounding the Legacy of Pheidippides

While increasing levels of recreational sports participation are incrementally cardioprotective, strenuous physical exertion transiently increases the risk for acute cardiac events including sudden death. The frequency of marathon-related cardiac arrests has been increasing since the year 2000 mainly in middle-aged men due to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Coronary artery calcium scores and post-race cardiac biomarkers are recommended to identify runners who might benefit the most from pre-race aspirin for enhanced primary prevention.

Return to recreational sports participation following rotator cuff repair in adults over 40 Years of age: outcomes and return to play analysis

Despite the high prevalence of rotator cuff (RTC) tears in older adults, there is limited literature evaluating the return to recreational sport after repair. The purpose of this study was (1) to assess the patient-reported outcomes and return to sport rates following rotator cuff repair in patients aged more than 40 years with minimum 2-year follow-up; (2) to compare baseline, preoperative and postoperative outcomes, and level of play following repair of self-reported athletes with nonathletes; and (3) to compare return to sport rates in overhead athletes compared to nonoverhead athletes. Patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair between January 2016 and January 2019 were screened for inclusion. Inclusion criteria included (1) age more than 40 years at the time of surgery, (2) arthroscopic repair of a full thickness RTC tear, and (3) preoperative American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score (ASES) available. Eligible patients were contacted and invited to fill out a custom return to sport and patient-reported outcome survey. Overall, 375 of the 1141 eligible patients completed the survey instrument. There were 210 self-reported athletes (mean age 59.2±9.55 years) and 165 nonathletes (mean age 62.0±8.27 years) (P=.003). Of the athletes, 193 (91.9%) returned to sport. The average age of athletes was 59.4±9.33 years for those who returned to sport and 57.9±12.0 years for those who did not (P=.631). Athletes reported higher ASES scores than nonathletes both preoperatively (49.8±20.3 vs. 44.8±18.9, P=.015) and postoperatively (87.6±16.7 vs. 84.9±17.5, P=.036), but there was no difference in mean ASES improvement between groups (37.7±23.0 vs. 40.3±24.5, P=.307). There was no difference in postoperative Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation scores when comparing self-reported athletes to nonathletes (85.4±17.5 vs. 85.0±18.7, P=.836). After controlling for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking status using a multivariate analysis, there was no difference in mean ASES improvement when comparing athletes to nonathletes. There is a high rate of return to sport activities (> 90%) in older adult recreational athletes following arthroscopic repair of full thickness RTC tears and rates of return to sport did not significantly differ for overhead and nonoverhead athletes. Self-reported athletes were noted to have higher baseline, preoperative, and postoperative ASES scores than nonathletes, but the mean ASES improvement following repair did not significantly differ between groups.

Perceived Constraints on Active Recreational Sport Participation among Residents in Urban China.

Recreational sport participation is an important pathway to improving the quality of life. While facilities for recreational sports are provided in many urban areas in China, how urban residents might be aware of or use these facilities for recreational sport participation is still a vague notion in the literature. This study explored the linkages between perceived leisure constraints and active participation in recreational sports among urban residents. We collected data samples from 2901 urban residents in China to identify their perceived constraints and the effects of the perceived constraints on active recreational sport participation by structural equation models. Five perceived constraints of active recreational sport participation were identified: intrapersonal, interpersonal, environmental condition, facility-service management, and leisure opportunity constraints. More specifically, leisure opportunity, intrapersonal, facility-service management, and interpersonal constraints were the four most important constraints limiting active recreational sport participation of urban residents. Theoretical and practical implications to facilitate the active recreational sport participation of Chinese urban residents were discussed.

Women's experiences of participation in mass participation sport events.

Mass participation sport events (MPSEs) have become a popular form of recreational sport participation. Understanding experiences of participants is pivotal to designing and implementing socially just and sustainable events. Applying constructivist grounded theory methodology, this inquiry explored experiences of participation in MPSEs, with particular attention to the impact of gender on participation experiences. In-depth interviews were conducted with 13 women who participated in MPSEs. Fear and power were two core themes in interviewees' experiences. Fear of sexual assault, injury, and "something bad" was a significant element in women's experiences which related to perceptions of place and time. The second theme, power, was generated from strong sport identities, camaraderie among female runners, all-women races, and finishing mixed-gender races. The findings provide some guidelines for practitioners to enhance experiences of female participants and encourage repeated participation that is key to sustainability of the events.

Sports-related sudden cardiac arrest in young adults.

Data on sports-related sudden cardiac arrest (SrSCA) among young adults in the general population are scarce. We aimed to determine the overall SrSCA incidence, characteristics, and outcomes in young adults. Prospective cohort study of all cases of SrSCA between 2012 and 2019 in Germany and Paris area, France, involving subjects aged 18-35 years. Detection of SrSCA was achieved via multiple sources, including emergency medical services (EMS) reporting and web-based screening of media releases. Cases and aetiologies were centrally adjudicated. Overall, a total of 147 SrSCA (mean age 28.1 ± 4.8 years, 95.2% males) occurred, with an overall burden of 4.77 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.85-6.68] cases per million-year, including 12 (8.2%) cases in young competitive athletes. While bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was initiated in 114 (82.6%), automated external defibrillator (AED) use by bystanders occurred only in a minority (7.5%). Public AED use prior to EMS arrival (odds ratio 6.25, 95% CI 1.48-43.20, P = 0.02) was the strongest independent predictor of survival at hospital discharge (38.1%). Among cases that benefited from both immediate bystander CPR and AED use, survival rate was 90.9%. Coronary artery disease was the most frequent aetiology (25.8%), mainly through acute coronary syndrome (86.9%). Sports-related sudden cardiac arrest in the young occurs mainly in recreational male sports participants. Public AED use remains disappointingly low, although survival may reach 90% among those who benefit from both bystander CPR and early defibrillation. Coronary artery disease is the most prevalent cause of SrSCA in young adults.

Development and Validation of Recreational Sport Well-Being Scale.

The purpose of this study is to develop the “Recreational Sport Well-being Scale”, which will be used to investigate the subjective recreational sport well-being individuals’ experience after participating in recreational sports. The study participants were Taiwanese who were over 20 years old and participated in recreational sports. Four sets of samples and 4050 questionnaires in total were collected. Using exploratory factor analysis, four factors were extracted from the scale –life satisfaction, physical and mental health, family flourishing, and positive feelings. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the scale’s overall goodness of fit, convergent validity, and composite reliability all passed the thresholds. The results of cross-validation indicated that the model passed configural invariance, metric invariance, covariance invariance, and error variance invariance, which suggested that the scale has cross validity. Nomological validity analysis was conducted, showing that Recreational Sport Well-being Scale is nomologically valid since it is positively correlated to Subjective Health Scale. Test-retest reliability analysis suggested that the test results were stable when a retest was carried out two weeks later. The developed “Recreational Sport Well-being Scale” is highly reliable and valid and can be applied to measure future recreational sports participants’ well-being.

Campus recreational participation and COVID-19: impact on college student health and well-being.

Objective: Campus recreational sport activities impact college student health and well-being in a variety of domains. This multi-institutional study examined the participation of students in campus recreation during the pandemic and explored the relationship between student participation and their demographic markers, COVID-19 experience, and perceptions of risk, health and safety. Methods: Results from a survey of 1,815 American college students indicated the presence of statistical differences in sport participation based on Gender, Race, State, Personal COVID-19 Experience, Campus Safety Efforts, and Risk Perception Score within various areas of analysis. Results: The impact and meaning of these cross-sectional results are discussed with reference to the ongoing pandemic and student health. Recommendations are presented within the context of this vital programming area both during and beyond the current crisis. Conclusion: These results are especially important given the health benefits associated with participation in recreational sport as tools to mitigate against the unprecedented consequences of the pandemic.

Exploring the relations between participation in youth sport and parenting strategies used in adulthood

ABSTRACT Past researchers found that youth sports participation was associated with improvements in youth mental health, academic achievement, emotional regulation, and behavior. This study focuses on whether those who participated in team sports as youth might exhibit more effective parenting styles and strategies than those who did not. Data were collected through an online survey of 525 Pennsylvania residents with a child between the ages of 3 and 17. Data were collected in October 2020. Youth who participated in recreational or competitive team sports were more positively involved with their children than others. Recreational sports participants used more positive discipline strategies than others; this trend was not observed for competitive athletes. Competitive team sport participation was associated with more inconsistent discipline and poorer supervision of children, a trend not found among recreational athletes. Further study is needed to assess change in youth competencies over time and by degree of participation.

Sex Segregation and the Participation of Transgender Adults in Recreational Sport in British Columbia, Canada

Abstract The lack of a formal policy on transgender participation in recreational sport results in transgender people struggling alone with stigmatization. Recreational sport guidelines identify inclusion as an imperative in recreational sport participation, yet they have failed to lay out the means to achieve it. Considering this issue and opportunity, the purpose of this case study is to determine how transgender adults’ participation in recreational sport in British Columbia (BC), Canada is informed by their experiences with sex-based segregation structures in recreational sport and, secondly, to inform an enhanced and intentional change in transgender-inclusive policies and practices in terms of sex-based segregation structures in recreational sport in BC, Canada. VIU logo WLCE logo Information Vancouver Island University World Leisure Centre of Excellence © Tung Nguyen 2022