Participation In Recreational Physical Activity Research Articles

Physical Activity Is Associated with Slower Cognitive Decline in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.

Physical activity is associated with slower cognitive decline in old age. Type 2 diabetes (T2d) is a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline. Physical activity protects against several T2d complications. Yet, little is known about the contribution of physical activity to cognitive health among the elderly with T2d. To examine the association between physical activity and cognitive decline in older adults with T2d. This is a prospective longitudinal study using data from the Israel Diabetes and Cognitive Decline (IDCD) study. ICDC study (N=1,213), is a population-based cohort of adults over the age of 65, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, who were cognitively normal at baseline and followed up every 18 months. Participants with at least one follow-up assessment who were in the same physical activity group consistently and had complete demographic data. Physical activity was measured using Minnesota Leisure Time Activity Questionnaire, cognitive functioning was measured using a broad neuropsychological assessment measuring Executive Functioning, Attention/Working Memory, Semantic Categorization and Episodic Memory. Participants were classified into physical activity groups based on self-reported physical activity at baseline and all follow ups: "active" - participation in recreational physical activity (n=286); "non-active"- the only physical activity was walking from place to place (n=93) and "sedentary" (n=19). Linear mixed effects models were applied to adjust for key demographic and cardiovascular risk factors. Participants were 72.4 (SD 4.6) years old, had 13.3 (SD 3.6) years of education, and 163 (41%) were female. In the fully adjusted model, compared to the non-active group the active group had significantly slower rate of decline in Global Cognition (p=0.005), Executive Functioning (p=.014), and Attention/Working Memory (p=.01). There were no significant group differences for Semantic Categorization (p=.17) and Episodic Memory (p=.88). Among initially cognitively normal and independent older adults with T2d, a physically active lifestyle was associated with a slower rate of cognitive decline. Future research should examine whether promoting physical activity may prevent or delay onset of dementia in this high-risk population.

“We are a unique breed”: strategies to enhance physical activity participation for preschool-aged children born extremely preterm, a mixed-methods study

Purpose Preschool-aged children (three to five years old) born preterm participate in less physical activity (PA) than term-born children. Circus activities (a type of recreational PA) are a potential avenue to increase PA rates, but further insight into how to tailor these to address the participation gap is needed. This study investigated barriers and facilitators informing participation in recreational PA for preschool-aged children born extremely preterm and explored strategies to enhance participation in circus activities. Materials and methods Sequential mixed-methods study utilizing surveys (n = 217), interviews (n = 43), and a focus group (n = 6) with key stakeholder groups (parents, coaches, and clinicians). Qualitative data (Framework Method) and quantitative data (descriptive statistics) were mixed during preliminary and final analyses. Results Five themes were developed from the mixed data: the crucial role of the coach and the need for specific training, the therapeutic role of PA and promoting outcomes beyond the physical, the impact of communication and class planning, consideration of convenience and cost, and finally, the role of clinicians. Conclusions Barriers, facilitators, and strategies were identified which may be used to modify or co-design circus-based PA interventions to enhance participation and improve rates of PA for preschool-aged children born extremely preterm. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Families consider recreational physical activities to be part of the therapeutic agenda for their preschool-aged children born extremely preterm. Key stakeholders feel that recreational physical activity should target outcomes beyond the physical. Coach attributes and capability impact participation of children born preterm and their families, and may be enhanced with specific training. Clinicians should be engaged in design of recreational physical activities for children born preterm.

Ergen ve Erken Yetişkinlik Dönemindeki Bireylerde Şiddet Algısının Rekreasyonel Fiziksel Aktivite, Zararlı Alışkanlıklar ve Demografik Değişkenlere Göre İncelenmesi

Her yıl dünya genelinde 1,6 milyondan fazla insan şiddet nedeniyle hayatını kaybetmektedir. Bu oran şiddet olgusunu dünyada önde gelen ölüm nedenlerinden biri yapmaktadır. Bu noktadan hareketle tasarlanan araştırmanın amacı; ergenliğin son aşamasında olan ve henüz ergenlikten çıkmış olan üniversiteli bireylerin şiddet algılarının cinsiyet, gelir durumu, rekreasyonel fiziksel aktivite süresi ve sigara/alkol kullanımı değişkenleri açısından incelenmesidir. Araştırmada, betimsel tarama deseni ile birlikte basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre cinsiyet, gelir durumu, rekreasyonel fiziksel aktiviteye katılım süresi ve alkol/sigara kullanım durumları arasında anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak özellikle rekreasyonel fiziksel aktivitelere katılım süresinin artışı ile şiddete yönelik tutumlar arasında anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu, haftalık rekreasyonel fiziksel aktivite süresi arttıkça şiddete yönelik tutum ortalamalarında azalma olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

The Value of Sport: Wellbeing Benefits of Sport Participation during Adolescence.

Insight into the unique benefits of sport participation above and beyond those associated with participation in other physical activities among adolescents is limited in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ). The purpose of this study was to examine the association between wellbeing and organised sport participation among adolescents whilst accounting for demographic characteristics and other recreational physical activity. Demographic characteristics (age, gender, ethnicity, deprivation, (dis)ability status), organized sport, recreational physical activity, and wellbeing were assessed in cohorts of NZ adolescents (11–17 years) between 2017 and 2019. After adjusting for demographics, better wellbeing was associated with participation in any recreational physical activity (OR = 2.49, 95%CI = 1.97–3.13), meeting physical activity recommendations (OR = 1.63, 95%CI = 1.47–1.81), and each additional hour of recreational physical activity (OR = 1.03, 95%CI = 1.02–1.04). After adjusting for demographics and overall recreational physical activity participation, better wellbeing was also associated with participation in any organized sport (OR = 1.66, 95%CI = 1.49–1.86), and each additional hour of organized sport (OR = 1.09, 95%CI = 1.07–1.11). Although participation in recreational physical activity appears to be beneficial for wellbeing, organized sport appears to offer unique additional wellbeing benefits. Positive experiences of organized sport participation may offer additional wellbeing value above and beyond other recreational physical activity types in young people who are active.

Domain specific association between physical activity and affect in adolescents’ daily lives: an ecological momentary assessment study

Objective Little is known about the domain specific associations between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and affect. This study aimed to determine whether the association between MVPA and affect differed by domain in adolescents. Design Overall, 119 adolescents (mean age = 14.7 years) provided information about their affective states multiple times a day over a four-day period using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Additionally, minutes of MVPA were measured using accelerometers and participants self-reported whether they were participating in recreational physical activity, active travel, or household physical activity at the time of an EMA prompt. Main Outcome Measures The main outcomes that were measured were affective valence, energetic arousal and tense arousal. Results Participants who engaged in more recreational MVPA on average reported more positive valence, more energetic arousal, and less tense arousal. Additionally, participants reported more energetic arousal when they participated in greater levels of recreational MVPA than usual, but also more tense arousal. Active travel and household physical activity were not associated with valence, energetic arousal or tense arousal. Conclusion These findings highlight the importance of encouraging participation in recreational physical activities to promote positive affective outcomes.

Leisure-time physical activity and its correlates in a multi-ethnic sample of adults over age 50 in Singapore

BackgroundTo examine the prevalence and correlates of regular leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) among community-dwelling adults in Singapore.MethodsData was sourced from the 2018–2019 Singapore Life Panel, which asked respondents about their current LTPA participation at various time-points over a seven-month period. The final sample comprised 7684 subjects over age 50. We applied logistic regression models in our analysis.Results39.8% of the respondents engaged in regular LTPA, with significantly higher proportions of men than women doing so. Factors positively associated with regular LTPA in both genders were age, education, retired, income, and satisfaction with social life, whereas a negative association was found with self-rated health. The correlates of sustained LTPA participation were relatively consistent with factors predicting current participation.ConclusionsRegular participation in recreational physical activities is important to promoting health and well-being among middle-aged and older adults as populations age. Our findings indicated that positive perceptions of social relationships and being retired are important supporting factors. The urgent development of physical activity promotion strategies and interventions are required to foster greater overall LTPA participation.

The examination of constraint of university students participation in recreational physical activities

The examination of constraint of university students participation in recreational physical activities

The association of recreational and non-recreational physical activity with mental health: A Canadian cross-sectional analysis.

• Recreational physical activity is associated with better mental health in adults. • Non-recreational physical activity is not associated with any mental health outcome. • Age-adjustment strengthened recreational activity and mental health associations. : Physical activity is associated with better mental health, but the literature does not distinguish which types of activity (e.g. recreational versus other types) are more strongly associated with better mental health. : Data from the 2015–2016 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) ( N =110,000) was used for analysis, restricted to respondents aged 18+. Self-reported participation in recreational physical activity and non-recreational physical activity (active transport, chores, manual labour) were categorized. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) using a 10+ dichotomization (indicating moderate-to-severe depression symptoms), self-reported diagnoses of mood and anxiety disorders, and self-perceived mental health were used as outcomes. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the odds ratio of each mental health outcome, adjusted for covariates. : Recreational physical activity was most strongly associated with the dichotomous PHQ-9 score and perceived mental health outcomes (OR=1.77 and OR=1.57, respectively, in multivariate models for zero recreational physical activity groups). Non-recreational physical activity was not consistently associated with any measure of mental health. Adjusting for age strengthened associations between recreational activity and mental health, but the addition of other covariates generally did not change the crude associations. The cross-sectional nature of our analysis limits causal conclusions that can be drawn from results. : The main finding, an association of mental health with only recreational physical activity requires replication by other studies. In particular, replication using longitudinal study designs could help to clarify whether these associations reflect causal effects, and could inform clinical and public health actions, having the potential to improve population health.

Recommendations for participation in leisure-time physical activity and competitive sports in patients with arrhythmias and potentially arrhythmogenic conditions: Part 1: Supraventricular arrhythmias. A position statement of the Section of Sports Cardiology and Exercise from the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) and the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), both associations of the European Society of Cardiology.

Symptoms attributable to arrhythmias are frequently encountered in clinical practice. Cardiologists and sport physicians are required to identify high-risk individuals harbouring such conditions and provide appropriate advice regarding participation in regular exercise programmes and competitive sport. The three aspects that need to be considered are: (a) the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias by participating in sports; (b) control of symptoms due to arrhythmias that are not life-threatening but may hamper performance and/or reduce the quality of life; and (c) the impact of sports on the natural progression of the underlying arrhythmogenic condition. In many cases, there is no unequivocal answer to each aspect and therefore an open discussion with the athlete is necessary, in order to reach a balanced decision. In 2006 the Sports Cardiology and Exercise Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology published recommendations for participation in leisure-time physical activity and competitive sport in individuals with arrhythmias and potentially arrhythmogenic conditions. More than a decade on, these recommendations are partly obsolete given the evolving knowledge of the diagnosis, management and treatment of these conditions. The present document presents a combined effort by the Sports Cardiology and Exercise Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology and the European Heart Rhythm Association to offer a comprehensive overview of the most updated recommendations for practising cardiologists and sport physicians managing athletes with supraventricular arrhythmias, and provides pragmatic advice for safe participation in recreational physical activities, as well as competitive sport at amateur and professional level. A companion text on recommendations in athletes with ventricular arrhythmias, inherited arrhythmogenic conditions, pacemakers and implantable defibrillators is published as Part 2 in Europace.

Effects of a 12-Week Cycling Intervention on Successful Aging Measures in Mid-Aged Adults

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the effect of 12-weeks of cycling training and competition versus recreational cycling on successful aging across physical, psychological, cognitive, and social functioning domains in mid-aged adults. Methods: Recreational cyclists were randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 13, M age = 47.18 years) and comparison (n = 13, M age = 46.91 years) group. Analysis of Covariance was used on self-reported pre-post data to determine changes across time and differences between groups on outcomes. Results: The intervention group scored higher on the role limitation due to physical problems measure of physical functioning (p = .045) and the social activity measure of social functioning (p = .008) with large effect sizes (ηp 2 > .14). The remaining physical, psychological, cognitive, and social functioning measures were not significantly different (p > .05) between groups with small to medium effect sizes (ηp 2 > .01 to ≤ .06). Conclusion: Cycling training and competition promotes better physical and social functioning than recreational cycling. This finding indicates that an intervention that incorporates the training and competition aspects of sport may promote positive outcomes that are above and beyond those that can be gained from participation in recreational physical activity. Objective measurements on larger samples across a broader range of sports are required to confirm and extend these findings.

Recreational Activities for with Disability: School-Aged Children and Adolescents

There is a need to develop appropriate opportunities for people with disabilities throughout their life course. The provision of access for people with disabilities to quality physical activity sporting opportunities must be addressed on an equal basis with those of their non-disabled peers. The aim of this study was to disabled children Adolescents recreational physical activity, frequency of physical activity, examine the benefits of physical activity the participation in recreational physical activity to create more active people with recommendations for physical activity. A high level overview of the reviews of published literature. A systematic search of Web of Science, Medline, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Physical Education Index was employed to find all relevant studies focusing on human participants. Search terms included “Recreational Activities ”, “Children with Disabilities ”, Prevalence of Physical Activity and “Benefits of Recreational Physical Activity ”. The benefits of physical activity are universal for all children, including those with disabilities. Participation of children with disabilities in sports recreational activities encourages inclusion, minimizes conditioning, optimizes physical function improves overall well-being. Despite these benefits, children with disabilities are more limited in attendance, have lower fitness levels, have higher levels of obesity than those without disabilities. The importance of sport physical activity must be underlined by strategic action at national, regional local level. Social commitment an appreciation of the benefits to society of diversity is promoted fuelled by clear national policy frameworks co-ordinated strategic planning. Increasing physical activity in children with disabilities is very complex demands further development research.

Sex Differences in Occupational Physical Activity

Strong evidence supports that participation in recreational physical activity (PA) is beneficial for health. However, PA is also derived from occupational, household and transportation-related activities, among which perhaps the most important is occupational, due to the time spent at work and that some jobs entail considerable PA. In contrast to recreational PA, the effects of occupational PA have been studied to a much lesser extent. Though, energy expenditure regardless of its source should have similar beneficial effects, certain jobs are conducted in settings that may contain hazardous exposures, whereby increasing occupational PA may actually exacerbate harmful effects.As sex differences may affect activity levels and/or the metabolism of certain chemical exposures, research should incorporate the consideration of sex and gender. We examined sex differences in occupational PA levels using data from a population-based case-control study of lung cancer conducted in Montréal, Canada (889 men, 564 women). In this study, lifetime job history was collected via in-person interviews; for each job, the main tasks conducted were also obtained. The energy expenditure for each job-related task, in units of metabolic equivalent of task (MET), was determined via expert assessment by an industrial hygienist and an exercise physiologist.In preliminary analysis, the most common jobs held by men and women included accountant, occupations related to management and administration, clerk, cleaner and waiter. Despite these occupations being mostly white collar, MET values were found to be higher in men than in women (t-test p<0.05 for: sales clerk, cleaner and hand packager). Further analysis will be conducted to compare the job profiles, based on job titles, industries and tasks, by sex.Less is known about occupational determinants of health in women than men, and understanding sex differences in occupational energy expenditure is one avenue to inform on prevention efforts.

Neighborhood walkability and physical activity among older women: Tests of mediation by environmental perceptions and moderation by depressive symptoms

Features that enhance neighborhood walkability (higher population density, street connectivity and access to destinations) are associated with higher levels of physical activity among older adults. The perceived neighborhood environment appears to mediate associations between the objective built environment and physical activity. The role of depressed mood in these associations is poorly understood. We examined the degree to which depressive symptoms moderated indirect associations between the objective neighborhood environment and physical activity via the perceived neighborhood environment in older women. We analyzed data on 60,133 women (mean age = 73.1 ± 6.7 years) in the U.S. Nurses' Health Study cohort who completed the 2008 questionnaire. Self-reported measures included the Geriatric Depression Scale, perceived presence of recreational facilities, retail destinations, sidewalks, and crime, and participation in recreational physical activity and neighborhood walking. We created an objective walkability index by summing z-scores of intersection and facility counts within 1200-meter residential network buffers and census tract-level population density. We used multiple regression with bootstrap-generated 95% bias-corrected confidence intervals (BC CIs) to test for mediation and moderated mediation. Objective walkability was associated with 1.99 times greater odds of neighborhood walking (95% BC CI = 1.92, 2.06) and 1.38 times greater odds of meeting physical activity recommendations (95% BC CI = 1.34, 1.43) via the perceived neighborhood environment. These indirect associations were weaker among women with higher depressive symptom scores. Positive associations between objective neighborhood walkability and physical activities such as walking among older women may be strengthened with a reduction in their depressive symptoms.

Environmental and Behavioral Influences of Physical Activity in Junior High School Students.

Increasing access and opportunity for physical activity (PA) in schools are effective; however, not everyone experiences the same effects. Prompting and reinforcement may encourage more frequent participation in recreational PA during the school day. The purpose of this study was to investigate a lunchtime PA intervention on whole school PA participation and whether behavioral support enhanced these effects. A modified reversal design compared an environmental and an environmental plus behavioral support intervention on lunchtime PA participation versus baseline levels in a suburban junior high school in the western United States (N = 1452). PA and related contextual data were collected using systematic observation. Significantly more girls and boys were observed in PA during the interventions compared with baseline phases (F2,1173 = 13.52, P < .0001, η2 = .023; F2,1173 = 20.14, P < .0001, η2 = .033, for girls and boys, respectively). There were no significant differences between the environmental phase and the environment plus behavioral support phase. Providing access and opportunity significantly increased the number of girls and boys observed in PA during a lunchtime program, with no additive effects of behavioral support. Further research into providing the individual-level contingencies at an institutional level is needed.

Climate change may alter human physical activity patterns

Regular physical activity supports healthy human functioning1–3. Might climate change—by modifying the environmental determinants of human physical activity—alter exercise rates in the future4? Here we conduct an empirical investigation of the relationship between meteorological conditions, physical activity and future climate change. Using data on reported participation in recreational physical activity from over 1.9 million US survey respondents between 2002 and 2012, coupled with daily meteorological data, we show that both cold and acutely hot temperatures, as well as precipitation days, reduce physical activity. We combine our historical estimates with output from 21 climate models and project the possible physical activity effects of future climatic changes by 2050 and 2099. Our projection indicates that warming over the course of this century may increase net recreational physical activity in the United States. Activity may increase most during the winter in northern states and decline most during the summer in southern states. Obradovich and Fowler use data on participation in physical activity from 1.9 million US residents from 2002–2012, coupled with daily temperature data, to show that unmitigated climate change is likely to alter future patterns of physical activity.

When girls have no opportunities and women have neither time nor energy: the participation of Muslim female cleaners in recreational physical activity

Statistics about the recreational physical activity (PA) of minority ethnic Muslim women reveal very low participation rates. Drawing on approaches to socialization and Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus and taste, the aim of this study was to investigate the (lack of) PA participation of Muslim minority ethnic women in Denmark and to identify key influences which shape(d) their PA attitudes and practices. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 26 female migrant cleaners from various non-Western countries. The interviews revealed that a lack of previous experience of sport and recreational PA and life circumstances constrained participation in recreational PA. In contrast, religion did not provide an explanation for the women’s lack of engagement in recreational PA.

Recreation Physical Activity in Popular TV Soap Operas

The paper presents results of the study concerning patterns of participation in recreational physical activity in popular soap operas. The analysed material are the season 2014/2015 episodes of three soaps: „M jak miłość”, „Na dobre i na złe” and „Barwy szczęścia”. The applied research methods are quantitative and qualitative content analysis. The author wanted to answer the following questions: 1/ Do the researched serials encourage overcoming cultural stereotypes constituting barriers to participation in physical culture, or do they act in the opposite way? 2/ Do their content refl ects a late modern shift from the effi ciency-oriented and the ascetic pattern of somatic culture to the hedonistic and the aesthetic one? The conducted study proves that the analysed serials manifest a conservative attitude regarding the issue of sports participation of various social groups and categories. Males are shown in situations connected with recreational physical activity more often (94 cases) than females (74 cases) and the latter do not take up activities which are stereotypically recognized as masculine. Reproduction of conservative stereotypes takes also place regarding the age of physically active persons – in the analysed material there are only 4 cases of elderly persons’ sports activity (in comparison e.g. with 54 cases of young adults’ activity). Taking into account the second research question, the conducted analysis confi rms the supposition about the dominant role of the hedonistic and the aesthetic pattern of somatic culture, since they are referred to in almost two third (17 from 27) of justifi cations of recreational physical activity which appear in the analysed material.

Understanding college student’s motivation for physical activity participation: The role of gender, sport type and activity level

The present study aimed to investigate the motivational factors which has an influence on college students’ participation in recreational physical activities. In this sense, gender, sport type (team or/and individual sport) and level of physical activity (MET scores) differences within motivational dimensions were examined. In the frame of the current study, a convenience sampling strategy was utilized. 383 Middle East Technical University students (Mage= 21.42, SD=3.30) voluntarily participated to this study. Data were gathered with an instrument composing of three sections; a demographic information part, a self-report instrument for measuring physical activity, and Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS). Physical condition was found to be the most important participation motive, On the other hand, others expectations motive was the least important physical activity participation motive for Turkish college students. When physical activity participation motivations were compared with regard to gender, there was not any significant difference except for the appearance motivation. Females rated appearance motive lower than males for engaging in physical activity. However, significant sport type and level of physical activity differences were found. One-way MANOVA results revealed that team sport participants had significantly higher other’s expectations motivation with compared to individual sport participants. With respect to activity level difference, higher physically active participants have higher motivations and there were significant differences in competition, mastery and enjoyment motivations among medium and vigorous level physical activity participants. The knowledge of the most significant motives for physical activity participation according to variations of the individuals can help practitioners to lead individuals to activities that best suit them and that best motivate them which is very important to start and continue to any physical activity. // // // //

Sport intensif et troubles du cycle chez la jeune femme : retentissement sur la masse osseus

Participation in recreational physical activity is widely acknowledged to provide significant health benefits. Conversely, intense training imposes several constraints, such as intermittent or chronic metabolic and psychogenic training stressors and maintenance of very low body fat to maximize performance. Adolescent and adult athletic women are therefore at risk of overtraining and/or poor dietary intake, which may have several consequences for endocrine function particularly on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Female athletes, particularly those participating in sports needing leanness or low body weight, present a high prevalence of menstrual disorders with clinical manifestations ranging from delayed menarche, oligomenorrhea to primary and secondary amenorrhea. A high degree of variability according to the type of sport and the intensity of the practice is however observed. Exercise-related reproductive dysfunction may have some consequences for growth velocity and peak bone mass acquisition during adolescence and bone pathologies in adults. Recent findings highlight the endocrine role of adipose tissue and energy balance in the regulation of homeostasis and reproductive function. A better understanding of the mechanisms whereby intense training affects the endocrine systems may orient research to develop innovative strategies probably based on individualized nutritional approach to improve the medical care of these female athletes and protect their reproductive function.

Health, physical activity and the body: an inquiry into the lives of female migrant cleaners in Denmark

ABSTRACTNumerous reports identify minority ethnic women as a population group which is greatly affected by chronic illness. Health authorities tend to attribute their health problems to their lifestyle, for example refraining from participation in recreational physical activity (PA). However, little is known about the perspectives of the targets of health promotion, that is, their perceptions of and lived experiences with health recommendations. In this article we investigate minority ethnic women’s attitudes and practices, in particular with regard to PA. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 33 female migrant cleaners from non-western countries which provided insights into their everyday lives. We analysed the material drawing on the literature related to minority ethnic women and recreational PA, with a focus on Foucauldian scholars who have used the concepts of governmentality and disciplinary power. The interviewees considered weight loss the main benefit of recreational PA; this did, however, not lead to participation. Constraints to participation were exhaustion and lack of time caused by the demands of the women’s jobs and a ‘second shift’ at home. These findings confirm that the preoccupation with a healthy lifestyle is a privilege that requires socio-economic resources. Therefore, health policies must adapt to the needs of marginalised groups and take structural factors into consideration, such as the organisation of the labour market and the gendered division of work.