Peer Participation Research Articles

ENHANCING ESL NOVICE TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT: ROLES OF PEERS IN OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING THROUGH PEER MENTORING

The transition from pre-service training to real-world classrooms can be daunting for novice English as a Second Language (ESL) teachers. A qualitative multiple-case study approach was employed to determine the impact of peer mentoring on ESL teachers’ professional development through mutual classroom observations. Specifically, peer mentors’ guidance on novice ESL teachers in developing effective instructions was appraised by applying Lortie’s (1975) apprenticeship of observation. The data were collected through interviews with three novice ESL teachers from public primary schools who participated in peer mentoring partnerships, classroom observations, and participants’ personal journal entries. Thematic analysis was performed, which demonstrated that peer mentoring facilitated a) enhanced instructional practices, b) a shift in the novices’ mindset and c) a collaborative interaction in the professional learning community. The findings posited that peer mentoring provided an alternative observational learning approach for novice ESL teachers in terms of effective instructional strategies from colleagues while obtaining specific feedback on professional development. Resultantly, a nuanced comprehension of the approach employed by novice ESL teachers to enhance instructional expertise via peer support was provided. Practical implications were contributed to existing ESL training programs, novice ESL teachers, and educational institutions.

Current practices of vaping in Sibu Municipal Council area, Sarawak, Malaysia

Background: The purpose of the study was to explore the attitude and practices towards vaping habits in the Sibu Municipal Council area, Sarawak, Malaysia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 403 participants in Sibu Municipal Council area which is under Sibu district in Sibu Division, Sarawak, Malaysia. Results: The proportion of vape users (11.7%) was higher than the 2016 Malaysian National E-Cigarette Survey's 3.2%. Among vape users, 31.9% had less than 50 puffs daily, 40.4% had 50-100 puffs daily, and 27.7% had more than 100 puffs daily. Prefilled cartridges were the most used vape, followed by drip feed from bottle and tank feed, while 12.8% used other devices and 4.3% were uncertain about their vaping method. Responding with positive attitude towards vaping was 31.8%. Peer pressure to vape among vapers was experienced in 19.1%. Male respondents were more susceptible to vaping. Knowledge about vaping was less informed among 50.4% of participants. There was a significant association between the level of peer pressure and attitude towards smoking where the more peer pressured participants had a more positive attitude towards vaping. Attitudes are not significant difference among different education levels. Conclusions: The rise in male vapers, particularly among young people under peer pressure, is influenced by peer influence, and misconceptions about vaping effects. This study shows the complexity of vaping trends, transcending gender and ethnic boundaries. Further research is needed to understand the underlying factors and young individuals' choices to address this growing public health concern.

BLinG-Health: A Peer-Led Physical Activity Program for Black Adolescent Girls—A Pilot Study

Background: Culturally relevant approaches that address low physical activity rates among Black girls are increasing, yet opportunities to engage in physical activity (PA) remain minimal. Coupled with deficit approaches to school-based PA programming, positioning Black adolescent girls as PA leaders is missing from practice. BLinG-Health aims to develop peer leaders to participate in and deliver group fitness sessions in an after-school PA program. Methods: Black adolescent girls engaged in a culturally relevant, 8-week pretest and posttest quasi-experimental pilot study examining the impact of a peer-led school-based PA intervention program in a Baltimore, Maryland, public school. After peer leaders engaged in a 12-hr fitness education, training, and certification program using the Interactive Fitness Trainers of America’s Tabata group fitness instruction and certification series, peer leaders led classmates in group fitness 2–3 days a week for 8 weeks. Peer leaders and participants completed two assessment rounds at baseline and Week 9, including height and weight, to compute body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, hip-to-waist ratio, a 12-min run/walk, and push-up test. Results: Participants (n = 7; Mage = 16.43 years) significantly improved in cardiovascular endurance (p = .025) and muscular endurance (p = .013) with modest, nonsignificant changes in anthropometric measures. Discussion: Challenging deficit narratives on Black girls’ PA engagement, participants consistently attended weekly group fitness sessions and improved cardiovascular and muscular fitness. Empowering Black adolescent girls to lead group fitness sessions among peers may enhance PA engagement. Schools should consider culturally relevant programming to increase Black girls’ opportunities to engage in PA.

Intervention Satisfaction and Feasibility of the Active Children Through In-Home, Web-Based Physical Activity (ACTIWEB-PA)Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial in Children.

We assessed feasibility and satisfaction of the Active Children Through In-Home Web-Based Physical Activity pilot trial, delivering a web-based movement integration intervention to children. Eighty-two children (8-11y), insufficiently active, were randomly assigned to either exercise intervention (n = 41) or wait-list control (n = 41). The intervention involved 20-minute exercise videos, 5 times weekly for 12weeks, using the UNICEF Kid Power website at home. Feasibility metrics included recruitment (target: 70%), retention (target: 80%), adherence rates, and satisfaction assessed through surveys and interviews. Retention rate-1 was percentage completing posttest surveys, and retention rate-2 was percentage completing posttest accelerometry. Parent logs assessed adherence. Recruitment, retention-1, and retention-2 rates were 73.6%, 93.9%, and 80.5%, respectively. The intervention group had 5 dropouts; wait-list control had none. Sixty-nine percent showed high intervention adherence. Parents consistently expressed satisfaction, finding the intervention enjoyable and beneficial. Although children initially provided positive reviews, their interest declined over time, with increasing expressions of monotony. Suggestions to increase novelty and incorporate a social component were made by participants. The intervention was also found to be particularly useful during inclement weather. Active Children Through In-Home Web-Based Physical Activity trial exceeded feasibility targets of recruitment and retention and achieved moderate overall adherence. Future trials should emphasize novelty and peer participation for improved adherence and satisfaction.

Experiences of people with spinal cord injuries readmitted for continence-related complications: a qualitative descriptive study.

Qualitative descriptive. To describe the experiences of people with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) re-admitted to the hospital due to continence-related complications. Inpatient service of a large spinal unit in North-West of Italy. Semi-structured interviews were conducted on a purposive sample of people with SCI (n = 11; age range 22-66 years, n = 5 females, n = 6 with cervical injuries), audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim (duration range 38-52 min). Data were analysed inductively using the thematic analysis approach as described by Braun and Clarke. Three main themes were identified: (i) managing the frustration of continence-related complications; (ii) finding your way to deal with continence-related complications; (iii) identifying precise needs to deal with continence-related complications. Obtained findings highlighted the perceived emotional and physical burden suffered by people with SCI and their caregivers regarding the constant look for solutions and renounces to social participation, the different strategies implemented to address continence-related complications, and the unmet or partially met needs of people with SCI regarding support in transition to the community, infrastructure, and reliable information or education. Continence-related complications have a significant impact on the lives of people with SCI and their families. Interventions using technological tools and peer participation could reduce the burden associated with continence-related complications. Specific instruments are needed to facilitate evaluation, goal setting, and promote discussion of continence to allow HCPs to support people with SCI. Structured follow-up for SCI survivors should also focus on their needs to improve knowledge, facilitate decision making, and promote preventive behaviours.

Family-focused intervention to promote adolescent mental health and well-being in Moldova and North Macedonia (FLOURISH): feasibility study protocol

IntroductionFamily-Focused Adolescent & Lifelong Health Promotion (FLOURISH) project will adapt, implement and evaluate a programme to support adolescent mental health and well-being through strategies, such as strengthening parenting practices, adolescent-caregiver...

A study on lender participation in peer to peer lending

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the transformation expectations and well-being of lenders as a consequence of participation in peer-to-peer (p2p) lending in India. The study tested the influence of transformation expectations on well-being, social connectedness on transformation expectations and the influence of customer participation on financial empowerment of borrowers.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional survey research design was adopted to collect data from 434 customers in India. Structural equation modelling procedure was performed to test the hypothesized relationships.FindingsThe findings show that relational transformation expectations leads to well-being, while social connectedness influences self and relational transformation expectations. Further, customer participation has a positive influence on financial empowerment of borrowers.Practical implicationsManagers may use these findings to create suitable marketing strategies for increasing customer participation in p2p lending.Originality/valuePrevious studies on transformative services have shown that well-being can be achieved through participation in services that are transformative by design, while this study has established that lender participation in peer-to-peer lending can result in relational transformation expectations and lead to well-being. Also, the current study has shown that social connectedness is an antecedent of transformation expectations.

Constructing within and between hospital physician social networks for modeling physician research participation

BackgroundPhysician participation in clinical trials is essential for the progress of modern medicine. However, the demand for physician research partners is outpacing physicians’ interest in participating in scientific studies. Understanding the factors that influence physician participation in research is crucial to addressing this gap.MethodsIn this study, we used a physician’s social network, as constructed from patient billing data, to study if the research choices of a physician’s immediate peers influence their likelihood to participate in scientific research. We analyzed data from 348 physicians across 40 hospitals. We used logistic regression models to examine the relationship between a physician’s participation in clinical trials and the participation of their social network peers, adjusting for age, years of employment, and influences from other hospital facilities.ResultsWe found that the likelihood of a physician participating in clinical trials increased dramatically with the proportion of their social network-defined colleagues at their primary hospital who were participating (OR=1.05 for a 1% increase in the proportion of participating peers, p=1.05times 10^{-7}). Additionally, physicians who work regularly at multiple facilities were more likely to participate (OR=7.28, p=0.03) and increasingly so as the extent to which they have social network ties to colleagues at hospitals other than their primary hospital increases (OR=1.12, p=0.05). These findings suggest an inter-hospital peer participation process.ConclusionOur study provides evidence that the social structure of a physician’s work-life is associated with their decision to participate in scientific research. The results suggest that interventions aimed at increasing physician participation in clinical trials could leverage the social networks of physicians to encourage participation. By identifying factors that influence physician participation in research, we can work towards closing the gap between the demand for physician research partners and the number of physicians willing to participate in scientific studies.

Pre-Service Elementary Mathematics Teachers’ Evaluations of Meetings with Expert and Peer Participation Based on van Hiele Geometric Thinking Levels

In this study, it was aimed to present the pre-service elementary mathematics teachers’ (PEMT) evaluations of meetings with expert and peer participation based on van Hiele geometric thinking levels (vHGTL). The case study method was used and the study group of the research consists of three PEMT who are studying in the third year of a state university. Data were collected with meeting records, reflection reports of the PEMTs, researcher’s field notes and interviews and were analyzed simultaneously by two researchers to ensure coding reliability with content analysis method. As a result of the research, it was seen that there was a positive change in PEMTs’ criteria for determining vHGTL. It was determined that they had difficulties in clearly distinguishing the differences between the levels at the beginning, and that in the last meetings, they insisted on the criteria related to the levels they determined and made more accurate determinations about the levels. As a matter of fact, the teacher candidates also stated that meetings enabled them to determine the achievements’, solved and unsolved problems’ vHGTL better. In addition, they stated that allowing them to freely express their ideas in meetings contributed to their professional development in geometry teaching knowledge. Suggestions regarding experts and peers participatory meetings were presented.

Why and how is photovoice used as a decolonising method for health research with Indigenous communities in the United States and Canada? A scoping review.

Globally, including in North America, Indigenous populations have poorer health than non-Indigenous populations. This health disparity results from inequality and marginalisation associated with colonialism. Photovoice is a community-based participatory research method that amplifies the voices of research participants. Why and how photovoice has been used as a decolonising method for addressing Indigenous health inequalities has not been mapped. A scoping review of the literature on photovoice for Indigenous health research in the United States and Canada was carried out. Five electronic databases and the grey literature were searched, with no time limit. A total of215titles and abstracts and 97 full texts were screened resulting in 57 included articles. Analysis incorporated Lalita Bharadwaj's Framework For Building Research Partnerships with First Nations Communities. Photovoice was selected to improve knowledge mobilisation and participant empowerment and engagement. Studies incorporated relationship building, meaningful data collection, and public dissemination but had a lesser focus on the inclusion of Indigenous peer researchers or participant involvement in analysis. For photovoice to truly realise its decolonising potential, it must be incorporated into a broader participatory and decolonising research paradigm. In addition, more resources are required to support the involvement of Indigenous people in the research process.

An internet-based behavioral intervention for adults with autism spectrum disorder – A randomized controlled trial and feasibility study

BackgroundThe increased prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnoses in combination with psychiatric comorbidity, has led to an increased need for effective interventions. The evidence for internet-based interventions for several mental health problems is established but has not been evaluated for adults with ASD. ObjectiveThe aim of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the feasibility and effects of an internet-based intervention targeting quality of life and psychiatric symptoms (depression and anxiety) in adults with ASD. Methods84 participants were randomly allocated to intervention (n = 42) or control (n = 42). The 18-week internet-based intervention covered a range of themes related to difficulties common in ASD, and exercises based on cognitive behavioral strategies. Participants were provided with individual feedback following each module and were invited to regular chat sessions with peer participants. The primary outcomes were subjective quality of life and sense of coherence, and secondary outcomes were symptoms of depression and anxiety. All outcomes were measured at five occasions and analysed with linear mixed effect models. Participant satisfaction and adherence was also analysed. ResultsParticipant satisfaction and adherence was satisfactory but no significant interaction between group and time was found for any outcome measure. Autistic traits were negatively related to quality of life and sense of coherence and positively related to anxiety and depressive symptoms. ConclusionsThis internet-based intervention showed feasibility regarding adherence and participant satisfaction. However, no significant effects on quality of life, sense of coherence or psychiatric symptoms were found, likely due to limitations in the design and methodology of this specific trial in combination to the heterogeneity of the group. Individuals with ASD may require interventions that are flexible and individually tailored in regard to both format, content and therapeutic support. The current trial provides useful information and suggestions for the future research on internet-based interventions for ASD.

Clarifying the Stages of Group Supervision through Action Research

This study aimed to clarify the stages of group supervision carried out in the field of clinical supervision. We used the action research design in the study. Accordingly, we followed a cycle of defining the focus area, collecting data, analyzing and interpreting the data, and developing an action plan. The participants consisted of four graduate supervisees studying in a state university's Counseling and Guidance Program in Turkey. We obtained the data from observations, interviews, validation committee meetings reports, and the researcher's and participants' journals. The study results revealed that the 14-session group supervision, in which the Discrimination Model was followed in the Participative Group Supervision format, consisted of four stages: beginning, transition, working, and termination. The results revealed that there were dynamics based on the problem of belonging to and trusting in the group, incompetence, uncertainty, and anxiety in the first stage, which was the beginning stage. The study showed that the second stage of the group supervision process was the transition stage and that the group dynamics that defined this stage were the dynamics based on dissatisfaction, conflict, grouping, competition, and resistance. The results, which revealed that the third stage of the group supervision process involved the working stage, showed that the dynamics at this stage were based on having a sense of belonging to and trust in the group, focusing on development, and tending to receive and provide peer support. The results revealed that the final stage of the group supervision process was the termination stage and that the group dynamics that defined this stage were based on having dual feelings such as relaxation and sadness, self-evaluation, individualization, and dependence on the supervisor. The study results revealed that the supervisor exhibiting the roles of teacher, counselor, and consultant and ensuring peer participation could be functional in coping with the dynamics that emerged in the process. Furthermore, the study results showed that the stages of the group supervision process could be clarified based on the action research method.

The Role of Social Media in Academic Motivation and Engagement: A Case Study of Undergraduate Students in Vitenam

This study examines the impact of social media on academic motivation and engagement among undergraduate students in Vietnam. Regression analysis reveals that motivation, engagement, and study habits influence students’ use of social networks for learning. Motivation shows a positive and significant relationship with media use, supporting previous research emphasizing its role in academic success. Social media platforms facilitate peer connections, information sharing, and participation in discussions, enhancing student motivation. Engagement also exhibits a positive association with social media use, highlighting its importance in leveraging these platforms for learning. Furthermore, study habits demonstrate a positive link with social media use, indicating that effective habits contribute to academic success and the utilization of social media for educational purposes. Importantly, this study does not find evidence of negative effects associated with social networks, although they can distract from academic pursuits when used non-academically. These findings underscore the significance of motivation, engagement, and study habits in effectively harnessing social networks for educational purposes, providing insights for educational practitioners and policymakers in promoting positive technology integration in learning environments.

Incentive Mechanisms in Peer-to-Peer Networks — A Systematic Literature Review

Centralized networks inevitably exhibit single points of failure that malicious actors regularly target. Decentralized networks are more resilient if numerous participants contribute to the network’s functionality. Most decentralized networks employ incentive mechanisms to coordinate the participation and cooperation of peers and thereby ensure the functionality and security of the network. This article systematically reviews incentive mechanisms for decentralized networks and networked systems by covering 165 prior literature reviews and 178 primary research papers published between 1993 and October 2022. Of the considered sources, we analyze 11 literature reviews and 105 primary research papers in detail by categorizing and comparing the distinctive properties of the presented incentive mechanisms. The reviewed incentive mechanisms establish fairness and reward participation and cooperative behavior. We review work that substitutes central authority through independent and subjective mechanisms run in isolation at each participating peer and work that applies multiparty computation. We use monetary, reputation, and service rewards as categories to differentiate the implementations and evaluate each incentive mechanism’s data management, attack resistance, and contribution model. Further, we highlight research gaps and deficiencies in reproducibility and comparability. Finally, we summarize our assessments and provide recommendations to apply incentive mechanisms to decentralized networks that share computational resources.

An invigorating journey towards better function and well-being: A qualitative study of knee osteoarthritis patients’ experiences with an online exercise and education intervention

ObjectiveTo explore what it means for patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) to engage in online delivered exercise and education. MethodWe combined participant observations and focus group interviews with knee OA patients who engaged in an 8-week program (12 exercise sessions and 2 education sessions) delivered online. Data underwent a three-level phenomenological-hermeneutic interpretation inspired by Ricoeur's narrative and interpretation theory. ResultsWe performed 17 participant observations during online group-based exercise sessions with twenty individuals with knee OA (12 females), median age 71 years (range: 48 to 81), and five focus group interviews with fifteen of the individuals. The following three themes emerged from the data analysis: 1. Exercise engagement portrays an experience of ownership of the exercise-based treatment, leading to better function and well-being and raising hope for the future 2. A good start but only halfway supported portrays perceived well-guided in performing knee OA exercise, however also some unmet support needs in the online format, and 3. Beneficial peer companionship with online constraints portrays a socially engaging peer forum that, at times, was limited by the online format. ConclusionsThis phenomenological-hermeneutic study reflects that supervised online exercise and education facilitate identity mobility, potentially increasing self-efficacy to adopt weekly exercise habits in patients with knee OA. However, the program may benefit from enabling a more interactive approach between peer participants and combining the online format with physical group classes. Moreover, further individualization and focus on a gradual approach toward self-management are encouraged.

Detecting and Understanding Social Influence During Drinking Situations: Protocol for a Bluetooth-Based Sensor Feasibility and Acceptability Study.

High-risk alcohol consumption among young adults frequently occurs in the presence of peers who are also drinking. A high-risk drinking situation may consist of particular social network members who have a primary association with drinking. Fine-grained approaches such as ecological momentary assessment (EMA) are growing in popularity for studying real-time social influence, but studies using these approaches exclusively rely on participant self-report. Passive indicators of peer presence using Bluetooth-based technology to detect real-time interactions have the potential to assist in the development of just-in-time interventions. This study seeks to examine the feasibility and acceptability of using a Bluetooth-based sensor and smartphone app to measure social contact in real-world drinking situations. Young adults (N=20) who drink heavily and report social drinking will be recruited from the community to participate in a 3-week EMA study. Using a social network interview, index participants will identify and recruit 3 of their friends to carry a Bluetooth beacon. Participants will complete a series of EMA reports on their own personal Android devices including random reports; morning reports; first-drink reports; and signal-contingent reports, which are triggered following the detection of a beacon carried by a peer participant. EMA will assess alcohol use and characteristics of the social environment, including who is nearby and who is drinking. For items about peer proximity and peer drinking, a customized peer list will be presented to participants. Feedback about the study protocol will be ascertained through weekly contact with both index and peer participants, followed by a qualitative interview at the end of the study. We will examine the feasibility and acceptability of recruitment, enrollment of participants and peers, and retention. Feasibility will be determined using indexes of eligibility, enrollment, and recruitment. Acceptability will be determined through participant enrollment and retention, protocol compliance, and participant-reported measures of acceptability. Feasibility and acceptability for peer participants will be informed by enrollment rates, latency to enrollment, compliance with carrying the beacon, and self-reported reasons for compliance or noncompliance with beacon procedures. Finally, EMA data about peer proximity and peer drinking will support the validity of the peer selection process. Participant recruitment began in February 2023, and enrollment was completed in December 2023. Results will be reported in 2025. The protocol allows us to examine the feasibility and acceptability of a Bluetooth-based sensor for the detection of social contact between index participants and their friends, including social interactions during real-world drinking situations. Data from this study will inform just-in-time adaptive interventions seeking to address drinking in the natural environment by providing personalized feedback about a high-risk social context and alerting an individual that they are in a potentially unsafe situation. DERR1-10.2196/50650.

Opinions on Awareness Activities Regarding Inclusive Community Life: Experiences of Pre-Service Teachers

The aim of this study is to examine the opinions of the Special Education teacher candidates about the awareness activities organized in terms of the rights of children with special needs, their social participation, accessibility and contributing to the social inclusion climate. 56 pre-service teachers studying in the 2nd year of the Special Education Department of the Faculty of Education were included in this study. The data of the research carried out in a phenomenological design was collected through the analysis of the forms containing the written opinions of pre-service teachers in the fall term of 2022-2023. By analyzing the data with document analysis technique, it was gathered under five main themes: "Classification of Organized Awareness Activities, Description of Activities Serving Purpose, Importance of Awareness Activities, Activities That Pre-service Teachers Want to Organize and Suggestions for Activities”. In awareness activities, it is noteworthy that the pre-service teachers, who draw attention to social, legal, and physical regulations, emphasize the importance of content that reflects a rights-based view and the fundamental rights of individuals for this purpose. It was also seen that pre-service teachers emphasized the importance of including permanent and continuous awareness activities rather than containing a certain time interval and diversifying them in terms of being aimed at different disability groups. Based on the results of the research, it can be suggested that family and peer participation in awareness activities in inclusive environments, up-to-date and continuity of activities, and information sharing about individuals with special needs can be recommended.

Scalable Strategies to Increase Efficiency and Augment Public Health Activities During Epidemic Peaks.

Scalable strategies to reduce the time burden and increase contact tracing efficiency are crucial during early waves and peaks of infectious transmission. We enrolled a cohort of SARS-CoV-2-positive seed cases into a peer recruitment study testing social network methodology and a novel electronic platform to increase contact tracing efficiency. Index cases were recruited from an academic medical center and requested to recruit their local social contacts for enrollment and SARS-CoV-2 testing. A total of 509 adult participants enrolled over 19 months (384 seed cases and 125 social peers). Participants completed a survey and were then eligible to recruit their social contacts with unique "coupons" for enrollment. Peer participants were eligible for SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory pathogen screening. The main outcome measures were the percentage of tests administered through the study that identified new SARS-CoV-2 cases, the feasibility of deploying the platform and the peer recruitment strategy, the perceived acceptability of the platform and the peer recruitment strategy, and the scalability of both during pandemic peaks. After development and deployment, few human resources were needed to maintain the platform and enroll participants, regardless of peaks. Platform acceptability was high. Percent positivity tracked with other testing programs in the area. An electronic platform may be a suitable tool to augment public health contact tracing activities by allowing participants to select an online platform for contact tracing rather than sitting for an interview.

A case study on peer relationships between children with and without autism spectrum disorder in a Chinese inclusive kindergarten

The development of sustainable early childhood education advocates for the holistic development of all children, including children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). As an important indicator of children’s social development, peer relationships between children with and without ASD in inclusive kindergarten have not gained much attention. Adopting peer nomination, semi-structured interviews, and participant observations, this study described peer relationships between the two types of children in a Chinese inclusive kindergarten and explored its influential factors. Fourteen children with ASD, 12 children without ASD, 4 teachers, the principal of the kindergarten, and 4 parents of children with ASD participated in this study. The results indicated three types of peer relationships: rejected, neglected, and average. ASD children’s emotional and behavioral challenges, their limited social interaction skills, and teachers’ positive feedback on children with ASD were the major reasons for being labeled the above three types respectively. Furthermore, three protective factors (the rule of child pairing in the kindergarten, innovative curriculum and instructional design, and assistance from parents of ASD children) and three hindering factors (hierarchical roles of the children, the dominance of the medical model, and lack of professional knowledge and skills) of children’s peer relationships were identified. Implications and limitations are discussed.

Analisis Penguatan Karakter Siswa Muslim di Sekolah Dasar Minoritas Melalui Pendidikan Agama Islam

This study aims to strengthen the character of Muslim students in public elementary schools in Denpasar Bali through Islamic religious education, especially faith and morals and to analyze teaching materials in strengthening character in the material "Ayo Berperilaku Terpuji". The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach and supported by literature in analyzing character strengthening through PAI. The results of the research on strengthening the character of faith and morals through Islamic religious education of Muslim students at SD Negeri Denpasar. There are able to apply character strengthening through habituation carried out in class and school. Through the PAI teachers can provide an understanding of Islamic values to students, namely religion, tolerance, and harmony. While the analysis of teaching materials in strengthening character in the material "Ayo Berperilaku Terpuji", provides an understanding of character strengthening through pictures, comic stories, games and classroom practices. Through this character strengthening, students have a spirit of social behavior, empathy for the environment and foster active participation of peers and the environment.