Leisure-time Exercise Participation Research Articles

Lise Öğrencilerinin Serbest Zaman Egzersize Katılım Düzeyleri ile Akademik Erteleme Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Araştırmanın amacı lise öğrencilerinin serbest zaman egzersize katılım düzeyleri ile akademik erteleme düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi ve serbest zaman egzersize katılım düzeylerinin ve akademik erteleme düzeylerinin cinsiyet, lisanslı spor yapma, okul türü, sınıf düzeyi, aile gelir durumu, anne-baba eğitim durumu değişkenlerine göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını incelemektir. Tarama modeli kullanılarak yürütülen bu araştırmanın evrenini Karabük İli Merkez İlçesinde bulunan 14 ortaöğretim kurumunda 2016-2017 eğitim-öğretim yılında öğrenimine devam eden 6683 öğrenci; örneklemini ise Karabük il merkezinde bulunan beş farklı okulda 9, 10, 11 ve 12. sınıflarda öğrenimine devam eden 574 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Çakıcı (2003) tarafından geliştirilen Akademik Erteleme Ölçeği ve Godin ve Shephard (1985) tarafından geliştirilen, Yerlisu Lapa, Certel, Kaplan ve Yağar (2016) tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanmış olan Serbest Zaman Egzersiz Anketi kullanılmıştır. Veriler SPSS 16.0 programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiş ve frekans, yüzde, ortalama hesaplamaları, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman Korelasyon Analizi testi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular akademik erteleme düzeyinin cinsiyet ve okul türüne göre anlamlı bir şekilde farklılaştığını; sınıf düzeyi, lisanslı spor yapma, aile gelir durumu, anne-baba eğitim düzeyine göre anlamlı bir şekilde farklılaşmadığını göstermektedir. Serbest zaman egzersize katılım düzeyine ait bulgularda ise cinsiyet, lisanslı spor yapma, okul türü ve sınıf düzeyi değişkenlerine göre anlamlı bir farklılığa rastlanmış iken, aile gelir düzeyi, anne-baba eğitim düzeyi değişkenlerine göre anlamlı bir farklılığa rastlanmamıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda serbest zaman egzersize katılım düzeyi ile akademik erteleme düzeyi arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır. Sonuçta, öğrencilerin serbest zamanlarını egzersiz yaparak değerlendirmelerinin akademik görev ve sorumluluklarını yerine getirmelerinde olumsuz yönde bir etkiye sahip olmadığı söylenebilir.

Leisure Activity Participation, Exercise Level and Perceived Freedom in University Students (Akdeniz University Example)

One of the main topics handled in leisure literature is “The benefits obtained by leisure activity participation”. Besides physical health benefits, positive emotion outcomes are inquired very often in studies. Perceived freedom in leisure is one of the positive outcomes mentioned by researchers in leisure sciences. The aim of this study is to examine recreative activity participation, leisure time exercise participation and perceived freedom of university students that attended to elective physical education courses. The population of the study consists of students attending to elective physical education courses, meanwhile the sample of the study consisted of 500 voluntary students. As data collection tool “Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire” and “Perceived Freedom in Leisure” scales were used. In data analysis, non parametric correlation and hypothesis tests were used as the data were not normally distributed. According to the results leisure time exercise levels and perceived freedom scores showed a positive significant correlation (r=0.234, p<0.05). This shows that the level of exercise in leisure time increases the perception of freedom obtained from leisure activities. Men participants showed higher level of perceived freedom when compared with women (p<0.05). Men participants were also found to be more actively participating to exercise than women (χ2=22,064, p<0.05). The participants that perceived their economic status better than the other group showed higher percentage of active participation (χ2=8,472, p<0.05). For future research, the positive emotion effects of leisure activity participation could be studied in different study groups such as disabled participants, elderly people, recovering patients, immigrants and other different groups.

Lifelong learning practices and leisure-time exercise habits of academic and community-based physicians.

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Objective: Physicians are required to be lifelong learners for the provision of quality patient care. At the same time, physician wellbeing is a critical component in the delivery of such care. This study was designed to examine: (1) lifelong learning practices and leisure-time exercise habits of academic and community-based physicians; and (2) associations of leisure-time exercise with work engagement, exhaustion, and professional life satisfaction. Methods: Using an online survey, quantitative data were collected from physicians practicing in Canada. The survey contained validated scales of physician lifelong learning, leisure-time exercise, work engagement, work exhaustion, and professional life satisfaction. Descriptive, chi-square, t-test, and correlational analyses were performed. Results: Physicians (n=57) reported moderately high levels of lifelong learning, with no significant difference between academic and community-based physicians. To stay current in their practice, the majority of physicians reported exchanging ideas/asking colleagues and searching databases as questions arise (>90%), followed by engaging in clinical teaching and attending conferences and meetings of professional organizations (>80%). Watching podcasts and webinars was the least preferred lifelong learning activity (<50%). With respect to leisure-time exercise habits, more community-based physicians reported engaging in mild and/or moderate forms of exercising, whereas more academic physicians reported engaging in strenuous exercising in a typical week. Correlational analyses revealed that physicians' leisure-time exercise scores were positively correlated with professional life satisfaction (r = 0.25; p = 0.058) and work engagement (r = 0.29; p = 0.028) and negatively correlated with work exhaustion (r = -0.34; p = 0.01). Conclusions: Irrespective of the practice type, physicians tend to engage in lifelong learning activities that offer in-person interactions with colleagues and trainees. Regular participation in leisure-time exercise appears to enhance physicians' professional wellbeing. As such, these activities and habits should be encouraged, supported, and promoted within institutional culture and health systems in general.

Association Between Exercise and Low Back Pain Resulting in Modified Duty and Lost Time: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of an Occupational Population.

The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between leisure time exercise and whether workers ever had modified duty or lost time (MD/LT) due to low back pain (LBP) in an occupational cohort. Workers (N = 827) completed a structured interview assessing characteristics of their LBP, whether or not the pain caused modified or lost work time, and their participation in leisure time exercise. Odds ratio of modified/lost time and minutes of exercise participation were assessed. Workers who participated in over 316 min/wk of leisure time exercise incurred significantly less modified/lost time, adjusted odds ratio = 0.46 (95% confidence interval, 0.23 to 0.98). There also lies a significant trend between increases in leisure time exercise and reductions in modified/lost time (P = 0.0016). These results suggest exercise reduces risk of MD/LT from LBP.

Sport Education and social goals in physical education: relationships with enjoyment, relatedness, and leisure-time physical activity

Background: Adolescents' decisions to engage in physical activities are influenced by the social aspects of the activity, including opportunity for affiliation, being part of a team, and the social status it offers. A curriculum and instructional model that has been shown to embed the student social system within a positive program of action is Sport Education. Preliminary evidence has suggested that Sport Education challenges social hierarchical groups and promotes more inclusive social goal involvement. Research is required to extend this work and provide a larger-scale empirical analysis of the influence of a Sport Education program on students' social goal involvement in compulsory high-school physical education and examine how these social goals impact important student affective and behavioral outcomes. Purpose: The purpose of this study was two-fold: (a) to explore the social goals of high-school physical education students after experiencing a year of Sport Education and (b) to explore the relationships these social goals had with perceptions of enjoyment and relatedness in physical education as well as participation in leisure-time exercise. Participants and setting: A total of 363 10th-grade students from the American Mid-West who had completed a year-long compulsory high-school physical education program taught using Sport Education participated in this study. Data Collection: All students participated in four 25-lesson seasons of team sports-based activity taught using the Sport Education model. Seasons taught included floor hockey, volleyball, team handball, and basketball. All seasons were taught by the same teacher. On completion of the year-long compulsory program, participants completed a questionnaire that included items pertaining to their social goals, relatedness, enjoyment of physical education, and self-reported participation in extra-curricular physical activities. Findings: Data were initially screened for outliers and distribution assumptions were examined. Internal consistency estimates were calculated for all variables except physical activity because it was a single item indicator. Descriptive statistics showed that students who had completed two full semesters of Sport Education had higher than average scores on all three social goals of affiliation, recognition, and status. Findings from the multiple regression analyses revealed the robust contribution that social recognition and social affiliation goals made to students perceived relatedness and enjoyment of physical education. Social recognition and status goals also significantly positively predicted extra-curricular exercise participation. Conclusions: This study provides evidence to suggest that prolonged exposure to the pedagogical features of Sport Education develops students' social bonds by configuring the physical education environment to promote peer social approval for participatory behaviors within the model. These social bonds strongly predicted students' perceived relatedness to peers and their enjoyment of the Sport Education experience. Importantly, these social connections to peers and social standing developed in Sport Education influenced their decision to participate in extra-curricular exercise behaviors.

A More Holistic Approach Needed to Physical Activity Access for All

I commend Silva et al. for their work toward integrating primary care and public health to promote exercise participation and healthy lifestyle change among low-income ethnic minority populations.1 Establishing strategic partnerships with institutions such as the YMCA extends low-income individuals access to high-quality, community-centered wellness facilities that might otherwise be unaffordable. However, I have several concerns regarding the design of the project. Rather than invest resources into an observational “natural experiment” to merely examine utilization patterns, employing a more robust intervention may have maximized participation rates, improved facility utilization, and more effectively leveraged the partnership with the local YMCA. A strong evidence base already suggests that low-income minority populations face unique barriers to leisure-time exercise participation (e.g., family obligations, logistical challenges, heavy work hours) that may necessitate a more holistic approach to impact their physical activity behaviors.2 In addition, strategies such as providing free access to facilities still rely primarily on individual volition to be successful. As such, these strategies may favor the most fit and internally motivated to exercise and discourage (or even alienate) less fit, sedentary individuals who have not prioritized regular physical activity and have difficulty navigating barriers.3–5 Interventions that extend access to key resources as well as address individual, social, and environmental determinants of behavior (e.g., social support, rapport building, cultural norms, follow-up and accountability) may elicit stronger and more sustainable physical activity behavioral changes.6 First, I identified two complementary strategies that could have been incorporated to strengthen the project design: placing a follow-up call or an e-mail to all individuals issued a referral to determine whether they had visited the YMCA or not and providing counseling to those that did not use their referral. Second, individuals who opted into the membership could have undergone a brief orientation (e.g., gym tour, brief assessment, goal setting) and been assigned a peer accountability partner or “gym buddy” as part of their initial intake process. Employing these strategies may have established rapport between providers, patients, and the YMCA facility3; engendered a sense of belonging and community in the patients; and encouraged patients to make the best use of the resources provided. In light of our nation’s growing obesity problem and the obesogenic society in which we live, we as health practitioners must take full advantage of all opportunities that arise to engage high-risk populations in strategies that address multiple barriers to physical activity participation.

Secular trends and risk factors of overweight and obesity among Kuwaiti adults: National Nutrition Surveillance System data from 1998 to 2009.

To determine trends in prevalence of overweight and obesity in Kuwaiti adults, and to examine their association with selected sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Analysis of cross-sectional population survey data from the Kuwait National Nutrition Surveillance System. Social and health facilities in Kuwait. Males (n 17 491) and females (n 21 120) aged 20-69 years attending registration for employment or pensions, or Hajj Pilgrimage health check-ups, or parents accompanying their children for immunization 1998 through 2009. Sociodemographic, lifestyle and anthropometric data were collected. Prevalence of BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 rose from 61·8 % and 59·3 % in females and males respectively, peaked in 2004-2005 (81·4 % and 79·2 %) and fell slightly in 2008-2009 (77·3 % and 77·4 %). Obesity prevalence in females exceeded males for all years and age groups; by 2009, it had increased by 11·3 % in males and 14·6 % in females. Overweight and obesity prevalences in both genders increased until 2004-2005 but fell thereafter, with significant falls for females in 2008-2009. Logistic and linear regression analyses confirmed these temporal changes for both prevalence and BMI in both genders. The odds of obesity increased with age until the fifth decade for both genders and then declined significantly for males. Education level was negatively associated with obesity prevalence in females, while participation in leisure-time exercise was negatively associated with obesity prevalence in males. Although the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) seemed to decrease from 2005 to 2009 among Kuwaiti adults, further research to clarify the identified confounders and continued monitoring are needed to confirm the decrease observed.

Stages of Change and Perceived Barriers to Exercise among High-school Students

The purpose of the study was to identify if and how barriers to exercise perceived by adolescents differ across stages of change and if gender is intervening variable — the problem that has not been extensively studied yet. 1251 high-school students aged 16 to 19 (M 17.33, SD .87) were surveyed. 7.59% of the sample were diagnosed in precontemplation stage (PC), 11.35% in contemplation (C), 43.25% in preparation (P), 13.11% in action (A), and 24.70% in maintenance (M). Mean scores of perceived barriers differed across stages of change. For students on PC three barriers appeared to be equally important in preventing them from exercising: “lack of interest”, “lack of time” and “lack of motivation”. In the remaining stages “lack of time” was the principal barrier. Females declared higher level of perceived barriers comparing to males, especially on P stage. The information obtained in the study may influence physical activity interventions for adolescents to prepare them better to participation in leisure time exercise.

The why and the how of goal pursuit: Self-determination, goal process cognition, and participation in physical exercise

Objectives To examine goal process cognition as a mediator of the relationship between self-determined motivational ratings and strenuous exercise participation. Design Cross-Sectional Survey. Methods University students ( N=535) identified their most important exercise goal and rated this goal according to the nine goal process dimensions of the Goal Systems Assessment Battery (GSAB; [Karoly, P., & Ruehlman, L.S. (1995). Goal cognition and its clinical implications: Development and validation of four motivational assessment instruments. Assessment, 2, 113–129]), an instrument derived from Ford's [Ford, D.H. (1987). Humans as self-constructing living systems: A developmental perspective on behavior and personality. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum] control systems model of self-regulation. Additionally, students completed measures of self-determination for exercise and leisure-time exercise participation. A multiple mediator model was tested using the Preacher and Hayes [Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2007a). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in simple and multiple mediator models. Manuscript submitted for publication; Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2007b). SPSS and SAS macros for estimating and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Retrieved February 9, 2007, from http://www.comm.ohio-state.edu/ahayes/SPSS%20programs/indirect.htm] bootstrapping procedure. Results The effect of self-determination for exercise on strenuous leisure-time exercise was fully mediated. Self-determination did not exert a significant direct effect and 72% of its total effect on strenuous exercise was indirect via the goal processes of self-monitoring, planning, and positive arousal for exercise goals. Conclusions Findings support the utility of goal process cognition as a means of understanding how self-determination influences strenuous exercise behavior.

Prospective, Longitudinal Study of Leisure-Time Exercise in Women with Early-Stage Breast Cancer

Physical activity can have a beneficial effect on both physical and mental health in cancer survivors. However, evidence from cross-sectional and/or retrospective research suggests that cancer treatment can be associated with both short- and long-term reductions in physical activity. A prospective, longitudinal research design was used to examine the trajectory of leisure-time exercise in early-stage breast cancer patients from two treatment centers (n = 231). Participation in mild, moderate, and strenuous leisure-time exercise was assessed before, during, and following completion of adjuvant radiotherapy (n = 136) or chemotherapy + radiation (n = 95). Results indicated significant decreases, relative to pre-diagnosis baseline, in total estimated weekly metabolic equivalents and minutes of leisure-time exercise during adjuvant therapy for both the radiotherapy and chemotherapy + radiation groups. However, activity levels seemed to quickly recover and did not differ from pre-diagnosis baseline at assessments 2 and 6 months following completion of adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy + radiation. Although suggesting little effect of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment on participation in leisure-time exercise at 6-month follow-up, these group analyses obscure the fact that a large number of individuals (35.5%) exhibited clinically significant change, both decreases or increases, in total weekly metabolic equivalents between pre-diagnosis baseline and 6-month follow-up. Fostering appropriate participation in physical activity in cancer patients and survivors is likely to be enhanced by better understanding of the beliefs and motivations that underlie spontaneous changes in participation in leisure-time exercise.

The association between exercise participation and well-being: A co-twin study

Objective We investigated the association between leisure time exercise participation and well-being (i.e., life satisfaction and happiness) and examined the causality underlying this association. Method The association between exercise participation and well-being was assessed in around 8000 subjects, (age range 18–65 years) from The Netherlands Twin Registry (NTR). Causality was tested with the co-twin control method in 162 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs, 174 dizygotic (DZ) twin and sibling pairs, and 2842 unrelated individuals. Results Exercisers were more satisfied with their life and happier than non-exercisers at all ages. The odds ratio for life satisfaction given exercise participation was significantly higher than unity in unrelated pairs, and a trend was visible in DZ pairs. In MZ pairs, the odds ratio was close to unity. The pattern of odds ratios for happiness given exercise participation was similar. Conclusion Exercise participation is associated with higher levels of life satisfaction and happiness. This association is non-causal and appears to be mediated by genetic factors that influence both exercise behavior and well-being.