Participation In Income Generating Activities Research Articles

Factors Determining the Involvement of Women in Income Generating Activities: A Case Study in Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal

Women’s participation in income-generating activities (IGAs) appears to be limited in communities of Nepal owing to a variety of socio-cultural and socio-economic variables. Despite the deliberative efforts by governmental and different developmental agencies for the empowerment of women to be participated actively in income generating activities (IGAs), it is unclear yet what factors stimulate Nepalese women’s engagement in various earning activities. Against this backdrop, the purpose of this study was to investigate the variables that stimulate the participation of Nepalese women in IGAs in the Pokhara Metropolis. For this purpose, a systematic survey form was used to gather data. A total of 130 individuals were interrogated, comprising 65 women engaged in IGAs (selected purposively) and 65 women, who are not involved in IGAs (selected conveniently and purposively) for making the study more comprehensive. A Binary logistic regression model was applied for finding the factors determining the involvement of women in IGAs. The result of the analysis revealed that literacy status, occupational status and monthly income of family affect the women’s involvement in IGAs significantly while age, marital status, caste, family type, number of a family member and age at first marriage do not have any effect on it. The study suggests that it is imperative to make women aware about the importance of involvement in IGAs as this will help them to be self-dependent. The Government of Nepal should focus on women’s education to ensure the necessary knowledge and entrepreneurial skills needed for their effective participation in income-generating activities.

Determinants of women participation in income generating activities: evidence from Ethiopia

This paper aims to examine the major determinants and challenges of women's participation in income-generating activities focusing on rural women of Ethiopia. To carry out this study, both primary and secondary data were used. Randomly selected 161 households were the source of primary data for this study. Secondary data were collected from the review of related literature. A binary logistic regression econometric model was implemented to identify major determinants of women's participation in income-generating activities. The finding of this study revealed that in the study area, women are not allowed by their husbands to participate in high-income earning activities. They are considered a housewife and only husband are expected to participate in high income-generating activities due to the local customs. In the study area, women's participation in the income-generating activity is determined by age, husband’s education, women's education, family size, land size, market distance, livestock holding, and access to credit. This paper contributes to the literature on women's participation challenges in income-generating activities, giving emphasis to rural women's perspectives. It provides the basis for further studies aimed at challenges hindering women's participation in high-income earning activities, particularly in developing countries.

Funding pharmacists in general practice: A feasibility study to inform the design of future economic evaluations.

Funding is a significant barrier to employing general practice pharmacists. To explore the feasibility of determining the cost-benefit of pharmacists in Australian general practice. Two part-time pharmacists were employed by general practices in Canberra, Australia. Diaries of the pharmacists were analysed to determine time worked and participation in income-generating activities, including Government-funded programs: Asthma Cycle of Care, Home Medicine Reviews, and Health Care Assessments. Scenarios using different practice and business models were entered into value-cost models to determine the income generated by the pharmacists relative to their salary. Over 19 weeks, pharmacists A and B supported 47 and 23 Asthma Cycle of Care activities, generating income to the general practice of AU$4,700 and AU$2,300, respectively. The pharmacists spent 36.4 and 24.1hours on activities usually conducted by general practitioners (GPs), allowing additional time for GP-patient consultations. Value-cost models determined AU$0.61 - AU$1.20 income generation by pharmacists per AU$1 salary. It was feasible to determine the value-cost ratios of employing pharmacists in general practice using these methods. Future work should focus on developing a robust business model that includes health care system savings resulting from practice pharmacist interventions, determined from randomised controlled trials.

Key factors of women empowerment in organic farming

The study was accomplished to identify the key factors of women empowerment in organic farming. Sankamphaeng, Mae On, Mae Taeng, Doi Saket and San Sai districts of Chiang Mai province were selected as the study area. This study area was selected because women of this area were actively engaged in organic farming activities. Data were collected from purposively selected 100 women organic certified farmers through using questionnaire between February and March 2019. Besides, semi-structured in-depth interviews were also conducted and eight (8) respondents were selected purposively containing at-least 25 years of farming experiences. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient (r), and multiple regression analysis. The major findings indicated that respondents had medium level of empowerment in organic farming. Among ten socio-economic characteristics age, education, farming experience, knowledge on organic farming activities, and participation in income-generating activities had a positive association with empowerment. The R2 value (84%) revealed that age, education, farming experience were the influential factors on women farmers' empowerment. Education, increase of agricultural knowledge and marketing capacity, changing cultural perspectives, and participation in economic activities were identified as key factors, which contributed to women farmers this level of empowerment in organic farming. So, to develop and recommend a suitable program to boost women empowerment at a higher level, focusing all the factors is the prime need for policymaker and development practitioner.

Cash Transfers and Gender Differentials in Child Schooling and Labor: Evidence from the Lesotho Child Grants Programme

Cash Transfers and Gender Differentials in Child Schooling and Labor: Evidence from the Lesotho Child Grants Programme

Factors Influencing Landowners’ Decisions for Income-Generating Activities on Private Coastal Wetland in Louisiana

The coastal zone of Louisiana contains more than 3 million wetland acres and has the highest acreage of salt marsh of any state. However, Louisiana accounts for 80 percent of the nation’s coastal land loss. The loss of Louisiana’s coastal wetlands results in changes in economic and ecological benefits on local communities. The purpose of the study is to investigate the factors that motivate private coastal landowners to participate in income-generating activities and the level of income derived from their coastal wetland parcels and to gauge their opinion of potential policy instruments for coastal wetlands stewardship. A double-hurdle model was applied to econometrically identify the determinants on the participation and level of participation in income-generating activities using data collected from a sample of coastal wetland owners. The results based on the estimated parameters and marginal effects revealed that decisions to participate and the level of participation are related to physical characteristics of the wetland and socioeconomic characteristics of the landowner. For example, the type of wetland is the primary factor influencing the decision to participate and the level of participation. In addition, understanding the landowner’s attitude toward wetland restoration program provides the opportunity for policymakers to better evaluate current and potential policies for coastal management in Louisiana.

Women\u2019s empowerment and fertility preferences in high fertility countries in Sub-Saharan Africa

BackgroundNearly all countries with fertility levels of more than five children per woman are in Sub-Saharan Africa. Prestige, insurance in old age, and replacement in case of child deaths are related to preferences for large families. In this paper, we examine the association between women’s empowerment and fertility preferences of married women aged 35 years and above in four high fertility Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa (FSSA) countries, namely Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and Chad.MethodThe ideal number of children among married women and their ability to have the desired number of children are used to measure fertility preferences. We used principal component analysis to construct a multidimensional empowerment index. We then estimated negative binomial and logistic regression models to examine the association between women’s empowerment and fertility preferences. Data are from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in the countries included in the analysis.ResultsRegardless of the country, more empowered women desire significantly fewer children compared with their less empowered counterparts. The first step to having fewer children is formulating programs to improve economic empowerment of women. The specific elements of women’s empowerment that were important for fertility preferences included education, skills development, decision-making power, and control over household resources. In addition, familial empowerment matters more than other dimensions of empowerment in influencing women’s ability to achieve the desired number of children in the FSSA countries included in the study.ConclusionPaid employment and access to and control over resources are factors which, if improved upon, could significantly reduce the ideal number of children. By taking necessary steps, mass media can be used much more adequately to reduce ideal number of children in FSSA countries. In addition, the desire for many children could also be due to their participation in income-generating activities to improve the household’s socio-economic status. The findings suggests that improvement of women’s ability to have the desired number of children is a big challenge to which policy makers must pay careful attention.

Participation in Income-Generating Activities and Help-Seeking for IPV in Bangladesh – Results from a National Survey of Women

The present study examined whether there was an association between microfinance participation (i.e. microentrepreneurship) and help-seeking social networks and employment and help-seeking social networks of women who experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) in Bangladesh. The study is a secondary analysis of a subsample of 805 women (24.1% of the representative sample) who experienced IPV from the 2007 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) between the ages of 16 and 49 years. Results indicate that among the subsample of 805 respondents, 29.3% sought help for IPV. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that women who were employed all year round were significantly more likely and microfinance participants were marginally more to seek help for IPV than women who were not engaged in income-generating activities. Implications are discussed.

Social engagement and the elderly in rural Indonesia

Rural areas in Indonesia are older relative to urban areas. This paper questions how levels of social engagement vary across among the elderly in rural Indonesia. A sample of 2750 respondents aged 60 and over was drawn from 10 purposely-selected relatively “old” villages. Our three measures of social engagement are: participation in income-generating activities, in communal activities, and in care work. While there are notable village-level differences in patterns of social engagement, the majority of our respondents are actively engaged in productive activities in their old age until they can no longer be so. A negative educational gradient in the likelihood of work participation suggests that needs for income security is a driver of the elderly's work participation. The notion of promoting active ageing, as typically understood in the Western and/or urban contexts, is of secondary importance to health care provision and managing old-age disability in these ageing rural communities.

Factor Analysis towards Women Empowerment through Participation in Income-Generating Activities (IGAs) in the North-West Part of Bangladesh

Empowerment is a process of awareness and capacity building leading to greater decision-making power and control and to transformative action. Women's empowerment is not only about their economic betterment and reduction in dependency but also about gaining greater control over lives and claiming the rights and entitlement for them. Hence, a study was undertaken with the objective to find out the contribution of factors towards the women empowerment by participating in different income-generating activities. The study was carried out in the Bogra District, which is located in the north-west part of Bangladesh. Four hundred thirty-seven women who are the beneficiaries of Gram Unnayan Karma (GUK) were selected for data collection from seven unions under the Upazila, namely, Sariakandi and Gabtoli from this district. A pre-tested interview schedule was used to collect the data from the respondents from December 2014 to April 2015. Out of four dimensions in relation to women empowerment, economic access of the women is the highest in position with lower access into political dimension. Data indicated that the majority of the respondents (64.76%) were in the medium empowerment category, whereas 18.76% and 16.48% of them were in the low and high empowerment categories, respectively. The Pearson correlation test depicted that out of 20 variables, 11 had significant positive and one had negative relationship with the empowerment. Result of stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that eight variables, namely, knowledge (KNG), attitude towards GUK (ATG), cosmopoliteness (COS), fatalism (FAT), duration with GUK (DWG), income (INC), education (ED) and training (TR) contributed significantly, which as a combination explained 68.56% of the total variation to women empowerment. Path analysis indicated that these eight variables had both direct and indirect effects on empowerment. Beneficiaries of GUK women who had more KNG, had positive attitude towards the GUK/NGOs, were more cosmopolite, educated, had training (TR) experiences, had high income and were for a long time with NGO were found to be highly empowered in the society.

Does strength of tenure rights among the urban poor improve household economies? Contrasting Matero and George in Lusaka city

ABSTRACTIn a perspective shifting approach, Payne showed that tenure security exists on a continuum from weak to strong tenure rights, rather than as de facto versus de jure categories. This article examines claims that stronger tenure rights improve property values, credit access, employment, household income and participation in income-generating activities among the poor. The article contrasts these outcomes between households with leasehold and occupancy rights in two low-income urban neighbourhoods in Lusaka. The paper draws on household survey data (n = 623) and in-depth qualitative interviews. Multiple regression analysis is utilized and propensity score matching methods are employed to overcome selection bias. The results show that leasehold rights are associated with significantly higher property values and less participation in income-generating activities. Poorly performing macroeconomic factors – such as high unemployment – may drive household economies so strongly that stronger rights make little impact on employment status, access to credit and household income.

Micro finance intervention and its influence on decision making pattern on beneficiaries- A study on NGOs MF programme

Decision making is a capacity of individual which influence their lives and it enables to realize their identity and power in all spheres of life. Access to credit without physical collateral through various entities as alternative micro finance institutions plays a great role in the lives of millions of poor people particularly women in terms of creating self employment across the world. Financial capabilities and participation in income-generating activities of women relatively strengthen their bargaining position within the household thereby enhance decision making capacity of women in many cases. This research article depicts purposively selected two NGOs micro finance (mf) impact in decision making capacity of women after micro finance intervention at household and community level. Study was conducted in Sonitpur and Lakhimpur districts of Assam covering 945 numbers. of beneficiaries. Survey method was applied to gather the information. NGOs microfinance programme has helped to raised employment status of women in study area, unrelated to the matter of individual employment or in association with other family members. The change of raising employment is more pronounced about 97 per cent among women, which in turn found positive impact on capacity of decision making. Regression co-efficient of employment status of women after Mf intervention (ESWAMf) appear significantly positive in all selected categories of decision making, this may be due to fact that employment leads to possession over income, knowledge, awareness, self confidence and exposure to outside world.

Availability of childcare support and nutritional status of children of non-working and working mothers in urban Nepal

In many developing countries, poor women have multiple roles, and often their time constraints are so severe that their participation in income-generating activities results in reduced childcare time, which in turn affects child health. Previous studies have tended to investigate how childcare support influences nutrition of children with working mothers' based on comparisons with non-working mothers. However, non-working mothers are not a homogeneous group, and we therefore need to distinguish between those who need not work and those who wish to but cannot, for example, due to a lack of substitute caregivers. We examined the association between availability of childcare support and the nutritional status of children of both non-working and working mothers in poor areas of Pokhara, a sub-metropolitan city in Nepal. We recruited 150 children of age 10-24 months from the waiting lists of 17 daycare centers and measured their weights and heights. Those with height-for-age and weight-for-age Z scores of less than -2 were defined as stunted and underweight, respectively. To collect information on childcare practices and socioeconomic characteristics, mothers were interviewed using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Unavailability of adult childcare support was associated with increased risk of malnutrition among children of both non-working and working mothers. Peer childcare was not significantly associated with child malnutrition among children of non-working mothers, but it was associated with an increased risk of malnutrition among children of working mothers. Although further longitudinal research is required, we suggest that childcare support from adult substitute caregivers is essential for children of non-working mothers with limited resources.

Assets, activities and income generation in rural Mexico: factoring in social and public capital⋆

AbstractIn recent years, there has been increasing emphasis in the rural development literature on the multiple income‐generating activities undertaken by rural households and the importance of assets in determining the capacity to undertake these activities. Controlling for the endogeneity of activity choice and applying Lee's generalisation of Amemiya's two‐step estimator to a simultaneous equation model, household returns to assets from multiple activities are explored for the Mexico ejido sector. To incorporate the multiple variables representing social and public capital into the analysis, factor analysis is used. The results indicate that the asset position of the household has a significant effect on household participation in income‐generating activities and returns to those activities. Furthermore, the inclusion of measures of social and public capital into the analysis show that these assets play an important role in income‐generating activities and that the influence is dependent on the type of social and public capital as well as the particular activity.

Assets, activities and income generation in rural Mexico: factoring in social and public capital

In recent years, there has been increasing emphasis in the rural development literature on the multiple income-generating activities undertaken by rural households and the importance of assets in determining the capacity to undertake these activities. Controlling for the endogeneity of activity choice and applying Lee’s generalisation of Amemiya’s two-step estimator to a simultaneous equation model, household returns to assets from multiple activities are explored for the Mexico ejido sector. To incorporate the multiple variables representing social and public capital into the analysis, factor analysis is used. The results indicate that the asset position of the household has a significant effect on household participation in income-generating activities and returns to those activities. Furthermore, the inclusion of measures of social and public capital into the analysis show that these assets play an important role in income-generating activities and that the influence is dependent on the type of social and public capital as well as the particular activity.