Consumption Participation Research Articles

Incentives for the Transformation of Innovative Development in Conditions of Limited Activity

The search for incentives for the transformation of innovative development in the context of limited activity is an urgent issue in the conditions of martial law and post-war recovery. Through the government support, grants, tax incentives, and the formation of innovation funds, the State takes an active part in the process of transformation of the economy. Innovation is seen as a direct indicator of the impact on the profitability of an enterprise. Foreign markets remain a priority in export-import activities, especially in the context of a limited activity of the latter. Achieving the indicators of profitability and competitiveness affects the state of export-import activities. The aim of the article is to present the theoretical principles and provide practical recommendations for finding incentives for the transformation of innovative development in conditions of limited activity – taking into account the experience of the EU, research of scholars, legislative norms in the field of economics; substantiation of the feasibility of their implementation during martial law and in post-war conditions with limited activities. In the analysis, systematization, generalization of scientific works of both domestic and foreign scholars, the relevance of views on innovative processes, their significance in the development of the State economy during martial law and prospects for development in the post-war period is considered. The views on «tax incentives of the investment and innovation process», which are constantly being improved in accordance with the requirements of the time, are systematized. It is defined that in Ukraine the State, in comparison with the EU countries, is not an active participant in the innovation and investment process, the indicators of its participation in expenditures on innovation and public investment in relation to GDP are much lower than in the EU. The current approaches of the EU to funding expenditures on innovations, the development of various platforms, the search for mechanisms for intensifying innovation activity, in particular through startups, are considered. The Google-supported assessment of the level of interest in startups showed that the English-speaking audience searches for this topic most often. As for Ukrainian-speaking users, the search trends for startups and innovations coincide. Prospects for further transformation of innovation and investment development are the introduction of mechanisms and forms of the digital economy.

Food-Away-from-Home Expenditure in Mexico during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Micro-Econometric Analysis

Disruptive events such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have the potential to reshape even the most basic human systems and behaviors, including those related to food production, acquisition, and consumption. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of how the pandemic has changed the ratio of food-away-from-home (FAFH) expenditure to income in Mexico, as well as participation in this market. In 2020, household participation in FAFH expenditures declined in all income deciles and regions, but the impact on household shares is far from uniform. Using a detailed national database of household income and expenditures (N = 87,274), an Engel curve of the Working-Lesser functional form for FAFH including 19 independent variables was estimated using the Heckman method appropriate for censored response data. The results provide statistically significant estimates for income, which both increases the probability of participation in this expenditure and has a negative relationship with its budget share. The number of older adults and the exposure to food insecurity during the pandemic similarly limit participation and increase the budget share. In addition, remittances encourage participation and decrease the budget share. The corrected conditional income elasticity for FAFH is 0.4609; the sign and magnitude indicate that FAFH behaved as a necessary good in Mexico for the proportion of households that maintained spending during the lockdown conditions (about one-third of the sample). An increase or decrease in income will lead to a corresponding change in FAFH expenditure, but the change will be less than proportional.

Conditions Of Polish Industry Innovativeness

One of the measures of Polish economy development, including its innovativeness and competitiveness is the level of gross domestic expenditures on research and development activity, so called GERD in relation to gross domestic product, i.e. GDP. Poland assigns for R&D one tenth of expenditures, which are assigned by countries with the highest index GERD/GDP: USA and Japan. Scientific and research-development units in our country are characterised by a relatively low level of investment expenditures. As a result, small rebuild scientific-research apparatus and high level of its wear occur. The level of expenditures on R&D per capita in Poland and small share of industry in financing research are reasons of still unsatisfactory pace of decreasing the distance between Poland and well - developed countries (including the EU countries). Lack of mechanisms encouraging industry to greater participation in expenditures on R&D destimulates innovativeness and competitiveness of economy. The paper presents indexes characterising the innovative potential of Polish economy against the background of selected countries. It analyses positive aspects and barriers of innovativeness growth. These problems make a subject of many years research and analyses carried out by authors presented among others in works [1], [2]. The paper described some trends and conditions occurring in Polish economy undergoing transformation. It presents an example of using a method of artificial neural networks in modelling innovativeness in industry on an example of the innovation intensity index. Research method proposed by authors, carried out with the use of a method of artificial neural networks confirm that positive trends concerning Polish industry innovativeness in the first years of the XXI century are maintained.

A Comparative Analysis of the Pharmaceutical Market in Four European Countries

The purpose of this art icle is to present an analysis of the di fferences between the pharmaceutical markets of Italy. the UK, France and Germany, from both the supply side (i.e. the industrial framework) and the demand side (i.e. prices and consumption patterns). The main features of the national pharmaceutical industry in each cou ntry. incl uding the trade balance surplus. are disc ussed. The analysis takes account of di fferenccs in public policy that cl(ist between these nations. w hich considerably affect performance (in terms of public el(penditu re and industry turnover) in this field. With respect to demand, price and consumption, data show striking differences between the 4 countries. which arc essentially anributable to consumer preferences and the peculiarit ies of each pharmaceutical market. I tl Although their epidemiological framework can be considered similar. these countries have qualitative and q uantitative differences in their therapeutic uaditions and reimburse ment mechanisms that lead to different patterns of drug usc . Features such as the 'agency' relationship between patient and doctor. and public partici pation in expenditure. prevent typical competitive factors from functioning in the pharmaceutical market. Public control of pricing is therefore a major issue. Because this control takes d iffe rent forms in di fferent countries, prices vary widely between pharmaceutical markets. Price regulation schemes function both as a means fo r public authorities to contain costs, and as an economic tool to support the national pharmaceutical industry. This 2-fold contradictory aim o f public intervention on pharmaceutical demand and supply makes such pricing schemes difficult to implement .

Intraurban Spatial Variations in Local Government Service Provision: 2. Application and Results

It is shown how the methodology used to estimate net fiscal incidence, presented in a previous paper, can be applied to British local government. The example chosen is Leeds, and four services—education, fire protection, library provision, and swimming pool provision—are studied. Estimates of net fiscal incidence are presented for the period 1966–1975. The choice of appropriate geographical areas within the city is discussed and analysis zones are defined on the basis of a principal components analysis of characteristics likely to give rise to significant variations in expenditure participation and revenue contribution. A brief outline of service delivery in Leeds is then presented. Net fiscal residuals are estimated separately for each service. Service expenditure allocation is estimated by spatial interaction techniques and it is shown that there are significant variations in the distributions. However, the spatial pattern of net fiscal imbalances in the City turn out to have some overall similarities. Because of local government reorganisation and other factors, it is not possible to directly compare changes over the study period. Nevertheless, the methods by which local authority finances are raised, movement of client groups, and changes in service delivery are all important mechanisms contributing to change. Further possible explanations are also briefly discussed.