Participation In Development Activities Research Articles

Unpacking gender mainstreaming: a critical discourse analysis of agricultural and rural development policy in Myanmar and Nepal

Conventional gender analysis of development policy does not adequately explain the slow progress towards gender equality. Our research analyses the gender discourses embedded in agricultural and rural development policies in Myanmar and Nepal. We find that both countries focus on increasing women’s participation in development activities as a core gender equality policy objective. This creates a binary categorisation of participating versus non-participating women and identifies women as responsible for improving their position. At the same time, gender (in)equality is defined exclusively as a women’s concern. Such discourses, as constitutive practices, produce specific knowledge about rural women and new subjectivities that prescribe and govern them solely as subjects of development. Our research suggests that such a limited discursive practice invisiblises gendered power relations and structural and institutional issues, ultimately slowing progress towards gender equality. We demonstrate the importance of studying policy as discourse, beyond the effectiveness of policies or mainstreaming tools, and call for empirical evidence on the impact of these discourses on women’s subjectivities and lived experiences.

Environmental factor as predictors of citizens’ participation in development activities in Ogbomoso town, Oyo state, Nigeria

The involvement of citizens in developmental endeavors is crucial to achieving rapid and enduring progress. However, the social context often displays varying attitudes that impact community participation. Despite numerous studies on citizen engagement, there is a shortage of research on how different environmental factors influence involvement in community development. This study, investigated the environmental factors that could predict citizens’ participation in developmental activities in Ogbomoso, Oyo State. The descriptive survey research design was adopted. The simple random sampling was used to select 100 respondents from the community of Ogbomoso North Local Government. The data was analysed using the descriptive statistics of percentage, frequency count and inferential statistics of multiple regression. Environmental factors (leadership impact and involvement in community groups) jointly influenced citizens’ participation in development activities (R = 0.46, p<0.05). These factors accounted for 0.20% of the total variance in citizens’ participation in development activities. The relative contribution of the variables is as follows; Leadership impact (β= 0.36; t = 3.59; p < 0.05) and Involvement in community groups ((β= 0.17; t = -1.68; p >0.05). The result showed that citizens participate in development activities irrespective of their involvement in community groups and leadership greatly influences citizens’ participation in developmental activities. Since leadership determines peoples’ participation in community development projects, it is recommended that community leaders should be exemplary in discharging their duties and also visualise projects that are need-based.

Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Pembangunan Fisik Desa

The background of this research is the lack of awareness in the development of the surrounding environment, the lack of opportunities to express ideas, the lack of self-help in the form of funds, labor and materials. The purpose of this study is to obtain an overview of several factors that cause low participation, referring to Theresia's theory. et. al (2014) in Hajar (2018:32-34) namely community participation in development activities. The main premise: Physical participation will be successful if it is supported by the right decision making, optimal implementation, proper monitoring and evaluation, and adequate utilization of the results. Minor premise : Based on the research results, physical participation: decision making is not right, implementation is not optimal, monitoring and evaluation is not good, and utilization of results is not optimal. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive study, conducted in the village of Curughurur Sagaranten, Sukabumi Regency. There were 5 informants using purposive sampling and snowball sampling. The objects in this study are: the Head of the BPD, the Village Head, the Head of the Activity Implementation Team (TPK), the Community. Collecting data through participatory observation; semi-structured interviews; documentation study using observation guides, interview guides, field notes; data validation using triangulation (technique, source, and time); and analyzed using reduction. Presentation of data and drawing conclusions.

Participation of Women in Post-Earthquake Reconstruction

Women's participation in development activities is in a meager condition, if not neglected. There are a lot more to do to accomplish in the path of participation of women in every landscape of society. Thus, the participation of women in post-earthquake reconstruction is a crucial subject at this time. In these circumstances, this study had been initiated. Empowerment is a situation where women have their self-dependency, free mobility, free participation on their own desired sector and field. The meaning of empowerment becomes meaning-ful when women become economically, socially and politically strong. In this regard, this study aims to explore the situation of women’s participation in reconstruction of private households and to establish the key factors that enable or hinder women’s involvement in post-earthquake reconstruction. The study has been based on primary source, data collected from interview schedule by fulfilling the validity from the review of literature with the sample from in Dhunibeshi Municipality Ward No. 2, Dhading The study concludes that the participation of women in the process of post-earthquake reconstruction has-been outstanding. It has great impact on the ideology and the structure of the society. Although it was a rough ride for women to participate actively in reconstruction, their contribution will have been valued in the country's economy and society.

In need of opportunities: A within-person investigation of opposing pathways in the relationship between job insecurity and participation in development activities

Improving one's work-related skills may be particularly valuable for workers coping with jobs at risk. The present study investigates the effect of job insecurity on participation in formal development activities and examines the antagonistic roles of need for development and availability of learning opportunities in this relationship. We used data from the Dutch Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences panel (LISS-panel) of 3744 employees who were followed over an eight-year period. This study applied random-intercept cross-lagged panel modeling to examine long-term within-individual changes. Results indicated that increases in job insecurity were related to increases in the need for development and decreases in learning opportunities. No significant relationships were found between changes in the need to improve one's skills and changes in participation in formal development, and between changes in learning opportunities and changes in participation in formal development. Our results suggest a duality: while individuals coping with increases in job insecurity experience increases in their need for learning opportunities, they experience decreases in the likelihood of receiving these opportunities. We also found a direct effect from job insecurity on participation, in which increases in job insecurity were related to decreases in participation in development activities. These findings showcase the long-term consequences of job insecurity on employee development.

The relationship between procedural fairness and participation in development activities under unfavorable outcomes: the mediating role of self-attribution and the moderating effect of self-construal

The relationship between procedural fairness and participation in development activities under unfavorable outcomes: the mediating role of self-attribution and the moderating effect of self-construal

Perceptions about the Factors that Influence Public Participation in Rural Kenya

The aim of this study was to establish the factors influencing participation of the public in development projects in Wote-Nziu ward in the context of a devolved governance system. The objectives of the study were to establish the impact of socio-economic factors, political factors and demographic characteristics on public participation in development projects. The study sample was comprised 85 respondents sampled from the general population within Wote/Nziu ward. In addition, 15 Key informants were drawn from Project Management Committees (PMC) and 9 focus group discussions were with the committee members drawn from the various projects within the ward that are initiated and implemented by the County Government of Makueni. Analysis of the data collected, that is, correlation between independent and dependent variables revealed positive values of correlation coefficients (R). The study findings revealed that demographic characteristics, socioeconomic and political factors influence the level of public participation in development activities of the residents of Wote-Nziu Ward in Makueni County. Comparatively, however, political factors have more influence on public participation. The study concludes that residents and the County Government of Makueni have embraced public participation as a tool to meaningfully engage in development initiatives in a devolved system of governance.

SOCIAL CULTURAL PRACTICES AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: A CASE OF TURKANA CENTRAL SUB-COUNTY, TURKANA COUNTY, KENYA

Purpose: Women's participation in development is considered essential because it helps to achieve social justice and tackle poverty globally. However, women’s level of participation is still facing challenges and difficulties, especially in Africa. For instance, in Turkana County in Kenya, the status of women's success remains limited despite laudable efforts to promote their status in society. This is attributable to cultural factors, which often make women sidelined in productive and economic activities. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effects of social-cultural practices on the level of women's participation in development.
 Methodology: Liberal feminist theory that believes gender inequality is produced by reduced access for women and girls to civil rights and the allocation of social resources such as education and employment was used to guide the study. A descriptive survey research design was employed in the study to blend the quantitative and qualitative research approaches and for holistic investigation of the study problem. The study was a survey of the 31 women self-help groups in Turkana Central Sub-County and the elected women political leaders. The leaders of the women self-help organizations were randomly selected and women political leaders were purposively selected, where 98 study participants constituted a study sample. Questionnaires were used for data collection. Data analysis was done using both descriptive (frequencies, means, percentages, and standard deviations) and inferential statistical methods (regression analysis and Analysis of Variance- ANOVA).
 Findings: The study established that 62.9% of the respondents agreed that gender disparity affected women's participation in development. This implied that socio-cultural practices such as early marriages, polygamy, womens’ restrictions on owning land, marital status, and gender roles hindered women from participating in development.
 Recommendations: The study recommends that government and privately-owned organizations collaborate with the Turkana Community leadership and development groups to create sensitization and awareness of the importance of women's participation in development activities. The study further recommended that the Turkana community needs to abandon some beliefs that hinder women from participating in development and embrace new paradigm shifts and good practices for their social mobilization and participation in issues of socioeconomic wellbeing.

PESANTEURS SOCIOCULTURELLES ET LEURS IMPACTS SUR LES ACTIVITES DE DEVELOPPEMENT DANS LA REGION DE MARADI AU NIGER

The study is part of an agreement between the World Food Program (WFP) and the University Dan DickoDankoulodo of Maradi. Its objective is to analyze the socio-cultural factors related to the development activities undertaken by WFP. It was carried out in three WFP intervention areas, namely: GuidanYaro located in the rural commune of Baoudeta (local government of Tessaoua), Tambaraoua Amani located in the rural commune of Chadakori (local government of GuidanRoumdji), and the village of Maya da rojiya located in the urban commune of Mayahi (local government of Mayahi). The results indicated that the package of activities undertaken by WFP and its partners (rural development, education and nutrition) improved the living conditions of assisted house hold in all the villages. However, several gravities have been identified by this study. That is ignorance which has an impact on the education of children, illiteracy which limits the ability to obtain and understand information, the lack of regular attendance at health centers which causes illness to persist. Also, the lack of accountability of men in household expenses coupled with the rural exodus increase the vulnerability of women and children, followed by a lack of labor for development activities. On the other hand, it shows the overload of womens work limiting their participation in development activities and the spirit of the population to be always assisted which impacts the management of natural resources with a lack of personal initiative. On the other hand, it shows the overload of womens work limiting their participation in development activities and the spirit of the population to be always assisted which impacts the management of natural resources with a lack of personal initiative. In addition, the results highlight certain cultural ceremonies which seriously impact the level of education of children and the debt of parents. other forms of ceremony limit womens participation in development activities.

Fishing Community in Wetland Region of Bangladesh: Views from the Field Experiences of Hakaluki Haor

This study is a part of doctoral dissertation which basically observes the socio-economic condition of the artisanal fishing community of Hakaluki Haor in Bangladesh. The original study is exploratory in nature, and both qualitative and quantitative approaches have been used to attain the goals and objectives of the study. The main objective of the current article is to identify the present socio-demographic background of Hoar fishing community in Bangladesh. Data analysis has focused on the actual situation of the household of fishing community from the Haor perspective. The findings of the study have been categorized on the basis of five capitals (i.e., social, human, physical, financial and natural resources) that structure the conceptual framework of the study. It is shown that most of the fishing community in the Haor basin are living under the most unpleasant and vulnerable conditions in terms of income, food security, housing patterns, health and sanitation conditions. Other issues center around child marriage, family planning, and social relations among the dwellers of the community. Also, among the observed problems are decision making, power practice, participation in development activities, socio-economic position in education and local institutions.

The origins of Ethiopia's primary health care expansion: The politics of state building and health system strengthening.

Ethiopia’s expansion of primary health care over the past 15 years has been hailed as a model in sub-Saharan Africa. A leader closely associated with the programme, Tedros Adhanom Gebreyesus, is now Director-General of the World Health Organization, and the global movement for expansion of primary health care often cites Ethiopia as a model. Starting in 2004, over 30 000 Health Extension Workers were trained and deployed in Ethiopia and over 2500 health centres and 15 000 village-level health posts were constructed. Ethiopia’s reforms are widely attributed to strong leadership and ‘political will’, but underlying factors that enabled adoption of these policies and implementation at scale are rarely analysed. This article uses a political economy lens to identify factors that enabled Ethiopia to surmount the challenges that have caused the failure of similar primary health programmes in other developing countries. The decision to focus on primary health care was rooted in the ruling party’s political strategy of prioritizing rural interests, which had enabled them to govern territory successfully as an insurgency. This wartime rural governance strategy included a primary healthcare programme, providing a model for the later national programme. After taking power, the ruling party created a centralized coalition of regional parties and prioritized extending state and party structures into rural areas. After a party split in 2001, Prime Minister Meles Zenawi consolidated power and implemented a ‘developmental state’ strategy. In the health sector, this included appointment of a series of dynamic Ministers of Health and the mobilization of significant resources for primary health care from donors. The ruling party’s ideology also emphasized mass participation in development activities, which became a central feature of health programmes. Attempts to translate this model to different circumstances should consider the distinctive features of the Ethiopian case, including both the benefits and costs of these strategies.

Understanding Development Communication: A Review of Selected Literature

Communication is critical in any development process. Beyond its role as an empowerment tool, communication is used to promote people’s participation in development activities. Communication also helps to ensure that people have access to the information and knowledge needed to improve their lives. Particularly, citizens rely on knowledge and information in order to successfully respond to the opportunities and challenges of social, economic, cultural, political and technological changes. However, for knowledge and information to be useful in the development process, they must be effectively communicated to people. This brings to the fore the compelling relevance of development communication in development discourse. Though development communication is indispensable in sustainable development drive, many people still struggle to appreciate its underlying philosophical underpinnings, conceptual intentions, core principles and methodologies, hence their failure to make the concept practically relevant in development practice. Besides, the poor appreciation of the underpinnings of development communication contributes to the exclusion and isolation of many people especially the rural people from the process of development. What is more, the ever-increasing demand on the part of the citizenry for participatory development coupled with the significant advancement in technologies and globalization means that concerted efforts ought to be put in place by all development stakeholders including governments, research institutions, researchers, and civil society organizations to bridge the gap between the theory and practice of development communication. To achieve this, however, requires an increased discussion on what really constitutes development communication, and generate a sustained interest and commitment by all stakeholders to the cause of development communication, bearing in mind its unique principles and methodologies. Any confusion in theorizing and conceptualization of development communication potentially contributes to the seemingly unending complexity associated with efforts towards achieving sustainable development. It is in this regard that this paper contributes to the efforts to help bring clarity to the concept of development communication through a review of some existing literature.

AKUNTABILITAS DESA MEMBANGUN IMPLEMENTASI KEWENANGAN LOKAL DALAM PELAKSANAAN KAMPUNG MEMBANGUN MENUJU KAMPUNG MANDIRI PADA KAMPUNG MURIS KECIL, KABUPATEN JAYAPURA, PAPUA

Village development is a new concept of development paradigm from the Government driven development model or community driven development into Village driven development which positions the village as the subject of development. Villages that drive development with local initiatives are also the spirit of the government's ideals as well as the third point of the President's Nawacita which states that it will develop Indonesia from the periphery by Strengthening Regions and Villages within the framework of a unitary state. The local authority of the Muris Kecil village recognized by the central, provincial and district governments is evident in the provision of large funds, but in the 2015 Village Development Index, the village of Muris Kecil is classified as a village with a lagging village category. Because it is interesting to see how the implementation of development management in the village of Muris Kecil to independent villages, where transparency and accountability in planning, implementation, and reporting of each development activity is carried out. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach and using in-depth interviewing techniques and observation. The results of the research have shown that the implementation of local authority is hampered by a lack of Human Resources and community access to information regarding the importance of development to improve people's welfare, the weak role of local institutions in supporting community participation in development activities, and the lack of awareness of village officials to realize governance accountability-based village governance.

THE ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES OF FARMERS IN A VILLAGE OF FAYOUM GOVERNORATE

This study aimed to describe the levels of environmental values of the surveyed farmers in the study area, explore the global structure of the environmental values measurement in the surveyed farmers, and determine the relationship between the level of the environmental values of the respondents and some social, economic and personal variables. To achieve these goals, a simple random sample was selected from the lists of the holders of the agricultural society of Qasr al-Jabali village by 5% of the total. The sample consisted of 206 farmers.. Frequency, percentages, arithmetic mean and standard deviation were used to present and describe the data in addition to the reliability coefficient (α) in Kronbach method . Factor analysis was used to identify the global structure.The multiple regression analysis was used to identify the correlative relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variable in the study. The main results were: - The total degree of environmental values of the farmers was medium and low among the majority of farmers (42.1% - 30.8%), while those with a high level of environmental values (27.1%) were farmers. The environmental values of farmers include two main components: A- Factor 1: It can be called the applied side in environmental values, which includes values related to (preservation of the environment, protection of the environment from pollution, rational exploitation of environmental resources, positive participation in improving the environment) and this factor explains about 35.5% of the variation in values Of the farmers. Factor 2: It can be called the moral or emotional aspect of farmers' environmental values and includes values related to (aesthetic taste of the components of the environment, social responsibility towards the environment, awareness of the importance of natural resources) and this factor explains about 19% of the variation in the environmental values of the farmers. There were five independent variables that contributed to explaining the total variation in the environmental values of the respondents. These variables are: the number of years of formal education, the degree of concern for the health of family members, cultural openness, age, and participation in development activities. 2 - Referring to the value of the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.558, it is clear that the previous five independent variables together account for about 58.2% of the variation in the level of environmental values of the respondents. 3- It is clear from the value of (F) of (68.89) the significance of the regression model of the relationship of the study variables with the level of environmental values of the respondents at the probability level 0.01

INFLUENCE OF DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS ON PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN THE DEVOLVED GOVERNANCE IN KENYA

There are many factors that influence public participation; one of them is demographic factors. This study established how demographic characteristics of the public influence their participation in development activities in the devolved system of governance in Kenya. The chi square test for independence, from the value at χ(12)=40.9,p =0.000; established that there was significant association between demographic characteristics and public participation activities. It was also establish that demographic factors such as age, gender and level of education influence publicparticipation to a large extent. It was found that; male tend to participate more than female; youth tend to participate more than elderly people; and the educated people tend to make more meaningful and quality contribution. Therefore there is need to have a proper planning so as to optimise the participation of all stakeholder by considering their gender, age and level of education.

İkinci/Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Öğretmenlerinin Mesleki Gelişim Algı ve Katılımlarına İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme

This study investigated the professional development practices and obstacles that teachers of Turkish as a foreign language perceive as the reasons for preventing their participation in development activities. The study also aimed to find out how a professional development activity prepared in line with the teachers’ needs affected their perceptions of professional development. Participants of the study were 160 Turkish as a foreign language teachers. Data were first investigated through a questionnaire. Then, 15 teachers were interviewed in focus groups randomly selected from Turkish teaching centers (TÖMER) in Ankara. After these interviews, a seminar was prepared in line with the professional development needs of the volunteer participants to understand how a professional development activity, prepared according to the needs of the teachers affected their perceptions of professional development activities. The results indicated that teachers have a positive perception of professional development in general. The reasons they perceived as barriers to their participation in these activities were intense pace in their lives, their hectic work schedule and the inefficiency of professional development trainers, while the kinds of activities that they participated in were evaluating their own performance, reading articles, journals and books related to the field, sharing information with colleagues, conducting in-class research and receiving help from colleagues. The research has implications for professional development providers to improve the effectiveness of professional development activities for teachers of teaching Turkish as a foreign language.

Multiplicity of voices in community development through radio in Fanteakwa District, Ghana

The study examines community radio as a channel for development through people’s participation in development activities in the Fanteakwa District of Ghana. The study argues that participation of people is necessary for development. The study employed the concept of participatory development communication and the empowerment theory to help understand the role of community radio in development. Mixed method research design was used for the study. Data was collected through survey questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Purposive sampling and multi-stage sampling techniques were used to select respondents. It was found that participation is highest amongst people whose preferred channel of contribution to development initiatives is Radio Listenership Clubs. Though community radio station is serving the community, more needs to be done to properly integrate it into the lives of the people. Another finding was that community radio is not necessarily owned by the community, but can be the result of an individual’s entrepreneurial effort. It is concluded that the integration of participatory approaches in radio programming and ownership is relevant because they are more people-centred and can be sustainable. A legislation on community broadcasting is recommended in order to define the role of individual entrepreneurs and NGO’s in establishing community radio stations.Keywords: Community Radio, Community Development, Participation, Empowerment, Fanteakwa District

To Measure the Impact of Shift From Agriculture to other Non Farm Occupation an Analysis in Coimbatore District of Tamil Nadu

Youths can make their constructive contribution to national development and through which society can benefit from the idealism and the sense of dedication of youth at the same time, they also get benefitted from their active participation in development activities, since such participation increases their self esteem, gives them a sense of identity. India has rich rural youth potential. The population of rural youth in developmental activities contribute to national development. Several studies confirm that there exist shifting patterns in the occupation of rural youth from agriculture to other nonfarm activities. A study was taken up “To measure the impact of the shift from agriculture to other nonfarm occupation in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu”. Hence, in this study an analysis was made in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu with 120 sample rural youth respondents. Nearly 80.83 per cent of the rural youth expressed that there is no much difference in the purchasing power due to shifting and their property acquisition also has slightly increased and 76.66 per cent expressed that there is no much change was observed.

The Effects of Multilevel Signals on Sex Discrimination Experiences Among Female Employees

AbstractIn this study, we examine the effect of organizational‐level and individual‐level signals on sex discrimination experiences, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions in a sample of South Korean female employees and organizations. Results indicate that the percentage of women employed in organizations was negatively associated with sex discrimination experienced by women. The number of family‐friendly policies was also negatively associated with sex discrimination in a panel design but not in a cross‐sectional design. We also found that the relationship between individual participation in development activities (e.g., leadership development course, academic degree) and sex discrimination experiences was moderated by organizational‐level participation in development activities. Specifically, the negative impact of participation in development activities on sex discrimination is stronger for individuals in organizations with lower compared to higher levels of overall participation. The same was true for the individual educational level. The negative impact of individual educational level on sex discrimination is stronger for individuals in organizations with high educational level than for those in low organizational educational level. Further, experienced sex discrimination influences individual turnover intention via job satisfaction. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

KEBIJAKAN PENGEMBANGAN KAWASAN WISATA BAHARI BERBASIS KEARIFAN LOKAL DAN PENGUATAN KELEMBAGAAN DESA DALAM RANGKA MENINGKATKAN KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT

Abstract The long term goal of this research resulted in Coastal Rural Poverty Alleviation Model Optimization Through Marine Tourism Area Development Policy Based Local Wisdom and Institutional Strengthening of the village in order to improve the welfare of society. The conclusion from this study are: (1) Region Ecotourism Kiluan Bay manifested in the form of training, turtle conservation, as well as provide strategies for promotion or marketing. The output of these training activities is to build awareness together in building businesses and collective marketing and environmental protection Kiluan Bay. (2) The strategy for improving institutional capacity at the village level: encourage institutions pekon / villages to understand their duties and functions, institutional strengthening village / pekon open in the sense of community participation in development activities undertaken. (3) The strategy of empowerment of coastal communities through the management of the Gulf tourist area Kiluan among others through trainings, planting mangroves, coral reefs. (4) Strategic management of coastal areas through ecotourism development Kiluan Bay: trying to get support from local and central government, promotion in various social media conducted since 2005, involved in promosi- sale by local governments and the provincial government. Suggestions / recommendations from the results of our study are: (1) Improved coordination and policy coherence of the program between the relevant agencies in the in order to develop tourist areas Kiluan Bay, (2) Strengthen institutional level Village / Pekon, (3) improvements to the road infrastructure Kiluan Gulf region and complements other infrastructure in order to support the advancement of ecotourism Kiluan Bay, (4) development of community-based ecotourism, assisted by NGOs and local government and other stakeholders. (5) Improving the quality Source Human power through a system of formal and non-formal (6) Institutional strengthening of village-based local wisdom. Keywords: Model, poverty alleviation coastal villages, nautical tourism, strengthening village institutions, public welfare