Partially Stabilized Zirconia Research Articles

Surface roughness and optical characteristics evaluations after chairside adjustment of different zirconia types.

Limited evidence is available for the effect of chairside adjustment using rotary cutting instruments on the surface roughness and optical properties of different zirconia types. To evaluate the effect of simulated adjustments on surface roughness and optical properties of different zirconia types. Three Partially Stabilized Zirconia (PSZ) types based on mole percent yttria (Y) concentration from the same manufacturer (Katana; Kuraray) were used: 3Y-PSZ, 4Y-PSZ, and 5Y-PSZ. Thirty disk-shaped specimens (Ø14 × 1.2 mm) from different zirconia types (N = 90) were prepared. Specimens were either left without adjustment (NA), adjusted with Dialite ZR finishing and polishing system (Brasseler) (APol), or adjusted with course diamond instruments only (ADia). The specimens were distributed into 9 groups (n = 10): Group 3Y-PSZ/NA, Group 3Y-PSZ/APol, Group 3Y-PSZ/ADia, Group 4Y-PSZ/NA, Group 4Y-PSZ/APol, Group 4Y-PSZ/ADia, Group 5Y-PSZ/NA, Group 5Y-PSZ/APol, and Group 5Y-PSZ/ADia. The surface roughness of specimen was analyzed using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) (Bruker's Dimension Icon, Bruker) and Root Means Square (RMS) were recorded (nm). Surface Gloss (SG), Translucency Parameter (TP), and Contrast Ratio (CR) values of all groups were recorded using an integrating sphere spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's multiple comparison tests for pairwise comparisons at p < 0.05 and 95% confidence interval. APol had no effect on the surface roughness (p = 0.88) while ADia had a significant negative effect (p < 0.05) despite the type of zirconia. Out of the three testes optical properties, only SG was negatively affected by ADia for all types of zirconia (p < 0.05). The two adjustment types did not affect the TP of all the tested zirconia (p = 0.91). The CR was not affected by the tested adjustments for all zirconia types (p = 0.726). Proper zirconia adjustment following a sequence of burs and polishers can maintain acceptable roughness and optical properties. Adjustment of zirconia with rough diamond can lead to deleterious effects and should be avoided. Chairside adjustment of zirconia could lead to rougher surface and unpredictable changes of surface gloss. Therefore, zirconia adjustment should be minimized to the greatest extent possible and a proper protocol should be followed if had to be done.

Behavior analysis of Low-Heat Rejection engine powered by biodiesel under varied exhaust gas recirculation ratios

ABSTRACT The key focus areas of the internal combustion engine architecture are energy effectiveness and greater thermal efficiency since 1/3 of the produced heat energy vanishes on the way to the atmosphere and the coolant. Experiments have looked into the viability of using tamanu biodiesel in a thermally insulated diesel engine. The engine was first put through its paces on regular diesel fuel as a comparison baseline. After that, the piston, exhaust, intake valve and cylinder head surfaces were coated with partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) to act as thermal insulation for the engine. The engine coating was developed to improve the efficiency of the engine’s use of biodiesel blends by decreasing heat loss through the chamber walls with a thickness of 200 micrometers (µm). In addition, mixes of Tamanu biodiesel with diesel fuel were tested, including B10, B20, B30, and B100, to examine how these mixtures would influence the performance of the ceramic-coated low heat rejection (LHR) engine compared to the performance of the base diesel engine. Additionally, the impacts of different exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ratios on the operation of biodiesel-powered LHR engines were analyzed. The zirconia insulated LHR engine running on B20 performed the best, with a thermal efficiency of 28.57% and a brake specific energy consumption that was considerably lower than that of the baseline diesel engine. In addition, the LHR engine for B20 reduces carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke emissions by 17% and 21.4%, respectively, compared to the B20-powered base diesel engine, although nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions slightly increase. However, the addition of 15% EGR to the B20-LHR engine produced a minor increment in hydrocarbon (HC), CO and smoke emissions, corresponding to 19.7% and 25.4%, respectively. By implementing 15% EGR with B20-LHR, the NOx level is reduced by 25.4% due to diluting the air-fuel mixture. The combination of 15% EGR with B20 for a thermal barrier-coated engine offers significant improvement by increasing engine performance and reducing emission characteristics.

Evaluation of Structural Stability, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Resistance of Magnesia Partially Stabilized Zirconia (Mg-PSZ).

Nano Zirconia (ZrO2) has been used in dental implants due to having excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility that match the requirements for the purpose. Zirconia undergoes phase transformation during heating: monoclinic (room temperature to 1170 °C), tetragonal (1170 °C to 2370 °C), and cubic (>2370 °C). Most useful mechanical properties can be obtained when zirconia is in a multiphase form or in partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ), which is achieved by adding small amounts of a metal oxide dopant, such as MgO (magnesia). This study aimed to synthesize nano Mg-PSZ from a local resource found in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, and examine its structural stability, biochemical stability, and mechanical properties. Nano Mg-PSZ was prepared from a zircon local to Indonesia, from West Kalimantan Province, MgSO4∙7H2O, and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 was used as a template. The obtained t-ZrO2 after calcination at 800 °C was shown to be stable at room temperature. The highest percentage of the t-ZrO2 phase was obtained at Zr0.95Mg0.05O2 with a variation of 99.5%. The hardness of Mg-PSZ increased from 554 MPa for ZrO2 without MgO doping to 5266 MPa for ZrO2 with a doping of 10% MgO. An in vitro biodegradation test showed that the greater the concentration of MgO in doping the ZrO2, the greater the degradation resistance of Mg-PSZ in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution.

Effect of Different Surface Treatments on the Surface Roughness and Orthodontic Bond Strength of Partially-stabilized Zirconia

Effect of Different Surface Treatments on the Surface Roughness and Orthodontic Bond Strength of Partially-stabilized Zirconia

Mechanical characterization of partially stabilized zirconia on aluminium alloy 6061 for automotive applications – A comprehensive approach

Partially Stabilized Zirconia (PSZ) was contemplated as a suitable coating material for automotive applications due to its high strength, low thermal conductivity and high melting point. In this work, the PSZ coating was done on Aluminium alloy 6061(Al 6061) using atmospheric plasma spray coating at a thickness of 300 µm. The material properties such as hardness, corrosion resistance and grain structure were measured and compared with uncoated Al6061. From Vickers hardness test, it was found that the hardness values were 45.6 and 53.5 in HV100gm for the uncoated and coated Al6061. Similarly, a salt spray test was carried out at a chamber temperature of 34.5–35.5 °C, pH Value of 6.65–6.85, concentration solution of 4.80–5.30 % of NaCl and air pressure of 14–18 Psi and noticed that uncoated Al6061 had no rust formation for 12 hrs, but a rust formation was found for 24 h. It was observed that PSZ coated Al 6061 had no rust formation for 24 h because PSZ coated Al6061 has better corrosion resistance than uncoated Al6061. Additionally, a surface morphology study was carried out and realized that the grain structure was closely packed for PSZ coated Al 6061 compared to uncoated Al 6061. Finally, it was concluded that PSZ coating on Al6061 could be a suitable material due to its improved hardness, better grain structure and corrosion resistance for automotive application.

Enhancement of transformation toughening of partially stabilized zirconia by some additives

This study aims to investigate effect of reinforcing additives such as Ni particles, Inconel 600 fibers, SiC particles (SiCp), SiC whiskers (SiCw) and Al2O3 particles on strength of transformation toughening of partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) containing 3 mol% Y2O3 fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). A mechanism of enhancement of transformation toughening of PSZ was examined based on micro-macro coupling experimental examinations with micromechanics continuum model. Experimental results demonstrated that Ni and 3 vol% Al2O3 additions were effective to enhance indentation fracture toughness, and 3 vol% Al2O3-added PSZ showed the highest bending strength among the tested samples. Relatively large cracks were present in SiCp and SiCw-added samples, which can degrade bending strength and deformability. Ni addition can only promote deformability of PSZ. Micromechanics-based simulation indicated that SiCp and Al2O3 additions can enhance transformation toughening in PSZ due to internal stresses generated in fabrication processes.

Survivability and fracture resistance of monolithic and multi-yttria-layered zirconia crowns as a function of yttria content: A mastication simulation study.

To compare four different types of monolithic zirconia crowns in terms of survival rate and fracture resistance after thermocycling and/or thermo-mechanical loading in a chewing simulator. Partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) crowns with fiber-reinforced resin die assemblies (n=80) were fabricated using: multi-yttria-layered 5Y-PSZ/3Y-PSZ, multi-yttria-layered 5Y-PSZ/4Y-PSZ, monolithic 4Y-PSZ, and monolithic 3Y-PSZ as control (n=20). Half of the samples in each group were subjected to thermo-mechanical loading under 110N, 1.4Hz, 1.2 million cycles with simultaneous thermocycling (10,000cycles, 5-55°C). The other half were subjected to thermocycling alone. The samples were loaded to failure to measure their fracture resistance. The data were analyzed using by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD post-hoc test (α=0.05). All specimens survived the aging protocols. The yttria content significantly affected the fracture resistance of the crowns (p<0.0001). The mean fracture resistance, from highest to lowest: 3Y-PSZ, 4Y-PSZ, followed by the two multi-yttria-layered systems. The mean difference between the two multi-yttria-layered systems were not statistically significant (p=0.98). The mechanical loading protocol did not affect the mean fracture resistance within each group (p=0.18). Within each group, there was no difference in fracture resistance after thermocycling alone and thermo-mechanical loading. However, increasing the yttria concentration at the occlusal third of the crown decreased its fracture resistance. The term "monolithic zirconia" alone without specifying the actual yttria content is misleading. This term represents different materials with different mechanical properties. The yttria content has an inverse relationship with the fracture resistance of zirconia crowns. The fracture resistance of multi-layer zirconia crowns is determined by the amount of the weaker zirconia phase at the occlusal part of the restoration rather than enforced by the stronger zirconia at the cervical part of the crown.

Combustion Analysis of Various Speed on Hydrogen (H2) in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine Modified to operate as a Low Heat Rejection (LHR)

The feasibility of using hydrogen as the sole fuel in a direct injection diesel engine was investigated. An air cooled single cylinder diesel engine was modified to operate as a lowheat-rejection engine for this study. Partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) ceramic parts were used to shield the combustion space of the engine. Using a compression ratio of 17.9:1 and motoring the test engine at 2100 rpm, a maximum compression temperature of approximately 900 K was achieved. Under these operating conditions, all lubricants tested were found to burn. Lowering the speed to 1450 rpm and the compression ratio to 17.1, lubricant combustion and hot spots were successfully eliminated. The maximum compression temperature, when compression ignition of hydrogen was tried, was in the 800 K range. The corresponding ceramic surface temperature was estimated to reach 600- 700 K. Only sporadic compression ignition of hydrogen was achievable

Examination of Toughening Mechanisms of Zirconia Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering Methods

Ceramics/ metal functionally graded materials (FGMs) have been attracting much attention as composite materials that are intended for application to high-temperature structures. This study fucuses on toughening of ceramics and their matrix composites, which are building blocks of the FGMs. Partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) with toughening additives such as Ni particles, Inconel fibers, SiC particles, SiC whiskers and a-alumina (Al2O3) particles were fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Toughening mechanisms were investigated based on their micro and macro-scale mechanical properties and microstructures. Disk bending tests, producing balanced biaxial loading conditions, were conducted probing bending strength at macro scales, while Vickers hardness tests were carried out to estimate fracture toughness and examine toughening mechanisms at micro scales. The results demonstrated that toughness of ZrO2 increased by adding Ni particles, Inconel fibers and Al2O3 particles. Addition of Al2O3 particles highly enhanced disk bending strength and deformability.

Phase Transformation by 100 keV Electron Irradiation in Partially Stabilized Zirconia

Partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) is considered for use as an oxygen-sensor material in liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) alloys in the radiation environment of an acceleration-driven system (ADS). To predict its lifetime for operating in an ADS, the effects of radiation on the PSZ were clarified in this study. A tetragonal PSZ was irradiated with 100 keV electrons and analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicate that the phase transition in the PSZ, from the tetragonal to the monoclinic phase, was caused after the irradiation. The deposition energy of the lattice and the deposition energy for the displacement damage of a 100 keV electron in the PSZ are estimated using the particle and heavy ion transport code system and the non-ionizing energy loss, respectively. The results suggest that conventional radiation effects, such as stopping power, are not the main mechanism behind the phase transition. The phase transition is known to be caused by the low-temperature degradation of the PSZ and is attributed to the shift of oxygen ions to oxygen sites. When the electron beam is incident to the material, the kinetic energy deposition and excitation-related processes are caused, and it is suggested to be a factor of the phase transition.

Experimental Evaluation and Modeling of Air Heating in a Ceramic Foam Volumetric Absorber by Effective Parameters

Reticulate porous ceramic reactors use foam-type absorbers in their operation which must fulfill two essential functions: favoring the volumetric effect and increasing the mass and heat transfer by acting as a support for the reactive materials. Heating these absorbers with highly inhomogeneous concentrate irradiation induces high thermal gradients that affect their thermal performance. Owing to the critical function of these component in the reactor, it is necessary to define a selection criterion for the foam-type absorbers. In this work, we performed an experimental and numerical thermal analysis of three partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) foam-type absorbers with pore density of 10, 20, and 30 PPI (pores per inch) used as a volumetric absorber. A numerical model and an analytical approximation were developed to reproduce experimental results, and calculate the thermal conductivity, as well as volumetric heat transfer coefficient. The results show that an increase in pore density leads to an increase in the temperature difference between the irradiated face and the rear face of the absorber, this occurs because when pore density increases the concentrated energy no longer penetrates in the deepest space of the absorber and energy is absorbed in areas close to the surface; therefore, temperature gradients are created within the porous medium. The opposite effect occurs when the airflow rate increases; the temperature gradient between the irradiated face and the rear face is reduced. This behavior is more noticeable at low pore densities, but at high pore densities, the effect is less relevant because the internal structure of porous absorbers with high pore density is more complex, which offers obstructions or physical barriers to airflow and thermal barriers to heat transfer. When the steady state is reached, the temperature difference between the two faces of the absorber remains constant if the concentrate irradiation changes slightly, even changing the airflow rate. The results obtained in this work allow us to establish a selection criterion for porous absorbers that operate within solar reactors; this criterion is based on knowledge of the physical properties of the porous absorber, the environment, the working conditions, and the results expected.

Low-calcination temperatures of magnesia partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ) nanoparticles derived from local zirconium silicates

Partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) exhibits excellent physical, mechanical, electrical, chemical, thermal, and bioactive properties. Therefore, it is frequently used as a material for thermal barrier coatings, refractories, oxygen-permeating membranes, dental and bone implants. In this study, magnesia-partially stabilized zirconia nanoparticles were successfully prepared from zirconium silicates and MgSO4 assisted with PEG-6000 via a facile templating method. The MgO concentration was varied from 1%–10% in wt% of ZrO2. Zirconium silicates were initially converted to Zr-precursor solution, exhibiting pH 3. Then, the appropriate amount of the Mg-precursor was mixed with the proper amount of the Zr-precursor solution. A 10%(w/v) PEG-6000 solution was added into the PSZ precursor solution at a ratio of the precursor-to-PEG volumes of about 15:1 under stirring and heating, resulting in a very fine white gel. The gel was filtered, dried, and then calcined at elevated temperatures of 600, 800, and 1000 °C. The characteristics of the final product were then evaluated. According to the experimental results, the MgO concentration influences the ZrO2 phase transformation at elevated calcination temperatures. In this study, the lower the MgO dopant concentration added into ZrO2, the more stable the t- ZrO2 phase in PSZ samples at high temperatures. However, the MgO presence is detected as periclase in all samples with a very low peak intensity at elevated calcination temperatures. The obtained PSZ samples consist of nanoparticles and high agglomeration, some of particles exhibit elongated and rod-like shapes. The PEG existence during the PSZ preparation has restrained particle interaction and aggregation of the as-synthesized PSZ samples, leading to PSZ nanoparticles evolution.

Effect of sintering temperature on phase transformation behavior and hardness of high-pressure high-temperature sintered 10 mol% Mg-PSZ

The sintering process of zirconia ceramics at high pressures is very different from that under normal pressure. In this paper, 10 mol% MgO partially-stabilized zirconia ceramics (Mg-PSZ) were synthesized under a pressure of 2.5 GPa at temperatures ranging from 1370 to 1610 °C. The effect of sintering temperature on the phase transformation behavior and hardness changes of Mg-PSZ were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectrometry, and Vickers hardness tests. The optimal sintering conditions of 10 mol% Mg-PSZ were determined. At high pressures, the sintering time was shortened to 60 min, and the sintering temperature was reduced to 1530 °C, which indicates that the high pressure accelerated the sintering rate. Mg-PSZ reached a maximum Vickers hardness of 14.9 GPa at 1530 °C, but when the sintering temperature was further increased to 1610 °C, grain coarsening occurred, and the Vickers hardness decreased to 9.6 GPa.

Partially stabilized zirconia (3Y-ZrO2) aluminum borate (Al18B4O33) needles composite materials by direct sintering

Novel 1:1 Yttria partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) - aluminum borate (AB: Al11B4O33) ceramic composites were prepared and characterized by a simple direct sintering process of PSZ-mixtures. Sintering was performed below 1300?C to minimize the decomposition of borate. Phases were corroborated by XRD. SEM permitted to characterize the microstructure as interlocking needles of - rounded by PSZ grains. Porous microstructure configuration was achieved by the proposed processing route. Porosity was within 30% for samples thermally treated at 1200 and 1300?C. Mechanical behavior was evaluated by diametral compression. A fragile behavior was observed. Both strength and apparent Young modulus were evaluated being ?30 MPa and ?3 GPa respectively; values four times higher than the corresponding alumina-AB composite. This is more important when firing at higher temperature. The density of the obtained composites coupled with the mechanical behavior are the main characteristics of this novel composite with potential structural, insulating and filtering applications.

Effect of Simulated Gastric Acid on Surface Roughness of Different Types of Dental Ceramics

Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of simulated gastric acidity on surface roughness of different types of dental ceramics. Methods: Fifty specimens were divided according to type of the material into five groups (n=10), as follows: Partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) (Prettaue),Fully stabilized zirconia (FSZ) (Prettaue Anterior), lithium disilicate ceramics (IPS. Emax), Zirconia-containing lithium silicate ceramics (ZLS) (Vita Suprinity) and Hybrid ceramics (Vita Enamic). Specimens were cut using a low-speed diamond saw (Isomet) into a rectangular shape with the following dimension: 12mm width x 14mm length x 1 mm thickness. Surface roughness was evaluated by optical profilometer. Each specimen was immersed in 5 ml of the simulated acid of ph 1.2 for 96 h in a37◦C incubator. Surface roughness of all tested groups was revaluated. One-way ANOVA was used to compare mean difference between groups. Paired t-test was used for comparing (before and after) roughness in each group. Results: There was significant difference (P=0.002) between all groups. There was increase in surface roughness for all materials tested, but it was non-significant (P>0.05) for Prettaue (P=0.607), Prettaue Anterior (P=0.273) and Vita Suprinty group (P=0.201). There was significant increase (P≤0. 05) for IPS. Emax group (P=0.007) and Vita Enamic groups (P=0.021). Prettaue Anterior group showed the least amount of surface roughness change (0.0006±0.002), while Vita Enamic group showed the highest surface roughness change (0.0100±0.011). Conclusions: The gastric acid significantly increased the surface roughness of hybrid ceramics and lithium disilicate ceramics

Impact damage of narrow silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics with and without environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) by various foreign object debris (FOD) simulants

The leading and trailing edges of turbine airfoils are highly susceptible to impact by foreign object debris (FOD) entrained in the gas stream of turbine engines. In this study, a narrow specimen geometry is implemented to study the FOD impact behavior of low curvature airfoil edges. Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic specimens with and without an environmental barrier coating (EBC) are used as target materials. The EBC consists of an air plasma sprayed mullite topcoat (~166 μm) and silicon bond coat (~58 μm). Spherical (⌀ 1.5 mm) FOD simulants of silicon nitride (Si3N4), partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ), and steel are used as impactors. A modified gas gun is used to generate impact damage at normal incidence and velocities ranging between 300 to 400 m/s. In situ phase contrast X-ray radiographs, which render 2D representations of the internal transient damage, are captured during the impact experiments. Impactor hardness and toughness are found to primarily influence damage in the coating. Relative to wide specimens, the narrow specimens experience a greater level of cracking and this is postulated to result from reduced self-confinement. Irrespective of specimen geometry and impactor material type, limited cracking (i.e. enhanced shielding) is observed for the coated condition.

Fabrication of High-Strength Zr-Based Composites by Spark Plasma Sintering

Zirconium (Zr) partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) composites were fabricated using the spark plasma sintering technique with the aim of producing medical implants with reduced metal-related artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging. Composites with compositions ranging from 100% Zr to 100% PSZ were fabricated, and they exhibited high mechanical performance. Optical microscopy and density measurements revealed that dense composites were successfully produced, irrespective of the PSZ content. Hardness and bending tests were performed to evaluate the influence of the addition of PSZ on the mechanical properties of the composites. The results showed that the hardness and bending strength increased with increasing PSZ content. The elastic modulus of the composites was higher than that predicted by the rule of mixtures, and this was due to the formation of Zr oxide around the Zr phase during sintering. It was concluded that the mechanical properties of the composites could be controlled within the range of those of monolithic Zr and monolithic PSZ, and that the use of PSZ was effective for improving the mechanical properties.

Transient thermoelastic analysis of a semi-infinite circular plate with the power-law nonhomogeneity subjected to ramp-type sectional heating

The main objective is to investigate the transient thermoelastic response on a nonhomogeneous semi-infinite elastic circular plate that is subjected to ramp-type heating over the concentric circular region of the upper face. The nonhomogeneous plate has thermo-mechanical properties expressed in the form of power-law through the plate thickness with variable z and with constant Poisson's ratio. The transient nonhomogeneous heat conduction differential equation is solved using a modified integral transformation technique in terms of modified Bessel functions. The associated thermal stress components are evaluated theoretically by incorporating the thermoelastic displacement potential feature based on the Boussinesq-Papkovich method. Numerical calculation is carried out the functionally graded ceramic – metal based material plate, in which partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) and austenitic stainless steel (SUS304) are subjected to ramp-type heating on one of the plane boundaries; whereas the other plane boundary is held at zero temperature. The analyzed findings indicate strong consent with those available in the literature.

Corrosion Resistance of Partially Stabilized Zirconia Materials to Alkaline Steel Slag

Partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) materials were fabricated using 4 wt% CaO, 3 wt% MgO, and 5.4 wt% Y2O3 as stabilizing agents together with monoclinic zirconia powder. The physical properties, phase compositions, and microstructures of the Ca-PSZ, Mg-PSZ, and Y-PSZ samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy spectrum analysis. A crucible method was used to explore the relationship between the stabilizing agent and erosion resistance to alkaline steel slag. The results revealed that the zirconia materials stabilized by different stabilizing agents showed obvious differences in their bulk densities, apparent porosities, microstructures, and erosion resistances to alkaline steel slag. The structure of Y-PSZ showed highest density, containing a small number of uniformly distributed pores. In terms of Mg-PSZ, the intergranular bonding in its structure was observed to not be close, and the sample contained some cracks, but no pores. A large number of intragranular pores and a small number of overall pores was observed in Ca-PSZ, resulting in this material having the lowest bulk density. The pores and cracks provide the path to penetrate and diffuse for alkaline steel slag, which weakens the corrosion resistance of PSZ materials. The phase composition of the affected layers in all of the samples after corrosion was almost completely transformed from monoclinic phase to cubic phase, and the phase transition of both the original and transition layers was not obvious due to the formation of a slag film. Y-PSZ did not react with components of the steel slag such as SiO2 and Al2O3, showing the best corrosion resistance to alkaline steel slag.

Experimental analysis on the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of diesel, and diesel-water emulsions in low heat rejection engine

In this experiment, an emulsion of water with diesel along with surfactants was noted to be superior to diesel. Traits such as specific energy consumption, brake thermal efficiency, emission characteristics, pressure-crank angle statistics and heat release rate were measured. A 4S LHR coated Kirloskar engine was made to run with custom fuels and the efficiency was subjected to several rigorous tests. The piston head, bottom surface of the cylinder and the valve facing was glazed with Partially Stabilized Zirconia (PSZ). The samples taken into consideration were conventional diesel, Eucalyptus biodiesel 20% (E20) by volume with diesel, DWM 1 (94% diesel, 5% water and 1% surfactants), DWM 2 (89% diesel, 10% water and 1% surfactants) and DWM 3 (84% diesel, 15% water and 1% surfactants). DWM 3 surpassed all the other samples in overall efficiency.