Partial Substitution Of Soybean Meal Research Articles

Nutritional Evaluation of Short-horned Grasshopper (Oxya hyla hyla Serville) as a Substitute for Soybean Meal in Compound Diets of Rohu (Labeo rohita Hamilton)

The growth effects of partial substitution of soybean meal for grasshopper meal (Oxya hyla hyla) in compound diets of Rohu fish (Labeo rohita) were evaluated for 75 days at the aquaculture research center in IAAS, Paklihawa Campus with 16 meshed cages of 1 m3 size, stocked with 12 fingerlings. Completely Randomized Design was used with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments included the incremental substitution of Soybean meal (SM) for Grasshopper meal (GM) as 0% GM, 10% GM, 20% GM and 30% GM. Feeding rates were adjusted every month based on observed body weight. Fish parameters were observed at 16, 27, 45, 60 and 75 days after stocking, whereas, the physical water parameters were observed daily. During the study period, the recorded mean water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and survivorship were 19°C, 8.2, 6.4 mg/L and 64.6% respectively. Average growth rate, relative growth rate, specific growth rate, daily weight gain and protein efficiency ratio showed no significant difference (p>0.05) among the treatments. The Feed Conversion Ratio of 20% GM and 30% GM were statistically similar and superior to 0% GM and 10% GM as well. To sum up, we did not have enough evidence to prove the superiority of grasshopper meal incorporated diet on rohu, perhaps because of a lower feed efficiency.

Effect of Substituting Soybean Meal in Oreochromis niloticus Diets with Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) Seed Cake on Water Quality, Growth, Antioxidant Capacity, Immunity, and Carcass Composition.

A 10-week feeding experiment was performed to determine the impacts of partial substitution of soybean meal (SB) with pumpkin seed cake (PSC) in Oreochromis niloticus diets on water quality, growth rate, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and carcass composition. One hundred and fifty tilapia fish (average weight, 11.93 ± 0.17 g) were randomly allocated to five diets. The first diet (the basal diet) contained 420 g of SB per kg of feed. The remaining four diets, namely, D1, D2, D3, and D4, had SB partially replaced by PSC at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, respectively. The results revealed that D4 and D1 significantly improved dissolved oxygen levels, while water temperature, pH, total ammonia, and nitrate levels were not significantly affected. Replacing SB with PSC significantly improved specific growth performance indicators and feed conversion compared to the control, with the D4 group showing the best values. Increasing PSC levels decreased serum glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. In contrast, the D4 group had higher globulin, albumin, total protein, and lysozyme serum levels. Moreover, fish-fed PSC had significantly increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities and significantly decreased malondialdehyde levels. Increasing PSC substitution levels in fish diets increased the ash and crude lipid contents in the bodies of the fish, while crude protein and moisture decreased. In conclusion, replacing SB with PSC in fish diets significantly enhances growth performance, feed conversion, and fish health. Moreover, the findings suggest that PSC can be a promising alternative protein source for sustainable aquaculture practices.

Global Warming Potential and Life Cycle Cost of Conventional and Potentially Low-Carbon Philippine Swine Production Systems

This study identified and evaluated conventional and low-carbon swine production systems through a review of literature and visits to commercial farrow-to-finish swine farms in the Philippines, aiming to recommend a swine production system that cost-effectively reduces GHG emissions. Parameters assessed were greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, carbon and payback period, and return on investment through conduct of life cycle assessment. The identified conventional technologies are open-sided housing system, slatted flooring, modified manual feeding system, nipple drinker, and scrapper and power sprayer as cleaning systems. The identified low carbon technologies are low protein swine feed formulation supplemented with amino acids and partial substitution of soybean meal with Protein-Enriched Copra Meal (PECM), open-sided housing with cemented flooring, manual feeding system, bite ball valve, scrapper combined with power sprayer as cleaning system, and biogas digester as manure management system. These entailed a GHG emission reduction potential of 31.93% in reference to the conventional system. The low carbon production system accounted for higher return on investment of 36.75% and shorter payback period at 2.72 years, compared to the conventional system that yielded 19.96% and 5.01 years, respectively. The identified low carbon swine farm production system can be a cost-effective alternative to the conventional production system.

Effect of Partial Substitution of Soybean Meal by Optigen on digestion, Rumen Fermentation, and Productive Performance of Buffalo Calves

Effect of Partial Substitution of Soybean Meal by Optigen on digestion, Rumen Fermentation, and Productive Performance of Buffalo Calves

Feed intake and milk yield and composition of lactating dairy goats in response to partial substitution of soybean meal for formaldehyde-treated sesame meal in the diet

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of substitution of soybean meal (SBM) for formaldehyde-treated sesame meal (FTSM) on nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal and blood parameters and milk production and composition in lactating Murciano-Granadina goats. Forty lactating goats were randomly assigned to one of the following four treatments: (1) diet with 16.5% CP, containing SBM (CON); (2) diet with 16.5% CP, containing untreated SM (USM); (3) diet with 16.5% CP, containing FTSM (FT); and (4) diet with 14.5% CP containing FTSM (LPFT). The results showed that nutrient intake was highest in the FT group (p < 0.001), while it was similar between the CON and LPFT groups, except for the intake of CP, which was higher in the CON group. The FT and LPFT had lower ruminal pH compared to CON and USM groups (p < 0.001), with goats in group FT having the highest volatile fatty acids (VFA) production (p < 0.001). The highest propionate concentration was observed in the LPFT treatment (p < 0.001), followed by the FT, CON, and USM treatments. Goats offered USM and LPFT treatments presented the highest and lowest acetate: propionate values, respectively, among the experimental groups (p < 0.001). The results also showed that LPFT goats had the lowest blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level (p = 0.004), while FT goats presented a lower non-esterified FA (NEFA) level compared with CON and LPFT goats (p = 0.01). Goats offered the FT diet had the highest milk yield (p = 0.002) and energy-corrected milk yield (p < 0.001) among all dietary groups. The highest milk fat (p < 0.001), protein (p = 0.001), lactose (p = 0.007), total solids (p = 0.003), and solids-not-fat (SNF) (p = 0.003) contents were observed in FT goats, which didn’t differ from USM goats. The inclusion of formaldehyde-treated SM increased the percentage of C18:3 (p < 0.001) and C20:1 (p = 0.04) FAs compared with USM and CON treatments. Milk from USM, FT, and LPFT goats had lower levels of saturated (p < 0.001) and medium-chain FAs (p = 0.014) compared with CON goats, whereas milk from CON goats had lower levels of unsaturated, monounsaturated, and long-chain FAs compared to other groups (p < 0.001). The lowest and the highest concentrations of polyunsaturated FAs were observed in CON and LPFT goats, respectively (p = 0.001). It can be concluded that SBM can be advantageously replaced by formaldehyde-treated SM in the diet as a feasible alternative to improve feed intake and production performance of dairy goats.

Feeding Flaxseed and Lupins during the Transition Period in Dairy Cows: Effects on Production Performance, Fertility and Biochemical Blood Indices

Flaxseed and lupin seed were offered as an alternative dietary approach in dairy cows, through the partial substitution of soybean meal. Milk production and fertility traits were investigated. A total of 330 animals were allocated into two groups, treated (n = 176) and control (n = 154). From each group, 30 animals were selected for hematological and cytological studies. The experimental feeding period lasted for 81 days (25 days prepartum and 56 days postpartum). The control ration (group C) contained corn, barley, soybean meal, rapeseed cake, corn silage and lucerne hay; whereas, in the treatment group (group T), 50% of the soybean meal was replaced by an equal mixture of flaxseed and lupins. The two rations were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Milk samples were analyzed for chemical composition, somatic cell count (SCC) content and total colony forming units (CFU). Blood samples were collected, and serum was analyzed for non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), acute phase proteins (haptoglobin and serum amyloid) and lipid oxidation indices, namely thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and catalase activity. To assess polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) numbers, endometrial samples from each cow were collected on days 21 and 42. No difference was recorded between groups in milk yield (p &gt; 0.05). In multiparous cows, NEFA (mMol/L) concentrations were significantly lower in group T than in group C on day 14 (p &gt; 0.009) and on day 42 (p = 0.05), while no difference was detected in the group of primiparous cows. At all time points, serum TBARS and catalase values were similar in both groups (p &gt; 0.05). Multiparous cows in group T expressed the first postpartum estrus and conceived earlier than cows in group C (p ≤ 0.05). Between days 21 to 42 postpartum, the PMN reduction rate was higher in group T animals (p ≤ 0.05). Acute phase protein levels were in general lower in group T animals, and at specific time points differed significantly from group C (p ≤ 0.05). It was concluded that the partial replacement of soybean meal by flaxseed and lupins had no negative effect on milk yield or milk composition, and improved cow fertility; which, along with the lower cost of flaxseed and lupins mixture, may increase milk production profitability.

Composition, Organoleptic Characteristics, Fatty Acid Profile and Oxidative Status of Cow's Milk and White Cheese after Dietary Partial Replacement of Soybean Meal with Flaxseed and Lupin.

The effect of partial substitution of soybean meal by equal quantities of flaxseed and lupins in diets of Holstein dairy cows and heifers was investigated. A total of 6 animals (30 multiparous and 30 primiparous) were allocated into two equal groups in a randomised block design and fed control (group CO) or modified (group FL) TMR diets from three weeks prior to calving until day 40 postpartum. The TMR of group CO contained corn, barley, soybean meal, rapeseed cake, corn silage, and Lucerne hay, whereas in group FL equal quantities of whole flaxseed and lupins were used to replace 50% of the soybean meal in the TMR. All animals were fed twice daily with a daily allowance of 24 kg dry matter intake per animal. Milking was carried out three times daily and milk yield was recorded during every milking. Milk samples were analysed for chemical composition and SCC content. White cheeses were manufactured from bulk milk of each group at industrial level. Bulk milk and white cheese were analysed for chemical composition and fatty acid profile; cheese was also assessed for its organoleptic properties. Results indicate that milk yield did not differ among groups. Lipid oxidation values were similar among the groups, for both milk and cheese. However, FL inclusion resulted in lower (p < 0.05) protein carbonyls and higher (p < 0.05) phenolic compounds in both milk and cheese samples. Milk from the FL group had decreased palmitic (p < 0.05) and myristic (p < 0.05) and increased oleic (p < 0.05) and linolenic acid (p < 0.05) when compared to group CO. White cheese from group FL showed a decrease in saturated fatty acids (SFA) (p < 0.05), an increase in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (p < 0.05), and a higher increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p < 0.05) when compared with that of group CO. The white cheese of cows fed diets with flaxseed and lupins showed compositional and organoleptic properties quite similar to control group cheese; aroma, texture, and color were acceptable and desirable in both cheeses. However, increased levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in the cheese of FL fed animals. The substitution of soybean meal by flaxseed and lupins in diets of Holstein cows warrants further investigation, especially towards the production of cheese that meet the consumers' demand for novel and healthier dairy products.

Partial replacement of fish meal by soybean meal supplemented with inulin and oligofructose in the diet of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca): Effect on growth and health status

The present study investigated the effect of partial substitution of soybean meal (SM) for fish meal (FM) with or without addition of inulin and oligofructose in pikeperch feed. A diet containing FM was considered as the basal diet, and then three other diets were prepared by: 1) replacing 50% of FM with SM (SM50), 2) replacing 50% of FM with SM and supplementation of 2% inulin (SMI50), and 3) replacing 50% of FM with SM and supplementation of 2% oligofructose (SMO50). Each diet was fed twice daily to triplicate groups of fish (36.68 ± 0.36 g) for eight weeks. The group fed SMO50 showed the highest weight gain (WG; 85.85 ± 4.46%) among the groups fed SM, with no significant difference from the FM group (79.74 ± 2.04%; p &amp;gt; 0.05). Specific growth rate (SGR) showed no significant differences among fish fed SMI50 (0.81 ± 0.07%), SMO50 (1.01 ± 0.09%) and FM (1.05 ± 0.02%). However, a lower SGR (0.69 ± 0.09%) was observed in the SM50 group without the supplementation of 2% inulin or oligofructose compared to the group fed FM (p &amp;lt; 0.05). The groups fed SMI50 and SMO50 showed no significant difference in FCR (1.23 ± 0.10; 0.91 ± 0.05, respectively) compared to the group fed FM (0.97 ± 0.04). While, a significant difference in FCR was found between the SM50-fed group without supplementation of inulin or oligofructose (1.50 ± 0.13) and the group fed FM (0.97 ± 0.04). Survival rate and whole-body composition showed no significant difference among all groups (p &amp;gt; 0.05). A significant decrease in serum total cholesterol concentration was observed in the SMO50 group (2.10 ± 0.29 mmole L-1) compared to the FM-fed group (3.33 ± 0.33 mmole L-1). Serum triglyceride showed a significant decrease in the groups fed SMI50 (0.98 ± 0.17 mmole L-1) compared to the group fed SMO50 (1.93 ± 0.24 mmole L-1). The concentrations of other serum biochemical parameters (total protein, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase) were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments (p &amp;gt; 0.05). Among all innate immunity and antioxidant parameters, only the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration of SM50-fed fish (4.25 ± 0.7 nmole mL−1) was significantly lower than in the FM-fed group (with the highest MDA concentration; 25.17 ± 3.13 nmole mL−1). Serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were not significantly affected by the feeding (p &amp;gt; 0.05). Serum D-lactate concentration was not significantly affected by the dietary treatments (p &amp;gt; 0.05). No significant differences were found in the relative expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, GHR genes among the studied groups (p&amp;gt; 0.05). The results of the present study show that 50% replacement of FM with SM supplemented with a small amount of oligofructose (2% of dry matter) does not compromise the growth performance or the immune system of pikeperch. This substitution is feasible and provides a reference for cost-optimized design of feed formulation for pikeperch.

By-products of apricot processing in quail feed: Effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat physicochemical quality.

Background and Aim:The rearing of quails can have a stronger attraction for the breeders if we lower the cost prices by introducing by-products in their feed formulas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the partial substitution of soybean meal by apricot kernel cake (AKC) in the diet of quails, applied either sequentially or during all phases of rearing, on their growth performances, carcass characteristics, and meat physicochemical composition.Materials and Methods:A total of 600 one-day-old quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica), with equal sex ratio and weighing on average 7±0.2 g, were randomly distributed in one control group and three experimental groups, the latter being designed according to the rate of application of AKC in either sequential or non-sequential mode in different rearing phases. Each group was divided into five replicates of 30 quails, randomly distributed according to either substitution rate of soybean meal by the AKC (0%, 10%, 20%, or 30%) or farming phase.Results:The average daily gain from the 1st to 45th days (average daily gain1–45d) was found to be the highest (4.24 g/d/subject, p=0.021) for the 30% AKC-supplemented feed lot in either starter or finish incorporation (DFTAA), having an optimum final live weight of 193.4 g (p=0.028), a lowest feed conversion ratio of 3.08 (p=0.001), and a daily feed intake of 860 g (p=0.01). Carcass yield was recorded the highest (74.4%, p=0.02) with an optimum meat protein level (30.6%, p=0.024) and the lowest fat content (2.26%, p=0.001) for the same group as well.Conclusion:The partial substitution of soybean meal by AKC in the quails’ fattening feeding, during the finishing phase and for all rearing phases, led to a better growth performance, a better carcass yield, and an improved chemical composition of meat.

The effect of including full-fat dried black soldier fly larvae in laying hen diet on egg quality and sensory characteristics

Effects of including full-fat dried black soldier fly larvae (DBSFL) in laying hen diets on egg quality, fatty acid and metal compositions of the yolk, and the sensory characteristics of hard-boiled eggs were investigated. In addition to the control soy-based layer diet, two experimental diets with soybean meal partially (50%) and completely substituted by chopped DBSFL (10 and 18%, respectively) were examined. Ninety 18-wk-old Novogen Brown layers were randomly divided into six mobile trailers (3 diets × 2 replications) in a 17 week trial. Five eggs from each trailer were collected, weighed and stored in 4 °C for 24 hours on weeks 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 of the study. Egg shell characteristics (presence of cracks, deformation, and weight and thickness) and interior egg quality (albumen weight and height, yolk weight and colour, and Haugh units) tests were then conducted, and the proportions of the weights of shell, yolk and albumen were calculated. For the yolk nutrient composition tests, 12 eggs from each group was randomly selected, and yolks were extracted and mixed to provide 100 g sample per diet. Six judges also evaluated the sensory attributes of eggs in six sessions (two eggs/session). Control eggs were heavier, and had higher shell and albumen weights than DBSFL eggs. They also had a thicker shell compared to 18% DBSFL eggs. 10% DBSFL eggs had heavier shell and higher yolk to albumen ratio than 18% DBSFL eggs. Yolk fat content increased with the increase in the DBSFL content of the feed. However, odour, flavour and texture perceptions were not affected. In conclusion, partial substitution of soybean meal and oil with DBSFL resulted in the production of eggs with comparable quality to control eggs.

Effect of dietary supplementation with full-fat silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) chrysalis meal on growth performance and meat quality of Rhode Island Red × Fayoumi crossbred chickens

The objective was to study the effect of the partial substitution of soybean meal and oil with full-fat silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) meal (SWM) in the diet of growing chickens, on their growth and meat quality traits. A total of 195 1-day-old chicks of both sexes were allocated to 15 littered floor pens and assigned to three dietary treatments (5 replicates/treatments) until 8 weeks of age: a commercial diet (Control) and other two diets with an inclusion of either 25% (SWM25) or 50% (SWM50) SWM. At 8 weeks of age, two males/replicates were slaughtered and carcases dissected to compute yields. Pectoralis major muscle was subjected to pH and L*a*b* colour values, proximate composition and fatty acid profile analysis. All chickens showed satisfactory growth performance throughout the trial, with the best growth being observed in the SWM25 group. Carcase traits remained unaffected by the dietary treatment, but SWM25 chickens had a higher breast yield (p < .05) than the Control group. The pH of SWM50 breasts was higher than Control (p < .01). Dietary treatments affected meat protein content, differing between SWM25 and SWM50 (22.2 versus 23.3%, respectively; p < .05). SWM dietary inclusion increased n-3 PUFA and lowered the n-6 PUFA proportions in a level-dependent manner. Consequently, n-6/n-3 ratio diminished, thus improved, with the dietary SWM inclusion. Results showed that it is possible to partly substitute soybean meal/oil with SWM in the diet of chickens, ensuring satisfactory performance and carcase traits, and providing meat with a healthier n-6/n-3 ratio. Highlights Silkworm (Bombyx mori) chrysalis is a possible sustainable feed ingredient for growing chickens, alternative to conventional soybean. The dietary inclusion of silkworm full-fat meal in chicken diets provided satisfactory growth performance, carcase and meat quality traits. The dietary inclusion of full-fat silkworm meal in chicken diets enriched meat lipids with omega-3 fatty acids.

The Chemical Composition of Domestic Soybean Seeds and the Effects of Partial Substitution of Soybean Meal by Raw Soybean Seeds in the Diet on Pigs’ Growth Performance and Pork Quality (M. Longissimus Lumborum)

Abstract The objective of the study was to determine the effect of replacing soybean meal with 5% of raw soybean seeds on the growth, feed consumption and utilization of growing pigs, also the carcass and pork quality. The growth experiment was conducted on 120 pigs of approx. 18.5 kg allocated to two dietary treatments. The animals from the control treatment (CON) were offered a diet with soybean meal, and the experimental group (EXP) was given 5% raw soybean seeds (NON-GMO, Augusta var.) instead of SBM. The experiment lasted 88 days. After the experiment, eight pigs from each group were euthanized and meat samples were collected. No diet effects on the animals’ performance and carcass quality were observed (P&gt;0.05). The experimental diet affected (P&lt;0.05) meat color, and also meat composition (higher water content and lower intramuscular fat content). The composition of fatty acids in the meat did not differ significantly, except for higher C16:1 content in the EXP group. The introduction of 5% raw soybean seeds into the diets did not impact animal performance, but it reduced some indices of the pork quality.

Partial substitution of soybean meal with faba bean meal in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) diets, and the effects on muscle fatty acid composition, flesh quality, and expression of myogenic regulatory factors

AbstractFaba bean meal (FBM) was used to replace soybean meal (SBM) in different proportions, and its impacts on muscle fatty acid composition, flesh quality, and myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) expression in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were evaluated. Five isonitrogenous (33.7% crude protein) and isolipidic (4.1% crude lipid) diets containing different levels of FBM replacing dietary SBM (0, 9, 18, 27, and 36%) were formulated and were randomly assigned to triplicate groups of fish (mean initial weight of 3.39 ± 0.01 g) for 8 weeks. No significant differences were observed between the 0% group and FBM‐supplemented groups (except for 36% group). FBM instead of SBM significantly influenced the fatty acid composition and expression of MRFs, and markedly enhanced shear force and some texture parameters in muscle. Strong correlation was observed between MRFs and flesh textural properties. The maximal proportion of dietary SBM replacement with FBM was estimated to be 28.97% based on weight gain using a quadratic broken‐line model. These results indicated that FBM supplementation might affect flesh quality by regulating expression of some MRFs. The substitution proportion of SBM with FBM in diets of grass carp was 28.97% based on the situation described in this study.

Ensiled pulp from biorefining increased milk production in dairy cows compared with grass–clover silage

The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of fibrous pulp and partial substitution of soybean meal with green protein concentrate from biorefining of grass-clover on dry matter intake, milk production, digestibility, and eating behavior in dairy cows compared with untreated grass-clover silage and soybean meal. Biorefining of grass-clover occurred right after harvest in a production-scale twin-screw press. The twin-screw pressing separated the grass-clover into a pulp and a green juice. The green juice was fermented using lactic acid bacteria for protein precipitation and then decanted, and the precipitate was heat dried to constitute the green protein concentrate. From the same field, grass-clover was harvested 6 d later due to rainy weather and was prewilted before ensiling. The pulp and the grass-clover were ensiled in bales without additives. The production trial consisted of an incomplete 6 × 4 Latin square trial (3-wk periods; 12 wk total) including 36 lactating Holstein cows. The trial had 6 treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial design with 2 forage types (grass-clover silage and pulp silage) and 3 protein treatments (low protein, high protein with soybean meal, and high protein with a mixture of soybean meal and green protein). The trial was designed to test silage type, protein type, protein level, and the interaction between protein level and silage type. The forage:concentrate ratio was 55:45 in low protein total mixed rations (TMR) and 51:49 in high protein TMR. Low protein and high protein TMR were composed of 372 and 342 g/kg of DM of experimental silages, respectively, and green protein supplemented TMR was composed of 28.5 g/kg of DM of green protein. Silage type did not affect dry matter intake of cows. The average energy-corrected milk yield was 37.0 and 33.4 kg/d for cows fed pulp silage and grass-clover silage, respectively, resulting in an improved feed efficiency in the cows receiving pulp silage. Milk fat concentration was greater in milk from cows fed pulp silage, and milk protein concentration was lower compared with milk from cows fed grass-clover silage. The in vivo digestibility of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber was greater for pulp silage diets compared with grass-clover silage diets. Eating rate was greater, whereas daily eating duration was lower, for pulp silage diets compared with grass-clover silage diets. The partial substitution of soybean meal with green protein did not affect dry matter intake, milk yield, or eating behavior. The in vivo digestibility of crude protein in green protein supplemented diets was lower compared with soybean meal diets. The results imply that extraction of protein from grassland plants can increase the value of the fiber part of grassland plants.

Partial substitution of soybean meal with a yeast-derived protein in the diet of dairy cows under a rotational grazing system

This study's aim is to evaluate the substitution of soybean meal with a yeast-derived protein (YDP) in the diet of F1 Holstein (Bos Taurus) x Gyr (Bos indicus) dairy cows under rotational grazing (Guinea Grass, Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça) and to analyze the effects on milk yield, milk solids percentage, blood parameters, and feed efficiency (FE). Sixteen Holstein X Gyr (F1) multiparous cows with an average of 30 ± 1.8 kg/d (Mean ± SD) of milk, 489 ± 22 kg of body weight, and 62 ± 26 days in milk (DIM), at the beginning of the study, were assigned to four squares based on their DIM, milk yield, and parity. The experimental diets were based on the substitution of soybean meal with a YDP in equal proportions: treatment YDP0 (without a YDP), treatment YDP150 (substitution of 150 g of soybean meal with a YDP), treatment YDP300 (substitution of 300 g of soybean meal with a YDP), and treatment YDP450 (substitution of 450 g of soybean meal with a YDP). The substitution of soybean meal with a YDP in the diets of dairy cows under rotational grazing linearly decreased milk and solids production and affected the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake, without affecting the total feed intake. No difference was found in the microbial protein synthesis between treatments. FE tended to be lower at high inclusions of the YDP.

Partial substitution of soybean meal with fermented soybean residue in diets for juvenile largemouth bass,Micropterus salmoides

Partial substitution of soybean meal with fermented soybean residue in diets for juvenile largemouth bass,<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>

Fishmeal and maize starch inclusions in sorghum-soybean meal diets generate different responses in growth performance, nutrient utilisation, starch and protein digestive dynamics of broiler chickens

This study comprised a 2×2 factorial array of dietary treatments offered to male Ross 308 broiler chicks from 15 to 28days post-hatch. The dietary treatments consisted of a sorghum-soybean meal diet in which either sorghum was partially substituted by maize starch (200g/kg) or soybean meal was partially substituted by fishmeal (175g/kg). Growth performance, nutrient utilisation, digesta retention times in four small intestinal segments, starch and protein (N) digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates (g/bird/day) and starch:protein disappearance rate ratios in four small intestinal segments were determined. The partial substitution of soybean meal by fishmeal had the more profound effects on the parameters assessed as fishmeal inclusions improved weight gain by 12.1% (1260 versus 1124g/bird, P<0.001) and FCR by 8.13% (1.299 versus 1.414, P<0.001). This substitution significantly enhanced starch digestibility coefficients in four small intestinal segments culminating in an increase of 18.9% (0.937 versus 0.788; P<0.001) in the distal ileum. The partial substitution of soybean meal by fishmeal significantly increased digesta retention time in the small intestine from 210 to 289min. Starch digestibility was significantly correlated with growth performance (weight gain, FCR) and energy utilisation (AME, ME:GE ratios, AMEn) and these parameters were all significantly enhanced by the fishmeal substitution. Consideration is given to the possible mechanisms whereby the partial substitution of soybean meal by fishmeal promoted starch digestibility and energy utilisation and growth performance. Instructively, starch:protein disappearance rate ratios in the proximal jejunum were quadratically related to weight gain (r=0.849; P<0.001) and FCR (r=0.838; P<0.001) such that a ratio of 3.59:1 would generate the maximum weight gain of 1265g/bird and a ratio of 3.88:1 would generate the minimum FCR of 1.287. These relationships emphasise the importance of digestive dynamics and in these examples there was an ideal balance between the bilateral bioavailabilities of starch and protein.

Effect of diets differing in protein concentration (low vs medium) and nitrogen source (urea vs soybean meal) on in vitro rumen fermentation and on performance of finishing Italian Simmental bulls

This research evaluated the effect of two dietary intestinal digestible protein (PDI) levels and a partial substitution of soybean meal (SBM) with urea (U) on the performance of finishing Italian Simmental bulls (Exp. 1) and on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics (Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, eighty Italian Simmental bulls (495±58kg of body weight (BW), 14-months old) were fed diets differing in terms of PDI concentration (85 and 72g/kg dry matter (DM), medium (M) and low (L) diets, respectively) and nitrogen source (only SBM or SBM partly replaced by 0.5% DM of U) during the last 120 d of fattening. Animals were slaughtered at BW of 656±56kg at 18 months of age. The average daily gain (ADG) was satisfactory (1.32kg/d) and the medium PDI level tended (P<0.10) to increase the ADG (1.37 vs 1.28kg/d). Apparent total tract digestibility did not differ between treatments and the feed efficiency tended to be more favourable for the M diets (0.147 vs 0.137kg BW gain/ kg feed DM, P<0.10). Slaughter traits were unaffected by dietary treatments. In Exp. 2, continuous culture fermenters were inoculated with rumen fluid from bulls of Exp. 1 and were given the same diets. The fermentation fluid was sampled at feeding time and 1, 2 and 3h after (T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively) and the medium PDI level determined higher ammonia concentrations (P<0.01 at T0, T1, and T2; P<0.05 at T3). The drop of pH at T1 and T2 was less intense (P<0.05) for diets containing U, presumably due to the buffering capacity of urea. In vitro DM digestibility tended to be higher for diets containing U (P<0.10) and was unaffected by the dietary level of PDI. Differences in volatile fatty acids concentrations were limited to butyrate, which was higher for M diets (T0:13.6 vs 12.5mol/100mol, P<0.10; T2: 13.8 vs 12.5mol/100mol, P<0.01) and for diets containing U (T0: 14.3 vs 11.9mol/100mol; T2: 14.3 vs 12.1mol/100mol, P<0.01).In conclusion, L diets tended to decrease weight gain in finishing Italian Simmental bulls, but both PDI levels and SBM substitution with U had no detrimental effects on slaughter and meat quality traits. Further research efforts are required to explain the increase of butyrate in fermentation fluid of fermenters fed medium PDI diets or U diets.

Partial substitution of soybean meal by Gliricidia sepium or Guazuma ulmifolia leaves in the rations of growing lambs.

The partial substitution of soybean meal by Gliricidia sepium or Guazuma ulmifolia leaves in the rations of growing lambs was evaluated at an experimental station in the dry tropics of Mexico. Sixteen weaned crossbred male Pelibuey × Blackbelly lambs (initial weight 19 ± 1.66 kg), distributed in a completely randomized design, were assigned to the following protein sources: (a) 100% soybean meal, (b) 50% soybean meal + 50% G. sepium, (c) 50 % soybean meal + 25% G. ulmifolia + 25% G. sepium, and (d) 50% soybean meal + 50% G. ulmifolia in isoproteic rations. The lambs were housed in individual pens and fed ad libitum. Substitution of protein from soybean meal with G. ulmifolia did not affect gain, intake, or feed conversion; however, the inclusion of G. sepium reduced (linear effect, P < 0.01) gain and intake and impaired feed conversion (linear effect, P < 0.01). Partial substitution up to 50% of soybean meal with 50% G. ulmifolia leaves resulted in similar growth and lamb performance, but inclusion of G. sepium leaves adversely affected lamb growth, presumably due to other factors not related to the protein content.

Production and quality of Alpine goat milk by using urea in place of soybean meal

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da substituição parcial do farelo de soja por uréia na alimentação sobre a composição físico-química, perfil lipídico e características sensoriais do leite de cabras alpinas. Foram utilizadas 10 cabras alpinas multíparas, distribuídas em quadrado latino (5X5), cinco níveis de uréia (0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0%) e em cinco períodos experimentais, de 17 dias, sendo 12 de adaptação e 5 para coleta de dados. Não houve efeito para índice de densidade (g/cm3), teor de acidez (?D), proteína (%), extrato seco total (%), extrato seco desengordurado (%), cinzas (%) e características sensoriais (odor e flavor). A substituição do farelo de soja por uréia promoveu um incremento na concentração de gordura, bem como no teor de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, sem, contudo, alterar as características sensoriais do leite.