Partial Snapshot Research Articles

The complexities of investigating mitochondria dynamics in multiple sclerosis and mouse models of MS.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating, degenerating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that is accompanied by mitochondria energy production failure. A loss of myelin paired with a deficit in energy production can contribute to further neurodegeneration and disability in patients in MS. Mitochondria are essential organelles that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via oxidative phosphorylation in all cells in the CNS, including neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and immune cells. In the context of demyelinating diseases, mitochondria have been shown to alter their morphology and undergo an initial increase in metabolic demand. This is followed by mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency and abnormalities in mitochondrial transport that contribute to progressive neurodegeneration and irreversible disability. The current methodologies to study mitochondria are limiting and are capable of providing only a partial snapshot of the true mitochondria activity at a particular timepoint during disease. Mitochondrial functional studies are mostly performed in cell culture or whole brain tissue, which prevents understanding of mitochondrial pathology in distinct cell types in vivo. A true understanding of cell-specific mitochondrial pathophysiology of MS in mouse models is required. Cell-specific mitochondria morphology, mitochondria motility, and ATP production studies in animal models of MS will help us understand the role of mitochondria in the normal and diseased CNS. In this review, we present currently used methods to investigate mitochondria function in MS mouse models and discuss the current advantages and caveats with using each technique. In addition, we present recently developed mitochondria transgenic mouse lines expressing Cre under the control of CNS specific promoters to relate mitochondria to disease in vivo.

Using a Network Physiology Approach to Prescribe Exercise for Exercise Oncology.

Current American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) exercise guidelines for exercise oncology survivors are generic one-size fits all recommendations, which assume ideal or prototypic health and fitness state in order to prescribe. Individualization is based on the objective evaluation of the patient's baseline physiological status based on a linear dose response relationship of endpoints. This is only a partial snapshot of both the acute and chronic responses exercise can provide. Each acute exercise session represents a unique challenge to whole-body homeostasis and complex acute and adaptive responses occur at the cellular and systemic levels. Additionally, external factors must be considered when prescribing exercise. Network physiology views the human organism in terms of physiological and organ systems, each with structural organization and functional complexity. This organizational approach leads to complex, transient, fluctuating and nonlinear output dynamics which should be utilized in exercise prescription across health states. Targeting health outcomes requires a multi-system approach as change doesn't happen in only one system at a time or in one direction Utilizing a multi-system or person-centered approach, allows for targeting and personalization and understands and targets non-linear dynamics of change. Therefore, the aims of this review are to propose a paradigm shift towards a Network Physiology approach for exercise prescription for cancer survivors. Cancer treatment affects multiple systems that interact to create symptoms and disruptions across these and therefore, prescribing exercise utilizing both external daily factors and internal physiological networks is of the highest order.

Single-cell quantification of a broad RNA spectrum reveals unique noncoding patterns associated with cell types and states

The ability to interrogate total RNA content of single cells would enable better mapping of the transcriptional logic behind emerging cell types and states. However, current single-cell RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) methods are unable to simultaneously monitor all forms of RNA transcripts at the single-cell level, and thus deliver only a partial snapshot of the cellular RNAome. Here we describe Smart-seq-total, a method capable of assaying a broad spectrum of coding and noncoding RNA from a single cell. Smart-seq-total does not require splitting the RNA content of a cell and allows the incorporation of unique molecular identifiers into short and long RNA molecules for absolute quantification. It outperforms current poly(A)-independent total RNA-seq protocols by capturing transcripts of a broad size range, thus enabling simultaneous analysis of protein-coding, long-noncoding, microRNA, and other noncoding RNA transcripts from single cells. We used Smart-seq-total to analyze the total RNAome of human primary fibroblasts, HEK293T, and MCF7 cells, as well as that of induced murine embryonic stem cells differentiated into embryoid bodies. By analyzing the coexpression patterns of both noncoding RNA and mRNA from the same cell, we were able to discover new roles of noncoding RNA throughout essential processes, such as cell cycle and lineage commitment during embryonic development. Moreover, we show that independent classes of short-noncoding RNA can be used to determine cell-type identity.

Retrieval of vector integration sites from cell-free DNA.

Gene therapy (GT) has rapidly attracted renewed interest as a treatment for otherwise incurable diseases, with several GT products already on the market and many more entering clinical testing for selected indications. Clonal tracking techniques based on vector integration enable monitoring of the fate of engineered cells in the blood of patients receiving GT and allow assessment of the safety and efficacy of these procedures. However, owing to the limited number of cells that can be tested and the impracticality of studying cells residing in peripheral organs without performing invasive biopsies, this approach provides only a partial snapshot of the clonal repertoire and dynamics of genetically modified cells and reduces the predictive power as a safety readout. In this study, we developed liquid biopsy integration site sequencing, or LiBIS-seq, a polymerase chain reaction technique optimized to quantitatively retrieve vector integration sites from cell-free DNA released into the bloodstream by dying cells residing in several tissues. This approach enabled longitudinal monitoring of in vivo liver-directed GT and clonal tracking in patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell GT, improving our understanding of the clonal composition and turnover of genetically modified cells in solid tissues and, in contrast to conventional analyses based only on circulating blood cells, enabling earlier detection of vector-marked clones that are aberrantly expanding in peripheral tissues.

Do more data equal more truth? Toward a cybernetic approach to data

In Australia, as in other places in the world, we accumulate and curate Big Data – in the public and private spheres; as consumers and citizens; for profit, for proof and for the promises it holds. Yet, data are only ever a partial snapshot of the lives of humans, communities, environments and places. Data has its place, but in order to use data to effect change, we need to understand which questions to ask, which assumptions to suspend, which data to collect and how to interpret them, we need knowledge of the broader context. Taking a systems‐level view of data allows us to ask questions about it as a technical and sense making apparatus, as well as about the consequences of data collection, storage and use. This article advocates for a cybernetic approach to thinking about and using data. Cybernetics can be broadly understood as the study of feedback, communication and control in a system. A cybernetic approach to Big Data means de‐centring data to focus on a broader system of cultural, technological and environmental dimensions. In this approach, the system itself is the core unit of analysis, and also a vantage point or an approach through which to encounter and re/structure such systems. Employing a cybernetic approach allows us to move beyond attempts to order and reorder information, and instead see it as making implicit knowledge explicit, and then knowing that the hard work is what to do with that knowledge. Through this we are able to conceptualise more complex inputs, outputs and interactions, than simply those captured in a dataset. The insights drawn from a particular dataset or datasets, or from a particular model or algorithm (however well parameterised) never represent the whole truth, and a cybernetics framing enables practitioners to say, if that is the case, what now? A cybernetic approach suggests we should preference deeper understanding, not simply more truth.

Editorial: Coarse Graining in Quantum Gravity: Bridging the Gap Between Microscopic Models and Spacetime-Physics

The Renormalization Group encodes three concepts that could be key to accelerate progress in quantum gravity. First, it provides a micro-macro connection that could connect microscopic spacetime physics to phenomenology at observationally accessible scales. Second, it enables a search for universality classes that could link diverse quantum-gravity approaches and allow us to discover that distinct approaches could encode the same physics in mathematically distinct structures. Third, it enables the emergence of symmetries at fixed points of the Renormalization Group flow, providing a way for spacetime symmetries to emerge from settings in which these are broken at intermediate steps of the construction. These three concepts make the Renormalization Group an attractive method and conceptual underpinning of quantum gravity. Yet, in its traditional setup as a local coarse-graining, it could appear at odds with concepts like background independence that are expected of quantum gravity. Within the last years, several approaches to quantum gravity have found ways how these seeming contradictions could be reconciled and the power of the Renormalization Group approach unleashed in quantum gravity. This special issue brings together research papers and reviews from a broad range of quantum gravity approaches, providing a partial snapshot of this evolving field.

Dig That Lick (DTL): Analyzing Large-Scale Data for Melodic Patterns in Jazz Performances

Dig That Lick (DTL): Analyzing Large-Scale Data for Melodic Patterns in Jazz Performances

University communications as auto-communication: the NTNU ‘Challenge Everything’ campaign

PurposeThis article offers an in-depth exploration of university communications practice by describing and analysing a publicity and recruitment campaign, called ‘Challenge Everything’, carried out by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in 2018. By providing insight into internal sense-making around the campaign it contributes to literatures in science communication and communication management.Design/methodology/approachThis qualitative research uses semi-structured interviews and informal organisational ethnography, mobilising concepts of sense-making and auto-communication to guide analysis. The focus is on how organisation members made sense of the Challenge Everything campaign.FindingsThe analysis focuses on four key themes within organisational sense-making about the campaign: the openness of the campaign meant that it was readily picked up on and personalised by university staff; its meaning was always contextual, shaped by organisation members' roles, interests, and concerns; its controversy seems to primarily derive from questions of representation, and specifically whether organisation members recognised within it their own experiences of university culture; and its development points to the rise of new forms of expertise within university organisation, and the contestation of these.Research limitations/implicationsThe research offers only a partial snapshot of one instance of university communications. However, in demonstrating how public campaigns also operate as auto-communication it has important implications for strategic communication within complex organisations such as universities.Originality/valueThe research has particular value in offering an in-depth qualitative study of university marketing practices and the effects these have within an organisation.

A cooperative partial snapshot algorithm for checkpoint‐rollback recovery of large‐scale and dynamic distributed systems and experimental evaluations

SummaryA distributed system consisting of a huge number of computational entities is prone to faults because faults in a few nodes cause the entire system to fail. Consequently, fault tolerance of distributed systems is a critical issue. Checkpoint‐rollback recovery is a universal and representative technique for fault tolerance; it periodically records the entire system state (configuration) to non‐volatile storage, and the system restores itself using the recorded configuration when the system fails. To record a configuration of a distributed system, a specific algorithm known as a snapshot algorithm is required. However, many snapshot algorithms require coordination among all nodes in the system; thus, frequent executions of snapshot algorithms require unacceptable communication cost, especially if the systems are large. As a sophisticated snapshot algorithm, a partial snapshot algorithm has been introduced that takes a partial snapshot (instead of a global snapshot). However, if two or more partial snapshot algorithms are concurrently executed, and their snapshot domains overlap, they should coordinate, so that the partial snapshots (taken by the algorithms) are consistent. In this paper, we propose a new efficient partial snapshot algorithm with the aim of reducing communication for the coordination. In a simulation, we show that the proposed algorithm drastically outperforms the existing partial snapshot algorithm, in terms of message and time complexity.

"It Makes a Fellow Feel Responsible!": Anglo-American Imperial Vistas and "The White Man's Burden" in McClure's Magazine, 1898–99

"It Makes a Fellow Feel Responsible!"Anglo-American Imperial Vistas and "The White Man's Burden" in McClure's Magazine, 1898–99 Laura Jeffries While Rudyard Kipling's immeasurably famous poem "The White Man's Burden" generally is seen as an example of British imperial literature, looking at the material context of its publication in American periodicals also illustrates how it contributed to and mirrored American discourse about empire just after the conclusion of the Spanish-American War. First published in the February 1899 issue of McClure's Magazine, advertised on the cover and replacing the customary frontispiece, "The White Man's Burden" also appeared in newspapers across the United States within a few days.1 In the poem, the de facto literary voice of the British Empire, speaking directly to the American public, encouraged the United States to annex the Philippines after expelling Spain from the islands less than a year earlier.2 Kipling—a transnational figure with powerful connections in the American political and media landscape—and his poem energized this conversation while also reflecting rhetoric that was already pervasive in the U.S., and in mass-market magazines like McClure's in particular.3 The six issues of McClure's volume twelve (November 1898 to April 1899) offer a portrait of the milieu into which an influential English author and a powerful American publisher inserted this imperialist poem. As we will see, the poem and its famous author-as-cultural-symbol were very much at home in the pages of McClure's, reifying a collection of ideas about manifest destiny, Anglo-American identity, and the realities of white imperialism abroad. Examples throughout this volume of the affordable and advertisement-laden McClure's suggest a large readership that envisioned a beneficently Anglo-American and Christian global future while the nation—which had recently realized its first "manifest destiny" across much of North America—began expanding into spaces disconnected from the mainland. In this [End Page 169] paper, I sift through these unexplored primary sources, thickening our description of the poem's provenance by reconstructing the conversation of a segment of culture that participated—publishing, writing, reading—in one side of the debate over American imperial expansion.4 Combining a transnational perspective with scholarship on the cultural impacts of turn-of-the-century publishing and American Anglo-Saxonism after the rapprochement, this extended case study adds to a growing collection of inter-imperial histories of the United States and Great Britain.5 Ian Tyrrell's important work on American empire encourages the "study of the transnational spaces—mental and material—that individuals and groups created outside of nation."6 McClure's is just such a space. The selected 1898–99 volume provides a convenient boundary since the poem, the only part that has received attention so far, appeared virtually in the middle of the volume and within a week of the ratification of the Treaty of Paris. Thus, volume twelve provides a partial snapshot of American culture—insofar as one magazine can portray it and convey it—at a moment that has, for so many historians, marked the beginning of US overseas imperial history. Though the significance of the McClure's magazine context for "The White Man's Burden" has not been well explored, recent discussions of how imperial literature in English was circulated and received and of Kipling's role in global opinion-making provide a critical backdrop. John Lee's 2014 article "King Demos and His Laureate" uses newspaper archives to clarify an important point for scholarship, that the poem was initially published in McClure's and a few other American newspapers on the first day of February, several days before it was reprinted in England.7 Lee is concerned with Kipling's calculated use of the newspaper poem as a transatlantic medium, but his discussion of the magazine's national reach and enormous circulation of about 369,000 copies—as well as his use of recent biographical scholarship to discuss Kipling's presence in America—help to establish the poem's influence in American culture and its essentially American identity.8 For my purposes, this matters because McClure's is so often mentioned as a secondary...

Circulating tumor cell free DNA from plasma and urine in the clinical management of colorectal cancer.

Tissue biopsy remains the conventional technique for tumor genotyping. The main limitations are it is invasive and provides only partial snapshot during disease progression. Liquid biopsy approaches via plasma and urine are possible alternatives, and the current study aims to provide comparative analyses for plasma and urine derived disease genotyping. Blood and urine specimens were collected from 150 individuals with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Patients had multiple metastases and advanced stages of cancer. Common genetic mutations including KRAS and BRAF genetic abnormalities were evaluated. Patients were also serially monitored and compared. In all cases, plasma and urine cell free DNA were successfully recovered and were of good quality for genetic analysis. Median recovered DNA from both urine and plasma samples were higher in mCRC patients than healthy volunteers indicating disease associations. Among the identified mutations, matched tumor tissue profiles compared to results from plasma ctDNA was 92%. For urine cell free DNA, the concordance among the identified mutations was 91%. Both sample types were closely matched to reference standards of tissue biopsy and indicated good clinical utility. Serial measurements indicated trends within each patient group that was linked with disease outcome. In the current study, our data indicated that both plasma and urine cell free DNA can be utilized to address possible disease progression in colorectal cancer patients. More importantly, this also provide risk stratifications that correlated to disease outcome. This can potentially aid in early clinical intervention for patients with possibly worse outcomes.

Incremental community discovery via latent network representation and probabilistic inference

Most of the community detection algorithms assume that the complete network structure mathcal {G}=(mathcal {V},mathcal {E}) is available in advance for analysis. However, in reality this may not be true due to several reasons, such as privacy constraints and restricted access, which result in a partial snapshot of the entire network. In addition, we may be interested in identifying the community information of only a selected subset of nodes (denoted by mathcal {V}_{{mathrm{T}}} subseteq mathcal {V}), rather than obtaining the community structure of all the nodes in mathcal {G}. To this end, we propose an incremental community detection method that repeats two stages—(i) network scan and (ii) community update. In the first stage, our method selects an appropriate node in such a way that the discovery of its local neighborhood structure leads to an accurate community detection in the second stage. We propose a novel criterion, called Information Gain, based on existing network embedding algorithms (Deepwalk and node2vec) to scan a node. The proposed community update stage consists of expectation–maximization and Markov Random Field-based denoising strategy. Experiments with 5 diverse networks with known ground-truth community structure show that our algorithm achieves 10.2% higher accuracy on average over state-of-the-art algorithms for both network scan and community update steps.

Editorial

This issue is dedicated to nonsmooth dynamics, particularly the widening applications where dynamics is modelled by nonsmooth differential equations. The modeling of electrical or mechanical switches as nonsmooth can be traced throughout the (at least) 90-year history in which nondifferentiable terms, such as sign or step functions, have been turning up in differential equations. In recent decades, nonsmooth models have found increasing use in areas like contact mechanics, climate modeling, and the life sciences, among others, with a wealth of new theory and novel dynamical phenomena discovered along the way. Our aim here is to give just a partial snapshot of the current landscape of research topics in the field. We open with Paul Glendinning's article extending a classic phenomenon of nonlinear dynamics — a form of chaos introduced by Leonid Pavlovich Shilnikov — to nonsmooth systems. The scenario introduces a fundamental notion of nonsmooth dyamics, that of trajectories (in this case the crucial homoclinic orbit) that can ‘slide’ along a discontinuity. Shilnikov's scenario is moreover shown to occur naturally as an equilibrium hits a discontinuity, helping with a fundamental yet complex problem, namely that of extending the notion of boundary equilibrium bifurcations beyond systems of two variables.

A study of mutable checkpointing and related algorithms

Mutable Checkpointing algorithms (MC), [7] , [8] , [9] , stand for snapshot algorithms that take checkpoints of processes with causally induced dependencies to the initiating process, only. They classify as coordinated snapshot algorithms with communication induced checkpointing. To specify and verify such algorithms formally, we introduce a formal framework in which their operational semantics can easily be expressed. Within this framework correctness of the algorithms follows from an invariant which explains how snapshots are incrementally built up. For MC and the related blocking queue algorithms of [26] , [27] some adaptations are required as they take a partial snapshot, only. However, both can be proven in the given framework and in this way we equip them with a direct, constructive consistency proof.

UN Women’s experience with strengthening evaluation systems in Africa: Enhancing quantity, quality and use of evaluations

Background: Following the adoption of the Women Evaluation Policy in 2012, a series of systems and mechanisms were introduced in the organisation to strengthen the evaluation function at both central and decentralised levels. They were based on a systemic approach and a Theory of Change for building an enabling environment for evaluation in UN Women. Objectives: The purpose of this article was to analyse progress made and challenges with respect to establishing evaluation systems and institutionalising an evaluation culture in the UN Women Africa region. Method: The article draws on UN Women evaluation performance data collected over the past five years, discussions and practical experience by the author of working on evaluation with UN Women since 2009. It also analyses UN Women documents and the broader literature on the topic. Results: The findings illustrate that the different mechanisms to strengthen the evaluation function in UN Women show progress in the Africa region on four out of the five selected evaluation performance indicators. The Theory of Change to strengthen the UN Women evaluation function is largely validated by the wider literature on evaluation use. External assessments confirm that the UN Women evaluation function is sound overall. Conclusion: The article concludes that evaluation performance indicators only provide a partial snapshot of the many different factors that help or undermine evaluative thinking and a learning culture within an organisation. Institutional systems and mechanisms are necessary but not sufficient for nurturing an evaluation culture and ensuring utilisation of evaluation for better development effectiveness.

A Concurrent Partial Snapshot Algorithm for Large-Scale and Dynamic Distributed Systems

Checkpoint-rollback recovery, which is a universal method for restoring distributed systems after faults, requires a sophisticated snapshot algorithm especially if the systems are large-scale, since repeatedly taking global snapshots of the whole system requires unacceptable communication cost. As a sophisticated snapshot algorithm, a partial snapshot algorithm has been introduced that takes a snapshot of a subsystem consisting only of the nodes that are communication-related to the initiator instead of a global snapshot of the whole system. In this paper, we modify the previous partial snapshot algorithm to create a new one that can take a partial snapshot more efficiently, especially when multiple nodes concurrently initiate the algorithm. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm greatly reduces the amount of communication needed for taking partial snapshots.

Recent climate-related terrestrial biodiversity research in Canada's Arctic national parks: review, summary, and management implications

It is now well documented that Arctic climates and ecosystems are changing at some of the fastest rates on planet Earth. These changes are significant for all Arctic biodiversity, and they are a great challenge for cooperative management boards of Canada's Arctic national parks, those legislated to maintain or improve the ecological integrity of all national parks. Owing to the inherent complexity of natural ecosystems, it is not at all clear how, nor how rapidly, these ongoing changes will affect park biodiversity and impact the traditional land-based lifestyles of Indigenous park cooperative management partners. In this context, this paper reviews and integrates recent research carried out in Canadian Arctic national parks: (1) geophysical – a reduction in glacial area and volume, active layer thickening, warming soil temperatures, and terrain instability; (2) vegetation – widespread but ecosystem-specific increases in NDVI ‘greenness’, plant biomass, shrub and herb coverage, and growing season lengths; and (3) wildlife – complex changes in small mammals and ungulate populations, very negative effects on some polar bear populations, and relatively stable mammalian predator and raptor populations at this time. This work provides a partial snapshot of ongoing and evolving ecological effects of climate change in Arctic national parks, and provides a strong foundation for prioritising future research and monitoring efforts. These evolving changes also undermine the historical paradigm of place-based conservation and necessitate a new approach for managing protected areas that involves acceptance of ongoing transformational change and adoption of a risk-based, forward looking paradigm in a changing world. It is proposed that Arctic national parks are ideal locations to focus Arctic science, especially as a component of a strategic, coordinated, and pan-Arctic approach to Arctic research that makes the most effective use of limited resources in the vast areas of Canada's north.

Help when needed, but no more: Efficient read/write partial snapshot

An atomic snapshot object is an object that can be concurrently accessed by asynchronous processes prone to crash. It is made of m components (base atomic registers) and is defined by two operations: an update operation that allows a process to atomically assign a new value to a component and a snapshot operation that atomically reads and returns the values of all the components. To cope with the net effect of concurrency, asynchrony and failures, the algorithm implementing the update operation has to help concurrent snapshot operations so that they always terminate. This paper is on partial snapshot objects. Such an object provides a snapshot operation that can take any subset of the components as input parameter, and atomically reads and returns the values of this subset of components. The paper has two contributions. The first is the introduction of two properties for partial snapshot object algorithms, called help-locality and freshness. Help-locality requires that an update operation helps only the concurrent partial snapshot operations that read the component it writes. When an update of a component r helps a partial snapshot, freshness requires that the update provides the partial snapshot with a value of the component r that is at least as recent as the value it writes into that component. (No snapshot algorithm proposed so far satisfies these properties). The second contribution consists of an update and a partial snapshot algorithm that are wait-free, linearizable and satisfy the previous efficiency properties. Interestingly, the principle that underlies the proposed algorithms is different from the one used so far, namely, it is based on the “write first, and help later” strategy. An improvement of the previous algorithms is also presented. Based on LL/SC atomic registers (instead of read/write registers), this improvement decreases the number of base registers from O ( n 2 ) to O ( n ) . This shows an interesting tradeoff relating the synchronization power of the base operations and the number of base atomic registers when using the “write first, and help later” strategy.

Ab-Initio Fully Periodic Characterization of MOF-74-M (M = Mg, Mn, Ni, Zn): Structures and Enthalpies of Adsorption

ABSTRACTAs a part of a systematic study on cation-exchanged MOF-74-M, we report a partial snapshot of our recent work achieved via a fully periodic first principle approach. Structures are reported for bulk MOF-74-Mg, Mn, Ni, and Zn as computed at DFT-B3LYP level of theory; enthalpies of adsorption for CO and CO2 in interaction with MOF-74-Ni, and Zn are also investigated as obtained at B3LYP+D* level, which is able to take into account the long-range dispersion interaction between adsorbate and adsorbant, through an a-posteriori scheme. Results are discussed and compared with available experimental data. To the authors’ knowledge this represents the first description of MOF-74-Mn structure and of the interaction of the mentioned molecules with MOF-74-Zn.

위치기반 서비스를 위한 다중레벨 DBMS에 질의 분류 컴포넌트의 설계 및 구현

현재 위치기반 서비스를 제공하기 위하여 다양한 시스템들이 사용되고 있다. 그러나 기존의 시스템들은 상당히 많은 사용자들에게 빠른 서비스를 제공하기에는 적합하지가 않다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 빠른 데이터 처리와 대용량의 데이터 관리를 동시에 지원하는 다중레벨 DBMS를 사용하여야 한다. 스냅샷을 갖는 다중레벨 DBMS는 디스크에 모든 데이터를 가지고 있으며, 빠른 처리를 요구하는 데이터는 스냅샷의 형태로 메인메모리 데이터베이스에서 관리한다. 이 시스템의 성능을 최적화하여 위치기반 서비스를 제공하기 위해서는 스냅샷에 존재하는 데이터를 효율적으로 사용할 수 있도록 질의를 분류하는 컴포넌트가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 위치기반 서비스를 위한 다중레벨 DBMS에서 질의 분류 컴포넌트를 설계하고 구현한다. 제안된 컴포넌트는 입력된 질의를 메모리 질의, 디스크 질의, 하이브리드 질의로 분류하여 스냅샷 사용율을 높이고, 스냅샷의 일부분을 사용할 수 있도록 질의의 비공간과 공간 필터 조건을 분할하는 메커니즘을 사용하였다. 따라서, 제안된 컴포넌트는 효율적인 질의 분류를 통하여 스냅샷을 최대한 이용함으로써 시스템의 성능을 향상시킨다. Various systems are used to provide the location based services. But, the existing systems have some problems which have difficulties in dealing with faster services for above million people. In order to solve it, a multi-level DBMS which supports both fast data processing and large data management support should be used. The multi-level DBMS with snapshots has all the data existing in disk database and the data which are required to be processed for fast processing are managed in main memory database as snapshots. To optimize performance of this system for location based services, the query classification component which classifies the queries for efficient snapshot usage is needed. In this paper, the query classification component in multi-level DBMS for location based services is designed and implemented. The proposed component classifies queries into three types: (1) memory query, (2) disk query, (3) hybrid query, and increases the rate of snapshot usage. In addition, it applies division mechanisms which divide aspatial and spatial filter condition for partial snapshot usage. Hence, the proposed component enhances system performance by maximizing the usage of snapshot as a result of the efficient query classification.