Partial Sand Research Articles

Mock-up pragmatic study on the impact performance of self-compacting concrete incorporating sea sand

Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) allows for the use of non-desalted sea sand as a fine aggregate, but the durability of triple mix SCC with partial sea sand replacement remains unclear. To optimize binder and fine aggregate replacements, tests for consistency, setting times, soundness, compressive strength, and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity were performed. Six SCC variations, incorporating 30%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\%$$\\end{document} Class F Fly Ash (FA), 5%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\%$$\\end{document} Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), and various fine aggregate combinations, were evaluated for their fresh, mechanical, microstructural, and durability properties. Results demonstrated that SCC with 50%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\%$$\\end{document} sea sand and 50%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\%$$\\end{document} manufactured sand achieved superior 90th\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^{th}$$\\end{document} day compressive strength. This improvement was attributed to accelerated cement setting and enhanced FA reactivity, leading to better hydration products. Microstructural analysis revealed more hydration products and fewer pores in specimens with 50%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\%$$\\end{document} sea sand, due to the disconnected pore structure from Friedel’s salt formation. Chloride binding in concrete involves both chemical and physical mechanisms. Chemical binding is related to Friedel’s salt, while physical binding depends on Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate (C-S-H) content. Dense C-S-H formation from sea sand, confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images, results in greater chloride binding. Additionally, aluminum oxide in FA and GGBS enhances chemical binding by forming Friedel’s salt.

Exploring Sustainable Construction: Utilizing Printed Circuit Board Waste as a Partial Sand Replacement in Concrete Production

The escalating demand for concrete in construction, coupled with the environmental degradation caused by sand extraction, necessitates the exploration of alternative materials for sustainable construction practices. This study investigates the potential of utilizing Printed Circuit Board (PCB) waste as a partial replacement for sand in concrete production. This investigation is presented through experimental work to replace the sand by 10%, 20%, and 30% by volume. The applicability of the proposed mixes is demonstrated through a comparative analysis of the concrete fresh and hardened properties. This research contributes to the field of sustainable construction by offering a novel use for electronic waste, thereby mitigating the environmental impact of both the electronics and construction industries.

Partial Transmit Sequence Chaotic Sand Cat Swarm Optimization Based Phase Optimizer for Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction

Partial Transmit Sequence Chaotic Sand Cat Swarm Optimization Based Phase Optimizer for Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction

Mechanical performance of cement mortar with clear glass waste powder as a partial sand replacement

Abstract This research addresses Malaysia’s glass waste predicament, primarily stemming from discarded glass bottles in the food and beverage sector. Typically consigned to landfills, these bottles not only occupy valuable space but also deplete essential resources like siliceous sand crucial for glass production. To combat this environmental issue, the study explores the viability of repurposing waste glass as a construction material. By processing the waste glass to match sand’s size distribution, it is incorporated into cement mortar. The investigation assesses the fresh and hardened properties of cement mortar, including density, flow spread diameter, and various strengths. Analysis of parameters, such as the cement/sand/water ratio, and the extent of glass waste replacement, reveals that 100 % replacement of sand with glass waste powder yields the highest strengths, notably in compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural tests. Maintaining a cement/sand/water ratio of 1:5:1.24 achieves a 7 MPa compressive strength at 28 days and a 200 mm spread diameter in the flow table test. The study concludes that increasing glass waste replacement enhances cement mortar strengths, providing a sustainable solution to Malaysia’s glass waste issue and enhancing construction materials like bricks and concrete products.

Morphological Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Quarry Dust Waste as Sand Replacement in Mortar

The generation of industrial waste has been steadily increasing, necessitating sustainable waste management strategies. Quarry dust, a by-product of the aggregate production process obtained from crushing rocks in rubble crusher units, contributes to this waste stream. This study proposes using fine quarry dust waste, ranging from 50 to 100 μm, as an additive or replacement in mortar to mitigate environmental and health hazards caused by this kind of waste. However, studies on the usage of very fine quarry dust waste (about 50-100μm particle sizes) as a partial sand replacement in mortar production is very limited. Therefore, this paper presents an experimental investigation on the effects of incorporating quarry dust waste as a sand replacement, with variations of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%, with a water-cement ratio of 0.5 to enhance mortar strength. The micro-structural analysis and compression tests were performed to evaluate the mortar samples. XRF analysis confirmed that silica oxide (SiO2) was the predominant element present in quarry dust waste. The compression tests were conducted on 50 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm mortar cubes. The tests were performed at 3, 7, 14, and 28-day intervals. The results revealed that, incorporating 25% quarry dust waste as a sand replacement produced the highest compressive strength of about 37 MPa on the 28th day curing duration. Hence, using this material asan environment-friendly sand replacement offers a promising solution for producing high-strength mortar. This finding highlights the potential of quarry dust waste as a supplemental cementitious material and emphasizes its viability in reducing the environmental impact associated with industrial waste.

Effect of Strength and Durability of Sand Cement Brick Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate and Cold Bottom Ash

Introduction The market price of brick has risen sharply due to the insufficient brick supply. Therefore, implementing RCA as one of the alternative materials for sand replacement is significant. The consumption of natural aggregate (NA) can be reduced by using the RCA. It is a good step to utilize recycled concrete to minimize the problem of excess waste materials. The results of using RCA and CBA as sand replacements contribute to better performance in compressive strength as compared to the normal brick. The density of the brick was also reduced by 4.95% as the RCA and CBA took place in the brick. Besides that, the water absorption was decreased when incorporating RCA and CBA in the cement brick due to less free water in the mix and fewer voids. Aims This study aims to ascertain the performance, strength, and durability characteristics of sand cement bricks incorporated with RCA and CBA as partial replacements for sand. Methods Percentages of 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5%, and 6.0% of CBA and 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% of RCA were chosen for partial sand replacement. The brick had dimensions of 215 mm in length, 65 mm in depth and 105 mm in width. Density, compressive force, and water absorption tests were undertaken after each of the three varied ratios of water to cement (1:5, 1:6, and 1:7). Results The finding indicates that with the optimum RCA and CBA replacement and the correct water to cement ratio, the performance of the new brick is better than the normal brick. Conclusion The optimum sand-to-cement ratio is 1:6, according to the overall results of selecting the optimal sand-to-cement ratio by density, compressive strength, and water absorption test. However, the result for the density value shows that the average brick density is inferior to the control brick. For all of the sample bricks, the compressive strength was best at a sand cement ratio of 1:6. However, as each of the samples complies with the British Standard criterion of less or equal to 15% absorption, it was determined that the sand cement brick's capacity for water absorption was sufficient.

Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Containing Unground Palm Oil Fuel Ash as Partial Sand Replaceme

Escalating quantity of industrial by-products generated, including oil palm shell (OPS) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA ) of the palm oil industries, has been a concern to many analysts. They are mostly disposed off as wastes that would heavily impact the environment quality. Therefore, this paper aimed to investigate the possibility of consuming these wastes by using OPS and POFA as replacement materials for fine aggregates in the concrete mixture. The mixtures were prepared by integrating unground palm oil fuel ash of 0%, 10%, and 20% (by weight of sand) to produce lightweight concrete. The experiments observed the mechanical performance of these specimens for 180 curing days. The results show the enhancement of concrete strength relative to the control mixture by using 10% of ash. This is owing to void filling mechanism and product of pozzolanic reaction due to the fine particles of the ash.

Effect of partial sand replacement with PVC and glass mix on flexural behavior of concrete

Waste in millions of tons is produced in the world each year and most of it is not recyclable. Furthermore, recycling waste consumes energy and produces pollution. In addition, the accumulation of waste in suburbs and disposal of waste is dangerous for the environment. Using waste material in concrete production is an appropriate method for achieving two goals i.e. eliminating waste and adding positive properties in concrete. Since the green concrete industry is expanding, it is necessary to evaluate concrete that contains waste from all aspects to determine its capability. This research consists of analyzing the use of waste as a partial substitute for sand. Leading waste material that has been used as substitutes is highlighted and the characteristic of the resulting concrete is evaluated in this research. Among other findings, rubber was found to have improved fire resistance and ductility in concrete, and agricultural and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) wastes were successfully used in non-structural concrete, while glass helped to improve thermal stability. In this research aggregate and sand is replaced by waste materials of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and Glass to check their effect on the mechanical properties. Lab tests were performed to analyze the flexural behavior of concrete samples having waste material. The results show how partial replacement of sand affects the behavior of concrete and based on that specify the conditions where it can be used. The results show that Young’s modulus, maximum bending stress, and bending deflection varies with the percentage composition of PVC and glass. Bedding stress and bending deflection decrease with PVC and glass composition up to 35%. Although Young’s modulus is fluctuating bending deflection will decrease.

Effect of partial sand replacement by coconut shell charcoal and silica fume in auto-claved aerated concrete an experimentation

Effect of partial sand replacement by coconut shell charcoal and silica fume in auto-claved aerated concrete an experimentation

Energy Performance of High-Rise Residential Buildings Using Fly Ash Cenosphere as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Mortar

Energy consumption in residential buildings soared enormously during the pandemic. To construct highly efficient residence, materials are one of factors that need to be considered due to their impact of climate change, power consumption and operational cost. It was found that power plants produced various types of waste products that can be utilized in many applications. For instance, Cenosphere produced from power plants could promote thermal properties of mortar brick to a certain extent. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of Cenosphere as partial sand replacement on thermal properties of mortar and buildings’ energy efficiency at different percentages (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). Both thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity were detected by using Fox 50 instrumentation while energy efficiency was determined by using Autodesk Revit and Green Building Studio (GBS) software. The findings of thermal properties show that the replacement of sand with 20% Cenosphere as partial sand replacement have significantly reduces thermal conductivity while increasing the specific heat capacity of mortar. This study revealed that the k value of mortar bricks have reduced as low as 0.62 W/m.K and as high as 932 J/kg.K for specific heat capacity due to incorporation of Cenosphere and mixtures at 20%. On the other hand, the EUI of 5% Cenosphere has reduced 2.13 kWh/m2 or 1.4% lower than control mix. The energy saving measure largely influenced by the composition of Cenosphere as compared to the buildings’ orientations.

Numerical Investigation of Reinforced Concrete Beam Contain-ing Iron Ore Tailings as Partial Replacement of Sand

The production of industrial and agricultural residual byproducts can generate significant environmental impact. In response, researchers have begun incorporating supplementary materials made from agro-industrial wastes to create more sustainable concrete. However, testing the performance of these waste-based concrete mixtures can be time-consuming and expensive. To address this issue, this study utilized three-dimensional non-linear Finite Element simulation using the ABAQUS/CAE software to predict the behaviour of a reinforced concrete beam that incorporated 20% IOT as partial sand replacement. The simulation successfully predicted the damage behaviour of the 20% IOT concrete, indicating the potential of this modelling approach to accurately predict the performance of waste-based concrete mixtures in various designs.
 Keywords: ABAQUS; Iron Ore Tailings; Numerical Analysis; Reinforced Concrete Beam.

Properties of Sustainable Concrete Consisting Crushed Eggshell Waste as Fine Aggregate Replacement

The excessive extraction of sand from riverbeds has adverse effects on river ecosystems and aquatic life. Simultaneously, the disposal of eggshells from certain food manufacturing facilities into landfills contributes to pollution. Incorporating crushed eggshells as a partial replacement for sand in concrete can reduce the demand for natural sand, thus decreasing the need for sand mining from rivers. The present research investigates the effect of crushed eggshells as partial sand replacement on workability, compressive strength, and splitting tensile strength of concrete. Five different concrete mixtures were tested, with crushed eggshells replacing sand at percentages ranging from 0% to 20% by weight. All specimens underwent water curing and were subjected to three tests: slump, compressive strength, and splitting tensile strength. The incorporation of eggshells, finer than sand, reduced workability but showed acceptable strength up to a 10% replacement rate. In conclusion, using eggshells as a sand substitute in concrete production can contribute to a cleaner environment and support river ecosystem sustainability.

Investigation of Using Waste Glass Powder (WGP) as a Partial Natural Sand Replacement in Concrete for a Potential Use in Iraqi Construction Field

Abstract Glass waste contributes about 5% of the total solid waste generated worldwide that ends up in landfills without recycling resulting in considerable environmental harm. In this research, Waste Glass Powder (WGP) was studied to be used as a supplementary material substituted with sand in the concrete mix. The concrete mixes were prepared by replacing the natural sand with WGP in weight proportions of 10% to 50%, with a 10% increment to examine the mechanical effect of WGP addition on concrete performance in the fresh and hardened status. The concrete mixes were tested to evaluate the compressive strength for curing ages 7, 14, 21, 28, 56, and 90 days. Splitting tensile strength was also tested for curing at ages of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The obtained results showed a notable decrease in workability value for all concrete mixes with WGP addition. Also, the addition of WGP decreases the compressive strengths of all concrete mixes. However, the WGP enhanced the splitting tensile strength by about 12%. It has been concluded that the WGP can be used as a substituted material replaced with sand up to 30%, which was the optimum replacement ratio based on the Iraqi required specifications. By using this ratio, the compressive strength was decreased by 18% at 28 days of concrete curing age.

SHEAR BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED-CONCRETE BEAMS INCORPORATING IRON FILINGS AS SAND REPLACEMENT

This study examined the influence of partial sand replacement with iron filings on the mechanical and physical characteristics of concrete, as well as conducted experimental tests of the shear behaviour of reinforced-concrete beams. Four replacement rates were used in this study, i.e., 5 %, 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % with a reference mixture containing no iron filings. At ages 7, 14, and 28 days, mechanical property tests (slump, density, ultrasonic pulse velocity, compressive strength, and splitting strength tests) were conducted. In addition, the shear behaviour of five reinforced-concrete beams with the same replacement rates (0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 20 %, and 30 %) were experimentally tested. Tests were conducted to determine the ultimate load failure, final deflection, energy absorption, stiffness, ductility index, compressive stress, and crack formations. According to the results, the correlation between the slump test and iron filings is positive; however, that for absorption is negative. With a higher percentage of iron-filing replacement, the density and ultrasonic pulse velocity increased. For specimens with 30,00 % iron filings, the densities, pulse velocities, and slumps were raised by 6,27 %, 2,44 %, and 58,33 %, respectively, compared to the reference specimens, whereas the absorption rate decreased by 20,00 %. Having 20,00 % iron filings produced the maximum compressive and splitting strengths of 28,00 %, which was 4,60 % higher than the reference mixture, whereas 30,00 % iron filings produced the highest flexural strength, which was 9,50 % higher than the reference mix. The findings of beam testing revealed that increasing the iron-filing content in concrete beams increased the final failure load, final deflection, ductility index, and energy absorption by 6,70 %, 10,29 %, 11,30 %, and 35,00 %, respectively. The initial and secant stiffnesses decreased at rates of 12,60 % and 3,10 %, respectively.

Compressive Strength and Water Absorption of Sand Cement Brick that Incorporated with Construction Tiles Waste

Ceramic Tiles Waste (CTW) is one of the major sources of construction and demolition (C&D). Recycling the C&D waste is one of the most effective ways to develop sustainable building elements. In this study, the CTW were used as a partial sand replacement in sand cement brick. The percentages replacement of CTW are 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by mass of the sand with mix design ratio of 1:3 and 0.6 water cement ratio. All the bricks were curing up to 90 days. The density, compressive strength and water absorption of sand cement bricks were also determined for its mechanical and durability performance. The experimental results reveal that the optimum replacement of CTW in sand cement brick is in range of 10% to 40% that give a good performance in compressive strength. The compressive strength of sand cement bricks increases in range of 10.17% up to 30.82% for each stage of curing days from 7 days up to 90 days. Meanwhile, the percentage of water absorption of sand cement bricks at 28 days up to 90 days of curing are below 12% as per stated in ASTM C90.

Effect on flexural strength of green concrete by using different waste materials as partial replacement of basic content

Current study focused on the implications of Iron Ore Tailings (IOT) as the partial replacement of cement in the concrete and Iron waste (IW) is gaining popularity as a partial sand replacement in concrete due to the strength increase and environmental benefits. Physical and chemical characterization were conducted to check the properties of materials used as the replacement of the cement and sand. Cement and sand constituents from concrete were replaced with IOT and iron waste respectively in the fraction of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. In order to check the performance of replacement in this experimental work, flexural strength of the samples has been tested for curing age of 3, 7 and 28 days in succession. The outcomes were compared and it was observed that harmful cement content and natural sand can be replaced about 20 % with the IOT and 10% with Iron Waste, respectively. 20% IOT could be replaced with cement effectively. Despite this, it was observed that substituting 10% of the sand with IOT resulted in good agreements, in contrast to substituting 20%.

Recycling of foundry sand wastes in self-compacting concretes: Use as cementitious materials and fine aggregates

Abstract This paper discusses waste recycling as a compound in building materials. Foundry sand-based self-compacting concretes (SCC) were investigated to see the possibility of recycling foundry sand wastes (FSW). FSW was used as a cementitious addition (by partial cement replacement: 10%, 20% and 30% wt. cement), then as a fine aggregate (by partial sand substitution: 10%, 30% and 50% wt. sand). For this, an experimental study was carried out to evaluate physical and mechanical properties of SCC at fresh and hardened states. The results show that the FSW also played the role of a filling material, which slightly improved the compactness of the concrete while saving part of the cement. According to the results of the non-destructive tests by ultrasonic tests, all concretes gave a dynamic modulus of elasticity that was almost identical and which was greater than 36 GPa. Compressive strength value slightly reduced with the cement substitution by the crushed foundry sand waste. However, up to 30% FSW, the compressive strength recorded after 28 days was around 30 MPa. A slight decrease in the fluidity of concrete at 10% substitution of natural sand by FSW was observed. After up to 30% replacement of sand by foundry sand wastes, the fluidity of the concrete was improved. The improvement in the fluidity of the concretes was perhaps due to the fineness of the natural sand and that of the foundry sand. When used as up to 50% of sand substitution, FSW can be used as a fine aggregate for concretes without affecting the essential proprieties of concretes.

Community Partnership Empowerment Through Utilizing Waste Glass for Construction Products

Waste glass constitutes significant landfill waste, leading to environmental concerns. Considering its chemical composition, glass powder contains 50% to 60% silica, making it suitable for construction materials. Consequently, this community service initiative introduced waste glass as a building material, serving as a partial substitute for sand in construction products. In addition, the activity involved teaching partners how to create castings/road gates utilizing waste glass. The target partners in this activity were productive business groups engaged in selling wind holes, well rings, rosters, and similar products. The approach applied involved socialization and hands-on practices at the partner's premises. The program's success was obtained through interviews and product compressive strength tests with the partners. The outcomes demonstrate the partners' keen interest in the activity, their understanding of the benefits of utilizing waste glass as a partial sand replacement, and their ability to create products. Notably, the compressive strength of the products created with the partners ranged from 24.72 MPa to 30.84 MPa, aligning with the SNI 03-2442-1991 standard for road curbs (30 MPa). The activity positively impacted the partners, enhancing their business prospects and contributing to environmental sustainability. The training helps in enhancing the partners' skills and capabilities.

Exploring the impact of partial sand replacement with olive waste on mechanical and thermal properties of sustainable concrete

This paper presents the results of a study conducted to develop structural concrete with reduced thermal conductivity, using organic by-products such as Olive Waste (OW) as a lightweight aggregate. Different concrete specimens were elaborated by using two different types of OW and by replacing an equal volume of sand. The first one involved Olive Pomace solid aggregates (OP) while the second type is Olive Pomace solid aggregates immersed in Olive Mill Wastewater (OPWW). For each type, two series of concrete were produced using OW in both dry and saturated states. The percentage of natural sand substitution by OW ranged from 0% to 15%. The main objective of this study is to experimentally determine whether the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of the elaborated specimens could be improved compared to the reference concrete. The mechanical tests indicated that the concrete specimens containing 5% of OPWW in dry state recorded the best mechanical performance compared to the reference concrete. The incorporation of OW also enhances the thermal conductivity of the concrete specimens. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of this concrete specimen decreased from 1.3 W/m.K for control concrete to 0.86 W/m.K.

Strength and Durability of Sand Cement Brick Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) and Waste Fired Clayed Brick (FCB) As Partial Sand Replacement Materials

The use of burnt clayed brick (FCB) and recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) in cementitious materials aids in the reuse of clay brick waste from construction and demolition works. In fact, concrete manufacturing expanded in lockstep with the Malaysian economy’s expansion. The purpose of this study is to determine the strength and durability of sand cement brick containing recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and waste fired clayed brick (FCB) as partial sand replacement materials. According to the findings, a brick containing 0% RCA and 2% FCB has the best compressive strength, while a brick containing 15% RCA and 6% FCB has the lowest water absorption when compared to other mix designs and is the best mix design for water absorption. Lastly, it is steadily applicable the RCA and FCB as second sources of natural coarse aggregate and can reduce waste of concrete aggregate and FCB.