Partial Refresh Research Articles

P‐19: A Design and application of MIP special driving system for low power Glass‐based products

In this paper, a design and application of low power handwritten tablet is proposed. Based on glass‐based MIP low power LCD technology for a 8‐inch product , the multi‐lane SPI series parallel decoding circuit is used to improve the decoding speed of image data transmission, At the same time, it can be refreshed in units of 1 line for partial refresh by means of address decoding. Because the communication and decoding interface of MIP LCD technology is a non‐general interface, an adaptive dedicated driving system is proposed simultaneously, including SOC, MCU, MIP LCD screen, stylus and touch sensor processing. In this driving system, SOC is transmitted to MCU through USB HS, and MCU drives MIP display by customized SPI interface. It can realize the global refresh, partial refresh and stylus touch through data processing which matching the unique data requirements of MIP and adopting multi‐buffer and thread separation. The low‐ power handwritten tablet solution proposed in this paper can significantly reduce power consumption with static power consumption of 25uW and full‐screen refresh rate reach 25Hz while partial refresh rate (100 lines) can be up to 300Hz. Combined with 8color display and stylus partial refresh application, the display content is richer and the response speed is increased by 42.8%, user experience is greatly improved.

A discrete bouncy particle sampler

Summary Most Markov chain Monte Carlo methods operate in discrete time and are reversible with respect to the target probability. Nevertheless, it is now understood that the use of nonreversible Markov chains can be beneficial in many contexts. In particular, the recently proposed bouncy particle sampler leverages a continuous-time and nonreversible Markov process, and empirically shows state-of-the-art performance when used to explore certain probability densities; however, its implementation typically requires the computation of local upper bounds on the gradient of the log target density. We present the discrete bouncy particle sampler, a general algorithm based on a guided random walk, a partial refreshment of direction and a delayed-rejection step. We show that the bouncy particle sampler can be understood as a scaling limit of a special case of our algorithm. In contrast to the bouncy particle sampler, implementing the discrete bouncy particle sampler only requires pointwise evaluation of the target density and its gradient. We propose extensions of the basic algorithm for situations when the exact gradient of the target density is not available. In a Gaussian setting, we establish a scaling limit for the radial process as the dimension increases to infinity. We leverage this result to obtain the theoretical efficiency of the discrete bouncy particle sampler as a function of the partial-refreshment parameter, which leads to a simple and robust tuning criterion. A further analysis in a more general setting suggests that this tuning criterion applies more generally. Theoretical and empirical efficiency curves are then compared for different targets and algorithm variations.

Evaluation of Antibiotic-Releasing Triphasic Bone Void Filler In-Vitro

Bone void fillers (BVFs) containing calcium sulfate, tricalcium phosphate (TCP), and hydroxyapatite can be loaded with antibiotics for infection treatment or prevention under surgeon-directed use. The aim of this study was to characterize the handling and elution properties of a triphasic BVF loaded with common antibiotics. BVF was mixed with vancomycin and/or tobramycin to form pellets, and the set time was recorded. A partial refreshment elution study was conducted with time points at 4, 8, and 24 h, as well as 2, 7, 14, 28, and 42 days. Effects on dissolution were evaluated in a 14-day dissolution study. Set time increased to over 1 h for groups containing tobramycin, although vancomycin had a minimal effect. Pellets continued to elute antibiotics throughout the 42-day elution study, suggesting efficacy for the treatment or prevention of orthopedic infections. BVF containing vancomycin or tobramycin showed similar dissolution at 14 days compared to BVF without antibiotics; however, BVF containing both antibiotics showed significantly more dissolution.

Quantitative study of cross-contamination with Escherichia coli, E. coli O157, MS2 phage and murine norovirus in a simulated fresh-cut lettuce wash process

The water management in fresh-cut produce processing is an important factor affecting the microbial quality and safety of fresh-cut produce. For this study, a commercial lettuce washing process was simulated using two subsequent washing baths (WB). The worst case scenario, when no sanitizers are used and still common in some European countries, was investigated to fully understand the potential for cross-contamination and to obtain baseline data for further risk assessment. The two cross-contamination processes (from lettuce to water and from water to lettuce) were included in the simulation study and the transfer of Escherichia coli, E. coli O157, MS2 phage and murine norovirus was quantified. The mean reduction of initially contaminated lettuce through the washing in two successive WB was limited: 0.3 ± 0.1 log CFU E. coli/g after washing in WB1 and an additional reduction of 0.2 ± 0.1 log after WB2. The microbial load of the water in the washing baths, initially starting off with potable water, increased rapidly during the washing process of the contaminated lettuce. Furthermore to quantify the transfer of the four implicated micro-organisms from contaminated water to the lettuce, the first washing bath was inoculated with either approximately 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 log CFU E. coli/100 ml or 4.8, 5.6 or 6.7 log CFU E. coli O157/100 ml, 4.0, 5.1 or 6.5 log PFU MS2 phages/100 ml or 6.5 log PFU/100 ml norovirus surrogate MNV-1. The contamination of the subsequently washed lettuce portions resulted in levels of ca. 1.0 up to 1.9 log CFU E. coli/g after passing the two washing steps. In addition, after a rapid initial increase, due to spill over of water from WB 1 to WB2, the contamination of WB2 further augmented during the washing process to approximately 1.0 to 0.5 log below the inoculation level of WB1. Transfer of E. coli O157, MS2 phages or MNV-1 from the water to the lettuce was respectively 0.9% ± 0.3%, 0.5% ± 0.2% and 0.5 ± 0.1% after WB1 and resulted in a contamination level for the highest inoculum level of WB1 of respectively ca. 2.9 ± 0.1 log CFU/g, 3.7 ± 0.1 log PFU/g and 4.4 ± 0.1 log PFU/g lettuce. The quantitative data of lettuce contamination and transfers established in this study further highlight the vulnerability of fresh produce to cross-contamination during the washing stage and stresses that notwithstanding the use of initial potable water and partial refreshment of water but without the use of sanitizers, microbial pathogens (or indicator organisms) may easily be introduced and reside for prolonged periods in washing baths enabling cross-contamination to the final fresh-cut product.

Demonstration of a technological prototype of an active‐matrix BiNem liquid‐crystal display

Abstract— The first implementation of active‐matrix addressing on a BiNem bistable nematic liquid‐crystal display has been demonstrated. Compared to previous passive‐matrix addressing, major improvements have been made for the bistable mode: a smoother image refreshment, shorter refreshing frame time compatible with that of high‐resolution e‐book displays, the use of a touch screen for interactive functions such as hand‐writing, a virtual keyboard, improved functionality for scrolling menus, partial refreshment, etc. On the same display but in the monostable mode, by using electrically controlled birefringence (ECB), the potential of displaying moving pictures at a rate of 25 images/sec, at an extended room temperature, has been demonstrated. In the ECB monostable mode, static images can be displayed down to −20°C. A new transflective single‐polarizer optical mode has been developed to optimize the indoor and outdoor readability of the display. By lowering the surface reflection and enhancing the panel transmission, a contrast ratio of 94:1 and a transmittance of 17% have been achieved.