Partial Least-squares Analysis Research Articles

Impacts of Five Different Drying Methods on Volatile Organic Compounds in Mulberry Fruits.

The mulberry fruit is edible and medicinal, and it is commonly referred to as the "best health product of the 21st century". The purpose of this study was to find out whether different drying methods affect the quality of mulberry fruits and the main nature of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) they contain. This study used vacuum freeze-drying (VFD), vacuum drying (VD), sun drying (SD), hot-air drying (HAD), and microwave drying (MD) to treat fresh mulberry fruits. Gas-phase ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) was used to detect and analyze the VOCs in mulberry fruit samples treated with the different drying methods. There were 47 VOCs detected, with aldehydes and alcohols dominating. The obtained data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA), nearest neighbor fingerprint analysis, and partial least-squares regression analysis (PLS-DA). The conclusion was drawn that fresh mulberry fruits contain abundant VOCs, and mulberry fruits after VD contain many aldehydes; thus, VD promoted the synthesis of phellandrene and other compounds widely used in the preparation of cosmetics such as perfume and soap. HAD promoted the synthesis of esters commonly used in the preparation of fruit flavor and wine essence. The higher (E)-2-heptenal content with SD was conducive to the Maillard reaction. MD promoted the synthesis of heptanal and valeraldehyde with aroma characteristics such as fatty, green, fruity, grassy, and floral. According to the VIP results, VOCs (E)-2-heptenal, pentanal D, cyclohexanone, and 2-hexanone D influenced the VOCs in most of the mulberry fruit samples. The findings of this study provide an important reference for drying mulberry fruits, which, in turn, will help to ensure the safety and effectiveness of processed mulberry fruit products.

Coconut Testa Flour Sub-Fractions: Correlation Between FTIR Spectral Data and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities.

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) serves as a rapid analytical technique to characterize food specimens chemically. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of FTIR combined with multivariate statistics to detect Alpha-glucosidase (Alpha-glu) inhibitory activities of a non-cereal flour-like coconut testa flour (CTF). CTF of five distinct local cultivars was sequentially extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and methanol (MeOH) to assay the Alpha-glu inhibitory activity. FTIR spectra of CTF extracts were obtained within the range of 4000-500 cm-1 and the prominent spectral peaks obtained for both hexane and EtOAc extracts were roughly similar but some additional peaks were observed in EtOAc extracts representing phenolic constituents. The major absorbance peaks found in MeOH extracts were primarily indicative of the occurrence of the hydroxyl group associated with carbohydrates and phenolic compounds. The multivariate predictive models developed using partial least squares (PLS) and orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) regression analyses indicated a strong correlation between Alpha-glu inhibitory activity and spectral data. Models developed for the spectral regions 3700-2800 cm-1 and 1800-500 cm-1 exerted the highest regression coefficients with the lowest root mean square errors. In OPLS regression analysis, the model obtained with third-derivative spectral data was identified as the best, exhibiting the highest regression coefficients and the lowest root mean square errors. Both PLS and OPLS regression analyses indicated a potential correlation of Alpha-glu inhibitory activity with FTIR spectral regions. Notably, OPLS models offered enhanced interpretability of the model parameters. This study suggests that the application of multivariate regression analysis of FTIR spectral data on coconut-based products could help to detect Alpha-glu inhibitory activities.

Based on Spectrum-Effect Relationship, Network Pharmacology, and Molecular Docking, the Material Basis and Mechanism of Antioxidant Effect of Miao Medicine Indigofera stachyoides Lindl Were Studied.

Indigofera stachyoides Lindl (IS.Lindl, Xuerensen in Chinese) is a traditional medicine frequently utilized by ethnic minorities; nevertheless, the chemicals responsible for these effects have not been identified. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was utilized to establish the fingerprints of various origins. Free radical scavenging in 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH) and 2,2-biazobis(3-ethyl-phenylpropylthiazole-6-sulfonate) diammonium salt (ABTS) assays was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. Partial least-squares regression analysis (PLSR) and gray correlation analysis (GRA) were utilized to determine the spectral-effect relationship in order to screen the antioxidant pharmacodynamic components. The corresponding targets were obtained from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) and Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine (ITCM). Disease-related targets for antioxidants were collected from GeneCards and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) databases. The PPI interaction network analysis, GO enrichment analysis, and KEGG pathway analysis were established using the online analysis platform, and Autodock software assisted in aligning the components with important targets. The fingerprint profile revealed 32 common peaks, and eight standards were identified using standard comparison, with similarity ranging from 0.920 to 0.995. The primary antioxidant components include proanthocyanidin B1, epicatechin, and proanthocyanidin B3. Important targets include EGFR, CASP3, IL6, PTGS2, and TNF. Important signaling pathways include the AGE-RAGE signaling pathways in diabetic complications, the MAPK signaling pathway, the IL-17 signaling pathway, and the pathways in cancer. The results of molecular docking technology showed that the main active ingredients of the drug could bind well to the core target. In this study, we successfully established the spectral-effect relationship of IS.Lindl and clarified the effective substances of IS.Lindl. Through network pharmacology and molecular docking methods, it was clear that IS.Lindl plays an antioxidant role through multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway synergy.

Understanding the Drivers of Consumer Loyalty Among Millennials Towards Halal Restaurants in Indonesia: SEM – PLS Analysis

This study aims to investigate the factors that influence customer loyalty to halal restaurants in Indonesia. The study uses purposive sampling and quantitative analysis based on structural equation modeling (SEM) with partial least squares (PLS) to analyze the factors that determine customer loyalty. Data were collected through an online questionnaire completed by 148 customers of halal restaurants in Indonesia and analyzed using the SEM-PLS method. The research results indicate that brand image, halal certification, and religion are mediating variables that have a positive and significant influence on customer loyalty to halal restaurants in Indonesia. This study makes a significant theoretical contribution to the understanding of the determinants of customer loyalty by integrating different theoretical perspectives, thereby serving as a basis for practitioners and Relevant policymakers to direct the development of the halal industry, especially the halal food supply sector in Indonesia.

Using multivariate partial least squares on fNIRS data to examine load-dependent brain-behaviour relationships in aging.

Researchers implementing non-invasive neuroimaging have reported distinct load-dependent brain activity patterns in older adults compared with younger adults. Although findings are mixed, these age-related patterns are often associated with compensatory mechanisms of cognitive decline even in the absence of direct comparisons between brain activity and cognitive performance. This study investigated the effects of cognitive load on brain-behavior relationships in younger and older adults using a data-driven, multivariate partial least squares (PLS) analysis of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data. We measured bilateral prefrontal brain activity in 31 older and 27 younger adults while they performed single and dual 2-back tasks. Behavioral PLS analysis was used to determine relationships between performance metrics (reaction time and error rate) and brain oxygenation (HbO) and deoxygenation (HbR) patterns across groups and task loads. Results revealed significant age-group differences in brain-behavior relationships. In younger adults, increased brain activity (i.e., increased HbO and decreased HbR) was associated with faster reaction times and better accuracy in the single task, indicating sufficient neural capacity. Conversely, older adults showed a negative correlation between HbR and error rates in the single task; however, in the dual task, they demonstrated a positive relationship between HbO and performance, indicative of compensatory mechanisms under the higher cognitive load. Overall, older adults' showed relationships with either HbR or HbO, but not both, indicating that the robustness of the relationship between brain activity and behavior varies across task load conditions. Our PLS approach revealed distinct load-dependent brain activity between age groups, providing further insight into neurocognitive aging patterns, such as compensatory mechanisms, by emphasizing the variability and complexity of brain-behavior relationships. Our findings also highlight the importance of considering task complexity and cognitive demands in interpreting age-related brain activity patterns.

Dental arch shape in twins: A morphometric study of genetic influences

The objective of this study was to assess the relative contribution of genes to shape variation in the permanent dental arches in individuals of Western European descent. The dental casts from 64 monozygotic and 38 dizygotic twins, housed in the Adelaide Dental School's twin record collection, Australia, were assessed. The subjects were of Western European descent, with a mean age of 19.4 ± 5.4 years. Dental casts were scanned using a 3-dimensional scanner (3Shape E4, 3Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark), and landmarks were placed on incisal edges and cusp tips of canines, premolars, and molars. Procrustes superimposition and principal components analysis were applied to examine shape variation. Two-block partial least-squares analysis was used to assess shape covariation between arches. Structural equation modeling was utilized to decompose observed shape variation into genetic and environmental components using the normal assumptions of the twin model. The first 3 principal components (PCs) of the maxillary and mandibular arch were meaningful, accounting for 53% and 50% of the variation in shape space, respectively. The PCs represented shape variability as follows: PC1 - arch depth-width ratio, PC2 - arch taper, canine position (and first premolar rotation for the mandibular arch), and PC3 - incisor displacement and rotation. Genetic modeling indicated that a model incorporating additive genetic and unique environmental factors optimally explained the observed variation for all meaningful PCs. Within shape space, most of the variation in maxillary and mandibular arches exhibited moderate to high heritability (h2= 0.61-0.74). Maxillary and mandibular dental arches had strong and significant shape covariation, with high heritability in their reciprocal influences on shape (h2= 0.72-0.74; rpls coefficient= 0.87; P<0.05). In this cohort, dental arch shape variation was predominantly influenced by genetic factors. High covariation and heritability were observed between the maxillary and mandibular dental arches. This information may help inform decisions around orthodontic intervention.

A Comparison Analysis of Four Different Drying Treatments on the Volatile Organic Compounds of Gardenia Flowers.

The gardenia flower not only has extremely high ornamental value but also is an important source of natural food and spices, with a wide range of uses. To support the development of gardenia flower products, this study used headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) technology to compare and analyze the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of fresh gardenia flower and those after using four different drying methods (vacuum freeze-drying (VFD), microwave drying (MD), hot-air drying (HAD), and vacuum drying (VD)). The results show that, in terms of shape, the VFD sample is almost identical to fresh gardenia flower, while the HAD, MD, and VD samples show significant changes in appearance with clear wrinkling; a total of 59 volatile organic compounds were detected in the gardenia flower, including 13 terpenes, 18 aldehydes, 4 esters, 8 ketones, 15 alcohols, and 1 sulfide. Principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA), and partial least-squares regression analysis (PLS-DA) were performed on the obtained data, and the research found that different drying methods impact the VOCs of the gardenia flower. VFD or MD may be the most effective alternative to traditional sun-drying methods. Considering its drying efficiency and production cost, MD has the widest market prospects.

The Influence of Government Agency Support and Social Media on Sustainable Competitive Advantage is Mediated by Entrepreneurial

The aim of this research is to determine the impact of support from government agencies and social media on the sustainable competitive advantage of SMEs in North Lombok Regency and to explore the role of entrepreneurial orientation as a mediator in the relationship between support from government agencies, social media and sustainable competitive advantage. The sample in this research is. SMEs in North Lombok Regency amounted to 100 respondents using a simple random sampling method. This research uses the PLS (Partial Least Squares) analysis method. The results of this research show that the variables of government agency support and social media have a significant positive effect on the variables of sustainable competitive advantage and entrepreneurial orientation. The entrepreneurial orientation variable has a significant positive effect on the sustainable competitive advantage variable. Entrepreneurial orientation and social media variables play a partial mediator role between government support and sustainable competitive advantage.

Pengaruh Brand Image dan Kualitas Produk Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Iphone di Kota Karawang

Customers' decisions to buy a product are largely influenced by product quality and brand image. One step in the evaluation process is the purchase decision, which requires customers to organize a tier list of products in their preferred tiers. This step in the evaluation process will arouse their interest in making a purchase. The aim of this research is to understand the influence of product quality and brand image on purchasing decisions. The purposive sampling method was used to select a sample of 96 people, and a questionnaire was used to collect data. For data processing, this research uses PLS (Partial Least Square) and other analysis methods, including descriptive analysis. The consequences of this research show that brand image and product quality influence the choice of purchasing an iPhone cell phone.

The Effect of Person Organization Fit and Competence on Employee Performance with Work-Life Balance as an Intervening Variable in Logistics Companies in Jakarta

This study aims to test the research model which is expected to obtain results from the influence of Person Organization Fit and Competency on Work-Life Balance and its impact on Employee Performance. Respondent data will use the results of the distribution of questionnaires to employees of Logistics Companies in Jakarta online through the Google Drive platform to 81 employees. In this study, 5 tests were carried out on the hypothesis based on variable indicators prepared using SEM PLS (Partial Least Square) analysis using the smartPLS method. This test consists of an outer model, an inner model, and a Hypothesis test. The results of the study show that person organization fit and competence have a positive and significant effect on work-life balance. Work-life balance also has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. However, person organization fit has a positive but not significant effect on employee performance, while competence has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. In addition, there is no indirect influence of person organization fit and competence on employee performance through work life. This study emphasizes the importance of person organization fit and competence in improving work-life balance and employee performance, although the role of intervening work-life balance in these relationships is not proven.

Pengaruh Religiusitas dan Pengetahuan tentang Produk Perbankan Syariah terhadap Keputusan Masyarakat Kota Palembang Menabung di Bank Syariah Indonesia

This research aims to test and determine the influence of religiosity and knowledge about sharia banking products on the decision of the people of Palembang to save at Indonesian sharia banks. Research Method This thesis is a type of quantitative research. This research uses one independent variable and one dependent variable. The independent variables in this research are religiosity and product knowledge, while the dependent variable in this research is people's decision to save in Islamic banks. The data collection technique in this research was in the form of a questionnaire distributed to 100 respondents and the data was analyzed using the PLS (Partial Least Square) analysis technique. In analyzing the data, researchers used data analysis with several steps, namely validity test, reliability test, outer model test, inner model test and hypothesis test. The results of the hypothesis test carried out show the significance value of the influence of religiosity (X1) and knowledge about sharia banking products (X2) on the decision of the people of Palembang to save at Indonesian sharia banks (Y). The results of the research show that the religiosity variable obtained a t-statistic value of 7,540 &gt; 1.96 with a p-value of 0.000 &lt; less than the significance level of 0.05, so it can be explained that religiosity has a positive effect on the decision of the people of Palembang city to save at Indonesian sharia banks and the variable knowledge about products Islamic banking obtained a t-statistic value of 4,091 &gt; 1.96 with a p-value of 0.000 &lt; less than the significance level of 0.05, so it can be explained that knowledge about sharia banking products has a positive effect on the decision of the people of Palembang city to save at Indonesian sharia banks. The conclusion of this research is that religiosity and knowledge of sharia banking products influence the decision of the people of Palembang to save at Indonesian sharia banks.

Determinants of Customer Satisfaction in Mobile Banking: a PLS Analysis of DG Bankaltimtara Application Users

This study was conducted with the aim to determine and analyze the effect of using DG Bankaltimtara mobile banking application on Customer Satisfaction of PT East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan Regional Development Bank Balikpapan Branch Office. The population in this research is 15,960 customers who use DG Bankaltimtara. Researchers took a sample based on the Slovin formula of 390 respondents. The type of data used is primary data sourced from questionnaires presented in the form of a Likert scale. Data analysis in this study used descriptive analysis methods with the help of the Partial Least Square (PLS) application with the SmartPLS version 3.0 program. The results of this study were obtained using the PLS Evaluation Model to show the effect of using the DG Bankaltimtara Mobile Banking Application on Customer Satisfaction. Ease of Service Users, Credibility of Banking Service Companies, and Transaction Speed are three variables that affect Customer Satisfaction in using Mobile Banking DG Bankaltimtara. However, the System Security variable has no effect on Customer Satisfaction in using Mobile Banking DG Bankaltimtara.

Maximizing Bioactive Compound Extraction from Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) Peels through Green Pretreatment Techniques

This study explored the use of mandarin peels as an important source of health-promoting compounds by utilizing green methods (i.e., pulsed electric field and ultrasound-assisted extraction), along with conventional stirring. The impact of several extraction parameters, such as extraction duration, temperature, and solvent composition, on the recovery of bioactive compounds was evaluated through a response surface methodology. To identify the most effective conditions for all assays, a partial least-squares analysis was implemented. It was revealed that a combination of the above techniques was optimal at 80 °C for 30 min, with 75% v/v of ethanol in water as the extraction solvent. The concentration of bioactive compounds in the optimum extract had a total polyphenol content of 18.69 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of dry weight (dw), and an ascorbic acid concentration of 18.25 mg/g dw. However, correlation analyses revealed a rather negative relationship between these bioactive compounds. The chromatographic analysis of optimum extracts supported this result by quantifying 20.53 mg/g dw of total individual polyphenols, with hesperidin being the dominant compound (13.98 mg/g dw). The antioxidant assays, including ferric-reducing antioxidant power and DPPH• inhibition activity, were measured at 123.21 and 65.12 μmol of ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) per gram of dw, respectively. This research enhances the valorization of mandarin peels as a renewable source of bioactive compounds, providing the opportunity to generate high-added-value products from food waste in the food and pharmaceutical sectors.

ANALISIS PENGARUH HARGA, BRAND IMAGE DAN KUALITAS PELAYANAN TERHADAP KEPUASAN KONSUMEN PADA DEALER HONDA JAYA TERANG 1 SITUBONDO DENGAN MINAT BELI SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING

This study aims to examine the influence of Price, Brand Image and service quality on consumer satisfaction. This research is classified as causality research. The population in this study is consumers of Honda Jaya Terang I Situbondo Dealers. Sampling in the study used purposive sampling. Data analysis and testing of research hypotheses using Smart PLS (Partial Least Square) analysis. The results of the direct influence hypothesis test using the Smart PLS 3.0 application, show that Price has a positive but not significant effect on Buying Interest, Brand Image has a positive but not significant effect on Buying Interest, Service Quality has a significant positive effect on Buying Interest, Price has a significant positive effect on Consumer Satisfaction, Brand Image has a positive but not significant effect on Consumer Satisfaction, Service Quality has a significant positive effect on Consumer Satisfaction, Buying Interest has a positive but not significant effect on Consumer Satisfaction. The results of the hypothesis test did not directly show that the Price variable had a negative but significant effect on Consumer Satisfaction through Buying Interest, Brand Image had a negative but not significant effect on Consumer Satisfaction through Buying Interest, Service Quality had a negative but not significant effect on Consumer Satisfaction through Buying Interest.

“Memajukan UMKM di Ternate: Eksplorasi Peran Inklusi Keuangan dalam Menggabungkan Literasi dan Teknologi Finansial

This study aims to examine the effect of Financial Literacy and Financial Technology on MSME Performance Improvement mediated by Financial Inclusion in Ternate City. This research uses a type of Quantitative Descriptive research and the nature of this research is explanatory research. The sample of this study is 100 MSMEs in Ternate City. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling method. The data analysis used is PLS (Partial Least Square) analysis with the help of Smart PLS. The results showed that financial literacy and financial technology affect the performance of MSMEs and financial inclusion is able to mediate the relationship between financial literacy, financial technology and MSME performance.

Influence of wheat content and origin on the volatilome of craft wheat beer: An investigation by combined multivariate statistical approaches

A deeper knowledge of the effect of wheat origin on the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile of craft wheat beer is crucial for its quality improvement and local product valorisation.The VOCs profile of 17 craft wheat beers obtained by common and durum, heritage and modern, wheat varieties grown in different fields sited at different altitudes was analysed.Data were processed by multivariate analysis using different approaches. Partial least square (PLS) analysis evidenced that wheat concentration was the highest source of VOCs variance, followed by, wheat species, wheat ancientness, and altitude of cultivation. An insight into the effect of wheat concentration was given by sparse PLS analysis (sPLS). The effect of wheat variety was explored by linear discriminant analysis (LDA), which permitted to correctly classify craft beers made with wheat of different origin (species and variety) on the basis of their VOCs profile. sPLS regression analysis permitted to find a combination of VOCs able to predict the altitude of wheat cultivation as well as to correctly classify wheat beers made with wheat cultivated at different altitudes. A further ‘one versus all’ approach by Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogies (SIMCA) permitted to correctly authenticate beers made with different cereal species. Finally, shape analysis by generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA) revealed that the differences among samples were conserved and reflected from wheat kernels to wheat beers. This study suggests a promising use of volatiles fingerprinting with a combination of different statistical approaches to authenticate beer made with wheat of different origin and cultivated at different altitudes, thus stressing out the importance of territory in craft beer production, which, until now, was a neglected topic.

Faktor Determinan Keputusan Menabung dengan Minat Sebagai Variabel Intervening

This study aims to determine the effect of religiosity, knowledge, promotion, location and service quality variables on saving decisions. The religiosity of the people who only view Islamic financial institutions is the same as conventional financial institutions. The customers' desire to save can be hindered by remote locations, activities and busyness. In addition, the low level of public knowledge about Islamic financial institutions influences the decision to become a customer of an Islamic financial institution. The population in this study were members of the Ben Sejahtera BMT Rawalo Banyumas branch. The number of samples in this study were 92 respondents. The data obtained was then analyzed using the PLS (Partial Least Square) analysis technique through the SmartPLS 4.0 software. The results showed that knowledge, promotion, and location factors had no effect on members' interest in saving at Islamic financial institutions. Meanwhile, the factors of religiosity and service quality are the variables that most influence the interest of traders in making saving decisions at Islamic financial institutions.

Pengaruh Job Insecurity, Job Stress, Work-Family Conflict Terhadap Turnover Intention Pada Karyawan BPO di Yogyakarta Dimediasi Job Satisfaction

This study aims to examine and analyze the influence of job insecurity, job stress and work-family conflict on turnover intention which is mediated by job satisfaction. This research is quantitative in nature, the data collection tool uses a questionnaire with a sample of 221 employees who work at BPO companies in Yogyakarta and uses the PLS (Partial Least Square) analysis tool. The results of this study indicate that job insecurity has a significant effect on job satisfaction, job stress has no effect on job satisfaction, work-family conflict has an effect on job satisfaction, job satisfaction has an effect on turnover intention, job insecurity has a positive effect on turnover intention, job stress has no influence on turnover intention, work-family conflict has a positive effect on turnover intention, job satisfaction mediates the relationship between job insecurity and turnover intention, job satisfaction does not mediate the relationship between job stress and turnover intention, job satisfaction mediates the relationship between work family conflict and turnover intention..

Pharmacological Components and Mechanism Research on the Treatment of Myelosuppression after Chemotherapy with Danggui Jixueteng Decoction Based on Spectrum-Effect Relationships and Transcriptome Sequencing.

Danggui Jixueteng decoction (DJD) has been used to treat anemia for many years and has been shown to be effective. However, the mechanism of action and effective components are yet unknown. We want to search for pharmacodynamic components in DJD with therapeutic effects on myelosuppression after chemotherapy (MAC), utilizing a spectrum-effect connection study based on gray relational analysis and partial least-squares regression analysis. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to investigate the mechanism by which DJD treats MAC. In this study, fingerprints of different batches of DJD (S1-S10) were established by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), after which the resulting shared peaks were screened and identified. A total of 21 common peaks were screened through the fingerprints of different batches of DJD, and the similarity of each profile was greater than 0.92. The 21 shared peaks were identified by comparison with the standard sample and searching on a MassLynx 4.1 workstation. The rat model of MAC was established by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide, and DJD treatment was carried out in parallel with the establishment of the model. White blood cell count, red blood cell count, platelet count, interleukin-3, hemoglobin concentration, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and nucleated cell count were used as efficacy indicators. Pharmacodynamic results indicated that DJD could effectively improve the pharmacodynamic indices of MAC rats. The results of gray relational analysis demonstrated eight peaks with high correlation with efficacy, which were 2, 7, 10, 14, 15, 16, 18, and 21, and the partial least-squares regression analysis showed four peaks with variable importance in projection values greater than 1, which were 10, 12, 13, and 19. RNA-Seq was used to identify DEGs in rat bone marrow cells, Gene Ontology functional enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs were performed. The genes related to the effects of DJD on MAC were mainly involved in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine-threonine kinase (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, actin cytoskeleton regulation, focal adhesion, and Rap1 signaling pathways. The results of the RNA-Seq study were confirmed by a qPCR experiment. The effective compounds of DJD against MAC include albiflorin, paeoniflorin, gallopaeoniflorin, salvianolic acid H/I, albiflorin R1, salvianolic acid B, salvianolic acid E, benzoylpaeoniflorin, and C12H18N5O4. The mechanism by which DJD prevents and treats MAC might involve the control of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

Dams alter the control pattern of watershed land use to riverine nutrient distribution: Comparison of three major rivers under different hydropower development levels in Southwestern China

Land use plays a critical role in managing water quality in a watershed, as it governs the import and distribution of nutrients. In addition to the land use, some rivers in Southwest China are encountering a new environmental stressor of damming, which is being driven by the national strategy of hydropower development. However, the coupling effect of land use and dams on nutrients remains poorly understood, challenging the effective management of riverine water quality. Therefore, this study examined the nutrients in the Nu, Yarlung Tsangpo (YT), and Lancang (LC) Rivers, which have no dam, 1 dam, and 11 dams, respectively, during different regulatory periods (spring and fall) to identify variations in nutrient control patterns influenced by land use and dams. The findings suggested that an increase in hydropower development contributed to a notable shift in nutrient patterns from land use regulation towards dam regulation and coupling effects. Land use dominated the nutrient variations of the Nu (27.4 %–32.8 %) and low hydropower development YT (25.2 %–30.9 %) Rivers during both seasons, but the primary contributors to the nutrient variations of the high hydropower development LC River were dams (17.9 %–41.6 %) and coupling effects (16.5 %–29.0 %). Dams transform nutrient levels and compositions through internal reservoir cycling, decoupling land use and nutrients. Partial least-squares structural equation model analysis further suggested that the coupling effects of the LC River were seasonal-specific, which was primarily attributed to hydrological variations that affected their interactions. During spring, the reservoir underwent a drainage mode characterized by high-level nutrients in the bottom water. Combined with the import of riverine nutrients, it exacerbated the increase of nutrients (synergistic effect). In contrast, the reservoir transitioned into a storage mode where it intercepted nutrients from the upstream and watershed during the fall, leading to a reduction in the previously observed increasing trend and an increase in nutrient variability (antagonism effect).