Part-time Occupation Research Articles

Community Poultry Farmer Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Contributing to Antimicrobial Resistance in High Density Areas of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

Background: Antimicrobial use in poultry poses a risk of resistance and transmission thereof to human populations, and poses a global public health risk. No previous studies considered Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of community (backyard) poultry farmers in dense settlement areas in Zimbabwe Methods: We used self-administered questionnaires to assess knowledge, attitude and practice items in addition to general and demographic variables. We describe our findings and evaluate associations with practices. Results: Fifty-six participants completed questionnaires. A range of practices (good and bad) was reported. Practices with risk for antimicrobial resistance developing were associated with males, having previously experienced an incident of high mortality among the poultry, and if knowledge and attitude scores were low. Individuals trained by church organisations and practicing chicken farming as their only occupation was associated with good practices. Poor knowledge scores were predictive of poor practices in the study. The study also found that individuals who do chicken farming as their only occupation were more likely to adhere to international regulations than those who did it as a part time occupation. Factors associated with good practices were those that were trained by church organisations. Despite its limitations such as measurement bias, the study highlighted gaps in the one health concept which might reduce antimicrobial resistance in both clinical and community settings

Comparison of Burnout Based on Gender and Part-time Work Among Higher Education Students

With an emphasis on gender disparities and part-time employment status, this study explores the causes of burnout among college and university students. The academic world is increasingly concerned about burnout, which is characterized by excessive exhaustion and a loss of interest in academic pursuits. This study, which involved university students from Lampung, Indonesia, indicated that gender is crucial in determining how burnout affects students. Burnout is also more likely when part-time occupations are required due to increased economic hardships. The results highlight the significance of comprehending and resolving the particular difficulties experienced by various student groups in order to promote a supportive learning environment and improve student well-being.

The Impact of Agricultural Insurance on Farmers’ Enthusiasm for Sugarcane Production: Evidence from Guangxi, China

Improving farmers’ enthusiasm for sugarcane production is of significance for maintaining the stability of sugarcane cultivation, as well as ensuring the sustainability and security of the national sugar supply. Based on rural household survey data from five major sugarcane producing counties in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2018, this paper analyzes the impact of agricultural insurance on farmers’ enthusiasm to grow sugarcane using Probit, IV-Probit, and 2SLS methods, examines the problem of heterogeneity due to differences in farmers’ degree of part-time occupation, and analyzes the mechanisms of agricultural insurance in affecting farmers’ enthusiasm for sugarcane production through income effect and substitution effect pathways. The findings of the study are as follows: first, participation in agricultural insurance significantly increases farmers’ enthusiasm for sugarcane production; second, the impact of agricultural insurance on farmers’ enthusiasm for sugarcane production is heterogeneous depending on the degree of part-time farming, and the intensity of the impact decreases as the degree of part-time farming increases; finally, agricultural insurance increases farmers’ enthusiasm for sugarcane production through income effects such as increased farm income and income expectations on the one hand, and positively influences farmers’ enthusiasm for sugarcane production through competitive crop substitution effects at both agricultural and non-farm levels on the other. Based on these findings, policy measures are proposed in this paper, including increasing the level of sugarcane insurance coverage, improving the pricing strategy of sugarcane, and accelerating the mechanization of the entire sugarcane production process.

The partial \xb5-opioid agonist buprenorphine in autism spectrum disorder: a case report

BackgroundThere are currently no approved medications for impaired social cognition and function, core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. We describe marked improvement of these symptoms with long-term low-dose administration of the partial µ-opioid agonist buprenorphine. We discuss these observations in the context of a role for endogenous opioid systems in social attachment, and theories integrating those findings mechanistically with autism spectrum disorder.Case presentationM, a 43-year-old Caucasian male, is medically healthy. Despite social difficulties since childhood, he completed high school with better-than-average grades, but failed university education. A psychiatric evaluation in his twenties diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder but also noted symptoms of coexisting autism spectrum disorder. M accidentally came across buprenorphine in his late twenties and experienced progressively improved social functioning on a low daily dosage (0.5–1.0 mg/day), an effect maintained for 15 years. He lived independently and maintained a part-time occupation. After abrupt discontinuation of treatment, his autistic symptoms returned, and function deteriorated. Following evaluation by our team, buprenorphine was resumed, with gradual return to prior level of functioning. An attempt to formally evaluate M both on and off medication was agreed with him and approved by the Swedish Ethics Authority, but medication had to be resumed when the patient worsened following discontinuation.ConclusionsAccording to the µ-opioid receptor balance model, both excessive and deficient μ-receptor activity may negatively influence social behavior, and accordingly both opioid agonist and opioid antagonist treatment may be able to improve social functioning, depending on an individual’s opioid tone before treatment. Our case report is consistent with these hypotheses, and given the extensive unmet medical needs in individuals with autism spectrum disorders, randomized controlled trial appears warranted.

P398 Most adult patients with cystic fibrosis at Stockholm Cystic Fibrosis Centre have a full-time or part-time occupation

P398 Most adult patients with cystic fibrosis at Stockholm Cystic Fibrosis Centre have a full-time or part-time occupation

Analysis of Suitable Farm Size for Fattening Pon Yang Kham Cattle

Pon Yang Kham Livestock Cooperative Limited (PYK Coop) is a local business organisation located in Sakon Nakhon province, Thailand. It has an essential economic role in assisting farmers and the community by creating a fair income distribution. However, PYK Coop has been facing problems from an oversupply of fattening cattle and the numbers involved in cattle production. This research investigated the costs and returns of production and the suitable farm size for beef cattle production to supply PYK Coop. The primary data were collected from 409 farmers in the cooperative using a questionnaire. The costs and returns of production were analysed and classified by the size of the farm to determine the most appropriate farm size for investment.
 
 The results revealed that the average number of cattle for individual farmers was 10.10 consisting of 3.50 bulls and cows, 2.64 calves and growing cattle, and 3.50 feedlot cattle. The cost of cattle production was divided into variable and fixed costs, which ranged annually between THB 17,279.13 and THB 300,185.88. The total annual income was THB 274,836.43. The annual net return of production (total revenue minus cost) was THB 25,984.81, while the annual net return of production per head of cattle was THB 25,984.81. The optimal farm size for beef cattle for the cooperative was a medium-sized farm.
 
 Overall, the results suggested that PYK Coop should encourage farmers to raise fattening cattle as a part-time occupation and aim to have no more than 10 head of cattle per farm. In doing so, PYK Coop should adjust the slaughter quota in accord with the number of beef cattle supplied by the farmers and should increase distribution channels to accommodate future production potential.

Thai diabetes prevention education program: development and validation of the Thai physical activity questionnaire for at-risk people

This study aimed to develop and validate the Thai physical activity questionnaire (Thai-PAQ) for Thai people at risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). After development and validation of the questionnaire, 95 people at risk for T2D were recruited. The Thai-PAQ was developed based on the International-PAQ. The Thai-PAQ was evaluated by three experts to ensure content validity. The at-risk people were interviewed using the Thai-PAQ for the previous 7 days’ activities. Spearman’s correlation was used to compare the accelerometer and Thai-PAQ for concurrent validity. Interclass correlation was used to evaluate the reliability of the Thai-PAQ separated by 3 days. Chi-square test was used to represent significant differences (p < 0.05) in the proportion of participants meeting the current physical activity guidelines. The content validity of the Thai-PAQ was 0.91. The total physical activity from the Thai-PAQ (MET-min week−1), which included the part-time occupation domain and excluded the part-time occupation domain, was significantly correlated with the total physical activity (counts week−1) according to the ActiGraph accelerometer (r = 0.57 and 0.54, p < 0.01, respectively). The 3-day test-retest reliability of the total physical activity of the developed PAQ was 0.86 (p < 0.05) when including the part-time occupation domain and was 0.85 (p < 0.05) when excluding the part-time occupation domain. The study showed that that concurrent validity had high correlation compared with the ActiGraph accelerometer. Reliability was also acceptable as high reliability. The Thai-PAQ is considered useful for communities as well as a means to ultimately promote physical activity in communities.

Skills, Scope, and Success: An Empirical Look at the Start-Up Process in Creative Industries in Germany

Creative industries comprise enterprises focusing on the creation, production, and distribution of creative or cultural goods and services. Following an explorative empirical approach, we analyze start-ups in creative industries regarding three issues along the start-up process: (1) personal characteristics of creative entrepreneurs, (2) their use of labor and capital as input factors, and (3) start-up success as measured by start-up survival, degree of innovativeness, and change in household income. Based on individual-level data from the KfW Start-up Monitor, a large-scale survey on entrepreneurship in Germany, our regression results show that entrepreneurs in creative industries tend to be younger and better educated than entrepreneurs in other economic sectors. Businesses in creative industries are prevalently started on a small scale, as part-time occupations, and with less financial resources. Yet they show a higher persistence and an above-average degree of innovativeness.

Part-time or Full-time Employment: Choices and Constraints

This article explores nurses’ working-hour practices in Norwegian nursing homes through a career path. Although the nursing profession is dominated by women and is a typical part-time occupation, this study found variations in working-hour patterns among nurses. These variations suggest that nurses not only have different career patterns but also that the working hours of individual nurses vary throughout a career. The analysis highlights different contextual factors that influence nurses’ working hours during their careers. The findings are based on data collected through in-depth interviews with 22 nurses over the age of 56. As a result, we conclude that the working-hour patterns of nurses are constructed out of interactions among the welfare state, the labor market, and family practices, meaning that workinghour patterns can be influenced and changed.

Bronze Age Charioteers of the Eurasian Steppe: A Part-time Occupation for Select Men?

Zusammenfassung:Diese Studie beschäftigt sich mit der Funktion und der Rolle bronzezeitlicher Streitwagen und ihrer Lenker, die aus Grabkontexten des südlichen Ural bekannt sind. Im Focus des Beitrags stehen die Präsentation der Ausgrabungsbefunde eines Gräberfeldes nahe des Dorfes Stepnoye (südlicher Trans-Ural, Sintashta, Petrovka und Alakul ’Kulturen) sowie die Rekonstruktion sozialer Identitäten von Individuen (Geschlecht, Alter, Berufszugehörigkeit), in deren Bestattungen sich entsprechende Attribute fanden.Die bisherige Forschung ignorierte weitgehend Aspekte der Geschlechts- und Altersidentität sowie anderer sozialer Merkmale jener Personen, die mit dem Lenken solcher Wagen in Verbindung standen. In der vorliegenden Analyse wird auf die Vielfältigkeit der entdeckten „Streitwagen“-Bestattungen hingewiesen sowie auf das Fehlen feststehender Regeln für ihre Anlage. Die hier thematisierten Bestattungen zeichnen sich durch eine große Vielfalt beigegebener Objekte aus. Dazu gehören Waffen, Werkzeuge, Tracht, sowie Artefakte, die mit der Herstellung metallener Gegenstände zu verknüpfen sind. Abweichend von bisherigen stereotypen Deutungsansätzen wird in diesem Beitrag das Wagenlenken als eine zeitlich beschränkte Aktivität einiger, jedoch nicht aller Männer einer sozialen Gemeinschaft angesehen (wobei auch Wangenstücke in Kinder- und Frauengräbern gefunden wurden). Aus archäologischer Sicht lassen sich keine Wagenlenker erkennen, die ausschließlich für den Krieg ausgebildet und in diesem eingesetzt wurden. Abschließend wird auf die Probleme überregionaler Vergleiche verwiesen, da sich die während der Bronzezeit in Europa und in der Uralsteppe nachweisbaren Verteidigungsstrukturen gravierend voneinander unterschieden, basierend auf fundamental voneinander abweichenden ökologischen, ökonomischen und sozialen Strukturen.

Engagement with Peer-Supported Vocational Networks: Recovered Iranian Substance Users’ Perspectives and Practices

Employment is essential for reintegration of recovered substance users in the society after treatment, rehabilitation, and discharge. However, strong triggers in workplaces could be a potential threat to recovery and may lead to relapse. A comprehensive model for relapse prevention should include several strategies for interventions at individual, family, community, and workplace levels. Since the twentieth century, drug use remains a major problem in Iran with ongoing research on many facets of substance use problems. This study was conducted to describe the experiences of recovered substance users in peer-supported vocational networks (PVNs) in an Iranian context. Using grounded theory and saturation principles, twenty-three PVN’s members were recruited and interviewed. Data was analyzed using constant comparison in open, axial, and selective coding stages. “Recovery as the first priority” and “peer support in both employment and recovery” were the two main themes identified in data analysis. Peer-supported vocational rehabilitation process included case identification, registration, part-time occupation, full-time employment, and developing the network or discharge. Financial management by peers reduced risk of relapse during the 12 months of recovery. Membership in a PVN reduces the risk of strong external triggers in workplaces that cause craving and relapse. Peers have a major role in both employment and recovery in a PVN. Further research is needed on development, implementation, and efficacy evaluation of PVNs in the Middle East to assist with recovery of substance users.

Socio-Economic, Demographic and Lifestyle Determinants of Overweight and Obesity among Adults of Northeast India.

Overweight and obesity are the accumulation of high body adiposity, which can have detrimental health effects and contribute to the development of numerous preventable non-communicable diseases. This study aims to evaluate the effect of socio-economic, demographic and lifestyle factors on the prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults belonging to the Rengma-Naga population of North-east India. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 826 Rengma-Naga individuals (males: 422; females: 404) aged 20-49 years from the Karbi Anglong District of Assam, using a two-stage stratified random sampling. The socio-economic, demographic and lifestyle variables were recorded using structured schedules. Height and weight were recorded and the Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated using standard procedures and equation. The WHO (2000) cut-off points were utilized to assess the prevalence of overweight (BMI ≥23.00-24.99 kg/m(2)) and obesity (BMI ≥25.00 kg/m(2)). The data were analysed using ANOVA, chi-square analysis and binary logistic regression analysis using SPSS (version 17.0). The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 32.57% (males: 39.34%; females: 25.50%) and 10.77% (males: 9.95%; females: 11.63%), respectively. The binary logistic regression analysis showed that age groups (e.g., 40-49 years), education (≥9(th) standard), part-time occupation and monthly income (≥Rs.10000) were significantly associated with overweight and obesity (p<0.05). Age, education occupation and income appear to have higher associations with overweight and obesity among adults. Suitable healthcare strategies and intervention programmes are needed for combating such prevalence in population.

Intersectoral mobility of researchers in Russia: trends and policy measures

This article is devoted to analysis of researchers’ internal mobility in Russia related to their movement between academic institutes or universities and industry - the so-called intersectoral mobility. Intersectoral mobility may acquire different forms: permanent, when a researcher moves from one organization to another for a full-time job, or temporary, as a part-time research work or consulting. Studies of internal mobility show a positive relationship between the level of intersectoral mobility and research productivity, which is the reason for a growing number of countries to introduce measures stimulating such movement of the research workforce. In Russia, internal mobility of researchers is low and the government thus far has not paid much attention to this characteristic of labor resources. Mobility, as a knowledge transfer, is seen by the government mostly in terms of development of the science base in the government sector (research institutes and universities) but not as an instrument for fostering commercialization of research results. Such low mobility is rooted in Soviet legacy, including traditions as inbreeding, when universities persistently hire their own graduates. An empirical part of the article describes results of the case studies conducted at an academic institute, a university, and state and private companies in order to assess the scale of and obstacles for intersectoral mobility in Russia and formulate potential government measures for stimulating this process. Case studies confirmed the low level of intersectoral mobility but revealed that part-time research jobs are a commonplace. However, a typical form of such part-time occupation is for a professor to be employed by yet another research institute or university, which does not constitute intersectoral mobility. Suggestions of respondents were focused on measures aimed to promote mobility through strengthening linkages between industry and universities (research institutes). The proposed measures included joint work at shared research facilities and joint supervision of graduate and undergraduate students. JEL classification: O31, O32, O38

This Is What Democracy Sounds Like: Protest Performances of the Citizenship Movement in Wisconsin and Beyond

This article is a case study of an ongoing singing protest in Wisconsin, the group that calls itself Solidarity Sing Along (SSA). An offshoot of the 2011 Wisconsin Uprising, for the first 15 months of its existence SSA was an important nexus of local activists working to recall Republican state senators and the governor. After the recall's failure the group not only continued to carry on but quite effortlessly reoriented its claim making and centered its protests on the freedom to assemble and petition the government, which had been an important cause from early on. Maintaining its pro-labor orientation, SSA has become part of a broader movement for democratic citizenship rights. Situating the group in musical practices of the Wisconsin protests and social movements more generally, I show that how SSA makes and performs its music makes it a part of the citizenship movement. This case study reveals a novel form of claim making within the repertoire of contention practiced by social movements: SSA is a ‘part-time occupation’ and as such has potential to be more resilient and durable than ‘permanent’ occupations à la Occupy Wall Street.

Application of porter’s framework to assess aquaculture value chain in Kenya

Aquaculture (fish farming) is an agricultural as well as fisheries activity, competing with other agricultural enterprises and artisanal fisheries for the same basic inputs. Therefore, aquaculture is subject to the same basic resource constraints that traditional agricultural activities face. The literature suggests that competition within a value chain is between chains and not individual actors. This study examined the aquaculture value chain in Kenya, assessing the entire value chain, and determining the appropriate points to participate in economically sustainable ways. The competition analysis assessed attractiveness at each stage of the chain by reviewing the rivalry in terms of five competitive forces within the Kenyan aquaculture industry; competitive rivalry, the threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, threat of substitutes and bargaining power of buyers. The aquaculture industry in Kenya is assessed using Porter’s model with marketing mix (Ps) and factor evaluation matrix (FEM). Input supply is found to be the most difficult value chain function in which to participate because it requires relatively large initial capital outlays and additional operating funds. Although fish farming is the driving function of the entire value chain, the significant capital investments required could be a barrier to entry. Fish farming has largely benefited from the support of government, NGOs and other regional development initiatives. The study established that the easiest sector to enter (in terms of low barriers to entry and exit and low labour requirements) is the fish marketing sector. This chain function provides the most flexibility and liquidity to participants, whether as full-time or part-time occupation. Overall, participation in the Kenya aquaculture value chain will depend on the prospective entrant’s level of experience, time, capital commitment and financial goal (long term stability versus liquidity). Aquaculture requires a long term commitment and high capital outlays, as well as persistence, and should therefore be considered by those looking for long term stability and not short term benefits. Established fish farmers may consider diversifying into input supply and value addition as well. Key words: Kenya, aquaculture, tilapia, value chain

The Domestic Workers Faced by Domestic Violence

Among the unorganized sector workers in the full-time, women domestic workers are considered as the most neglected people. In India domestic work is the oldest part-time occupation for the women in India. Male chauvinism has been playing a vital role from the period of king's rule. Women were not allowed to go for education and job placement in the organizations. They were asked to remain in the house and to do the household work. At present the work culture has been changed due to the social changes, new economic policies, caste polarization, degradation and depletion of natural resources, loss of traditional culture and institution. All these factors have increased the poverty level of the people. Especially they have made a great impact on women. Today people migrate from rural areas to urban due to globalization and privatization. Job opportunities are available only in town and the cities. Due to illiteracy, poverty, broken family, divorced families, sexual violence, loss of husband, alcoholic partners and parents, dowry, women take up domestic work.

Come cambia il lavoro

The essay elaborates some statistics about world’s industrial labour force (including building activities and energy suppliers) and underlines its growing concentration in developing countries and particularly in China and India. The overall effect is a global re-equilibrium between demographic and economic weight, which comes to close in a foreseeable future the historical parenthesis of Western industrial (and colonial) predominance. The bad news for the West is an unknown shortage of industrial employment which cannot be overcome by the current tendency toward part-time and temporary occupations. On the contrary, the only way out is a gradual shift from low-skill manufacturing jobs in favour of high-skill advanced service jobs.

A Study on Cattle Insurance in Villages of Gandhinagar District

Livestock enterprises are flourishing business of rural India and are interwoven in socio-economic fabric of villages. 62% of rural India largely depends on dairy farming, which provides supplementary income to crop farmers. Crop farming and cattle rearing are strategic business units of rural enterprise, which provides part-time occupation to women and make them empowered. In the study a noteworthy point was found that women were engaged in cattle rearing from childhood. Cattle must be protected against the various types of risk such as death, disease, epidemic episode, burglary, fodder risk, dry-period risk, and permanent total or partial disability to provide milk etc. It was very rare to see that all the cattle were insured. Cattle insurance was availed due the motivation of Village Cooperative Society (VCS). Insurance was sold on partneragent model and that too from a single company with whom VCS had a close tie-up. Lower amount of cattle valuation proved to be fatal in the event of death of the cattle and its replacement with new cattle, due to escalating prices. Broadening the riders and introduction of novel annuity or medi-claim plans would open up scope for cattle insurance business and safeguard the recipients against major risk inherent in cattle rearing.

Contribution of Biogeotextiles to Soil Conservation and Socioeconomic Development

This paper explores the contribution of biogeotextile mat production to household incomes and farmers' participation in, awareness of and perceptions of the benefits of biogeotextiles for soil and water conservation and agricultural production. Mat production can be a source of additional household income where wage rates are low, raw materials are inexpensive and transportation costs are low. The use of locally available raw materials, which would otherwise be wasted, helps to reduce production costs. To be able to compete with industrial geotextile products on the market and to be economically viable, a cottage-scale industry as a secondary part-time occupation appears to be an appropriate mode of production.

A Descriptive Study of the Practice Patterns of Massage New Zealand Massage Therapists

Massage therapy has grown in popularity, yet little is known globally or in New Zealand about massage therapists and their practices. The aims of this study were to describe the practice patterns of trained Massage New Zealand massage therapists in New Zealand private practice, with regard to therapist characteristics; practice modes and settings, and therapy characteristics; referral patterns; and massage therapy as an occupation. A survey questionnaire was mailed to 66 trained massage therapist members of Massage New Zealand who were recruiting massage clients for a concurrent study of massage therapy culture. Most massage therapists were women (83%), NZ European (76%), and holders of a massage diploma qualification (89%). Massage therapy was both a full- (58%) and part-time (42%) occupation, with the practice of massage therapy being the only source of employment for 70% of therapists. Nearly all therapists (94%) practiced massage for more than 40 weeks in the year, providing a median of 16 - 20 hours of direct client care per week. Most massage therapists worked in a "solo practice" (58%) and used a wide and active referral network. Almost all therapists treated musculoskeletal symptoms: the most common client issues or conditions treated were back pain/problem (99%), neck/shoulder pain/problem (99%), headache or migraine (99%), relaxation and stress reduction (96%), and regular recovery or maintenance massage (89%). The most frequent client fee per treatment was NZ$60 per hour in a clinic and NZ$1 per minute at a sports event or in the workplace. Therapeutic massage, relaxation massage, sports massage, and trigger-point therapy were the most common styles of massage therapy offered. Nearly all massage therapists (99%) undertook client assessment; 95% typically provided self-care recommendations; and 32% combined other complementary and alternative medicine therapies with their massage consultations. This study provides new information about the practice of massage therapy by trained massage therapists. It will help to inform the massage industry and other health care providers, potential funders, and policymakers about the provision of massage therapy in the NZ health care system.