Part Of Hierarchy Research Articles

Social Norms and Legal Culture

Moral, as well as the right, in their implementation, are based in the consciousness of citizens, but the difference between the right and moral stands in the fact that unlike moral, the right is set and sanctioned by the state, while moral norms are set by the public opinion and can treat moral as an internal sanction in the context of psychological consciousness and with this people know the done and undone actions, respectively the purposes of action or inaction. It is understood that the norms issued and sanctioned by social organizations can’t be contrary to the legal order, with norms that have higher legal power. It is understood that the norms that are issued – adopted by social organizations can’t be contrary to the legal order – the positive right, with norms with higher legal power that in this context are issued – adopted by the state as a strong social organization. With the term ‘right’ we mean the norms that are created by the organized society and that are applied by that society which is called state, and the norms that are applied by the state are called the right. The state is an organization of organized violence based on legal norms is distinguished by other organizations, mostly thanks to its external element – physical force. In the state and right there might be slow changes that happen in the society, which we can call evolutionary changes, ongoing changes, for example the change of some legal clauses in the acts of some laws. Simply, only some clauses change. All these, in one way or another, change the state and law, (but partly) the essence remains the same. The state and right in essence remain unchangeable and within these changes of state and right are: changes called reforms, coup and conspiracy. The reform is also a promoter of changes of the function of state and right, by following and incorporating the results, contemporary achievements in general social relations. Coup – these kinds of changes are unacceptable for the society, don’t coincide with the principles of the democratic order, because they don’t bring important favors for the society in general, but only for a certain group of people. The difference between coup and state conspiracy stands in the fact that state coup is done by a certain group of people in the state hierarchy, while the conspiracy is done by people that are not part of this hierarchy, that are outside state structures, respectively persons that are not part of state hierarchy. But it is also a characteristic of the conspiracy to emphasize that it doesn’t change the state and right in essence, in this context it remains unchanged. The revolution entails two meanings, respectively two notions: the revolution exercised by violence, and the revolution exercised peacefully. The revolution exercised by violence, physical violence, means armed conflicts between the carriers of state power and the ones that depend from this power, when an organization goes after the old state organization until the seizure of power, the political and economic one. The economic revolution is also reflected in the state and right in general, because it also changes the system of property, which means that, the state and right also change. According to the new democratic principles, starting from the system of property with different revolutions different property holders appear.

Studies of Climate Change with Statistical-Dynamical Models: A Review

The cause-effect relationship is not always possible to trace in GCMs because of the simultaneous inclusion of several highly complex physical processes. Furthermore, the inter-GCM differences are large and there is no simple way to reconcile them. So, simple climate models, like statistical-dynamical models (SDMs), appear to be useful in this context. This kind of models is essentially mechanistic, being directed towards understanding the dependence of a particular mechanism on the other parameters of the problem. In this paper, the utility of SDMs for studies of climate change is discussed in some detail. We show that these models are an indispensable part of hierarchy of climate models.

Semantic ranking of web pages based on formal concept analysis

A web crawler is an important research component in a search engine. In this paper, a new method for measuring the similarity of formal concept analysis (FCA) concepts and a new notion of a web page's rank are proposed that use an information content approach based on users’ web logs. First, an extension similarity and an intension similarity that analyze a user's browsing pattern and their hyperlinks are proposed. Second, the information content similarity between two nouns is computed automatically by examining their ISA and Part-Of hierarchy and using a user's web log. A method for computing the semantic similarity between two concepts in two different concept lattices (the base concept lattice and the current concept lattice) and finding the semantic ranking of web pages is proposed. Last, our experiment demonstrates that our crawler is more suitable for crawling focused web pages. It proves that the semantic ranking of web pages is useful and efficient for making a web crawler's choice of a web page for continuing work.

Conceptual modeling in a document management environment using part-of reasoning in description logics

The notion of giving support to composite objects in systems is gaining strength in a number of areas. In this paper we examine the usefulness of introducing part-of reasoning in a description logic in a document management environment. We identify key issues in both expressivity and inferencing. We define a language that allows for differentiating between different kinds of parts and definition of domains, number restrictions and ordering of parts. We identified also questions and inferences which are useful in document management. This has led us to define a part-of hierarchy for individuals and inferences concerning the assembly of composite objects.

Relation partition algebra — mathematical aspects of uses and part-of relations

Managing complexity in software engineering involves modularisation, grouping design objects into modules, subsystems, etc. This gives rise to new design objects with new ‘use relations’. The lower-level design objects relate to these in a ‘part-of’ relation. But how do ‘use relations’ at different levels of the ‘part-of hierarchy’ relate? We formalise our knowledge on uses and part-of relations, looking for mathematical laws about relations and partitions. A central role is played by an operator /. For a “uses” relation r on a set of objects X and a partitioning into modules viewed as an equivalence θ, we form a relation r θ on the set X θ . We adopt an axiomatic point of view and investigate a variety of models, corresponding to different abstraction mechanisms and different ways of relating high- and low-level uses relations.

MANAGEMENT OF UNCERTAINTY IN TOP-DOWN, FUZZY LOGIC-BASED IMAGE UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL OBJECTS

This paper is concerned with the integration of knowledge intensive methods with low level image processing, in order to achieve a top-down image processing system. The knowledge part contains information about the object to be recognized, the model, expressed here as a part-of hierarchy, and expert knowledge on image processing. Both of these bodies of knowledge are allowed to be imprecise and/or incomplete, in which case fuzzy logic based methods are used for representation and inference. As a consequence, uncertainty management issues, such as partial matching, and evidence combination must be addressed. The approach proposed is most suitable for complex/natural objects and is illustrated for the task of recognizing a human face.

From paper to office document standard representation

The principles of the model-based document analysis system called Pi ODA (paper interface to office document architecture), which was developed as a prototype for the analysis of single-sided business letters in German, are presented. Initially, Pi ODA extracts a part-of hierarchy of nested layout objects such as text-blocks, lines, and words based on their presentation on the page. Subsequently, in a step called logical labeling, the layout objects and their compositions are geometrically analyzed to identify corresponding logical objects that can be related to a human perceptible meaning, such as sender, recipient, and date in a letter. A context-sensitive text recognition for logical objects is then applied using logical vocabularies and syntactic knowledge. As a result, Pi ODA produces a document representation that conforms to the ODA international standard. >