Part Of Psychopathology Research Articles

РОЗВИТОК ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ В ОБЛАСТІ ПАТОГРАФІЇ В ХУДОЖНІЙ ЛІТЕРАТУРІ (МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ)

У статті обґрунтовуються необхідність і перспективи інтегрованого підходу до вивчення і аналізу літературного твору. Зокрема, аналізується можливість використання методів патографії як частини біографії письменника для різнобічного сприйняття і більш глибокого розуміння творів художньої творчості. При створенні художнього тексту певною мірою проявляються особистість, психологічні особливості та стан його автора. З іншого боку, дані патографії, поряд з літературознавчим і текстологічним аналізом, сприяють більш повному та різноплановому сприйняттю твору і формуванню естетичної реакції на нього у читача. Показовим прикладом такого підходу може бути творчість Ф. Достоєвського, твори якого, та й сама особистість письменника викликали і продовжують викликати інтерес не тільки літературознавців, а й психологів, психіатрів, а також кримінальних антропологів. При тому, що наукова картина світу, яка формується психологами і психіатрами, може не збігатися з художньою картиною світу твору, їх симбіоз може мати значний вплив на процес читацького сприйняття поряд з іншими важливими факторами. У статті представлений огляд існуючих досліджень зазначеного напрямку в їхньому розвитку, у тому числі щодо творчості окремих письменників, зокрема, Ф. Достоєвського, і виділені перспективи напрямку, як для літературознавства, так і для психології, антропології, психіатрії. І якщо існує кількість наукових досліджень класичних літературних творів з боку окремо психопатології і патографії, а також з боку літературознавства і текстології, то інтегрований похід лише починає розвиватися

Haset ve Kıskançlığın Tanımlanması ve Klinik Görünümü

Haset ve kıskançlık, birbirinden önemli noktalarda ayrışan; fakat günlük hayatta sıkça birbiriyle karıştırılan karmaşık duygulardır. Haset, bir başkasının sahip olduğu ve bizde olmayan bir şey ya da özellik karşısında hissettiğimiz duygu iken; kıskançlık, bizim için önemli bir ilişkinin üçüncü bir kişinin varlığı sebebiyle tehdit altında olduğunu düşündüğümüzde ortaya çıkan duygudur. Dolayısıyla, hasette iki kişilik, kıskançlıkta ise üç kişilik bir yapı mevcuttur. Melanie Klein'a göre haset doğumdan sonra bebeğin meme ile kurduğu sevgi ve nefret ilişkisinde temellenir; kıskançlık ise gelişimsel olarak hasetten sonra gelir ve hasetin çözümlenmesinde rol oynar. Haset ve kıskançlık, temelde işlevsel duygular olsa da, kişinin ve ilişkilerin işlevselliğini bozarak patolojik boyuta ulaşabilirler. Bu makalede haset ve kıskançlık tanımlanmış, birbirleriyle benzer ve farklı yanları ortaya konulmuş ve hangi durumlarda işlevselliklerini yitirerek psikopatolojinin bir parçası oldukları incelenmiştir.

CBT in the prevention of psychosis and other severe mental disorders in patients with an at risk mental state: A review and proposed next steps

Patients with an ‘At risk mental state’ (ARMS) for developing psychosis can be treated successfully with CBT to postpone and prevent the transition to a first psychotic episode. A characteristic of individuals that meet ARMS criteria is that they are still open for multiple explanations for extraordinary experiences. CBT aims to normalize extraordinary experiences with education and to prevent delusional explanations. The treatment is not only effective, but also cost-saving in averting psychosis as well as in reducing disability adjusted life years at 18- and 48-month follow-up. Profiling within the ARMS group results in a personalized treatment. The screening and early treatment for ARMS fulfills all the criteria of the World Health Organization and is ready to be routine screening and treatment in mental health care.At the same time, ARMS patients are complex patients with multi-morbid disorders. Especially childhood trauma is associated to ARMS status, together with co-morbid PTSD, depression, substance abuse and anxiety disorders. Psychotic symptoms appear to be severity markers in other non-psychotic disorders. Preventing psychosis in ARMS patients should be broadened to also address other disorders and aim to reduce chronicity of psychopathology and improve social functioning in general.Several mechanisms play a part in psychopathology in ARMS patients such as stress sensitivity as a result of adverse experiences, dopamine sensitivity that is associated with salience and aggravates several cognitive biases, dissociation mediating between trauma and hallucinations, and low self-esteem and self-stigma. New avenues to treat the complexity of ARMS patients will be proposed.

Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Croatian Short Version of the Empathy Quotient

The Empathy Quotient (EQ, Baron-Cohen & Wheelwright, 2004) measures empathy as an ability to identify what someone else is thinking and feeling, and to respond to their thoughts and feelings with an appropriate emotion. Although the questionnaire was developed in order to be sensitive to empathy deficits as a part of psychopathology, it is often used in other areas of psychological research as well. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the factor structure and psychometric properties of the short version of the translated Empathy Quotient (EQ-28) that has psychometric superiority over the original version (Lawrence et al., 2004). Data was collected on-line on a convenient sample (N = 115; 81 female and 34 male) with a mean age of 31.30 (SD = 7.49), within a larger study. The results of the principal component analysis showed a clear three-factor solution consistent with the structure proposed by Lawrence et al. (2004). Cronbach’s alpha coefficients indicated high internal consistency of the Cognitive Empathy and the Emotional Reactivity subscales, unlike the Social Skills subscale. The correlations of the EQ-28 subscales and the relevant subscales of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1983) provided information about the convergent validity of the Cognitive Empathy and the Emotional Reactivity subscales, while the correlations with measures of altruism (measured by HEXACOPI-R, Lee & Ashton, 2004) and the Dark Triad (Jones & Paulhus, 2014) showed the theoretically expected relationships between the given constructs. On the basis of the results of this preliminary study it can be concluded that the Croatian version of the EQ-28 has satisfactory metric characteristics and represents a good measure of cognitive and affective empathy, but these results should be replicated on a larger and more gender balanced sample. Keywords: Empathy Quotient, psychometric properties, Croatian version

La profecía de Freud: del psicoanálisis a la biología de la mente en el estudio del origen y tratamiento de la enfermedad mental

Sigmund Freud fue considerado un científico revolucionario de la talla de Nicolás Copérnico y Charles Darwin por sus teorías psicológicas sobre el funcionamiento mental en un momento en el que la biología no podía explicarlo. En sus inicios, el psicoanálisis no fue aceptado por los profesionales de la medicina debido a la falta de verificación empírica de sus conclusiones y a la imposibilidad para identificar los sustratos orgánicos que Freud suponía que participaban en la psicopatología; sin embargo, a mediados del siglo pasado se convirtió en el principal fundamento para la psiquiatría en el tratamiento de la enfermedad mental, lo que la distanció del resto de las especialidades médicas. El psicoanálisis, como herramienta terapéutica, empezó a ser sustituido por tratamientos con evidencia empírica en el ámbito psiquiátrico como consecuencia de los descubrimientos sobre el mecanismo de acción de los psicofármacos y la aparición de psicoterapias breves. En este artículo se presenta un breve recorrido sobre el estudio de la enfermedad mental desde el nacimiento de la psiquiatría hasta la época actual, y los recientes hallazgos de las neurociencias que sugieren que se han empezado a descubrir los mecanismos orgánicos que Freud suponía involucrados en la génesis y tratamiento de los trastornos mentales. © Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Sociales.

0218 FROM PSYCHOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING TO PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY FOR SOCIAL ANXIETY AND PARANOIA IN EARLY PSYCHOSIS: ADDRESSING PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES WHILE IMPROVING SOCIAL RECOVERY

Patients with an ‘At risk mental state’ (ARMS) for developing psychosis can be treated successfully with CBT to postpone and prevent the transition to a first psychotic episode. A characteristic of individuals that meet ARMS criteria is that they are still open for multiple explanations for extraordinary experiences. CBT aims to normalize extraordinary experiences with education and to prevent delusional explanations. The treatment is not only effective, but also cost-saving in averting psychosis as well as in reducing disability adjusted life years at 18- and 48-month follow-up. Profiling within the ARMS group results in a personalized treatment. The screening and early treatment for ARMS fulfills all the criteria of the World Health Organization and is ready to be routine screening and treatment in mental health care.At the same time, ARMS patients are complex patients with multi-morbid disorders. Especially childhood trauma is associated to ARMS status, together with co-morbid PTSD, depression, substance abuse and anxiety disorders. Psychotic symptoms appear to be severity markers in other non-psychotic disorders. Preventing psychosis in ARMS patients should be broadened to also address other disorders and aim to reduce chronicity of psychopathology and improve social functioning in general.Several mechanisms play a part in psychopathology in ARMS patients such as stress sensitivity as a result of adverse experiences, dopamine sensitivity that is associated with salience and aggravates several cognitive biases, dissociation mediating between trauma and hallucinations, and low self-esteem and self-stigma. New avenues to treat the complexity of ARMS patients will be proposed.

Psychopathology as a science: Its scope and tasks

Summary The concept of psychopathology as a science has shown marked decline in America in the last two decades. The main reason for this seems to be a stereotype notion of this subject as an essentially static and thus obsolete discipline which has been replaced by psychodynamics. This paper presents a thesis that psychopathology is not static nor has it lost its usefulness. On the contrary, it is argued that there is an urgent need to revive this discipline as a unified theoretical basis of clinical psychiatry. Psychopathology is defined as the science of abnormal experience and behavior. It is an empirical science and its methodology should be formulated according to the conceptions of modern philosophy of science. Psychopathology should include psychological, biological and sociological methods and explanations insofar as they are relevant to the understanding of the “why” and the “how” of abnormal behavior and experience. Psychodynamics is seen as a component part of psychopathology insofar as it concerns itself with the elucidation of motives of abnormal behavior and utilizes psychoanalytic explanatory hypotheses. It is proposed that general psychopathology should form the core of any postgraduate course in psychiatry since it can integrate meaningfully the diverse theoretical approaches to mental illness.